Journals Information
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences Vol. 13(3), pp. 608 - 614
DOI: 10.13189/saj.2025.130315
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Exploring the Effects of Hand-Eye Coordination Training on Boccia Throwing Accuracy in Cerebral Palsy Athletes: A Study of BC1, BC4, and BC5 Categories at the Makassar Student Boccia Club
Sufitriyono 1,*, Wawan S Suherman 1, Cerika Rismayanthy 1, Irvan 2, Juhanis 2, Sudirman 2, Arga 3, Muhammad Agusman 4, Maharani Fatima Gandasari 5, Hendriana Sri Rejeki 4, Erwin Zainuddin 6, Muh Usbah 4
1 Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Department of Physical Education, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia
3 Department of Sports Coaching Education, Universitas Pejuang Republik Indonesia, Indonesia
4 Faculty of Education, Universitas Tadulako, Indonesia
5 Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
6 Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Hand-eye coordination training is vital in enhancing accuracy in sports requiring precise and controlled throwing movements. This study examined the effects of hand-eye coordination exercises on Boccia ball throwing accuracy among athletes with cerebral palsy (categories BC1, BC4, and BC5) at the Boccia Club of Makassar. This quantitative study employed a pretest-posttest experimental design, with eleven participants completing a structured coordination training program. Data were collected using validated observation checklists completed by two expert Boccia coaches. Descriptive statistics showed a significant improvement in accuracy, with mean scores increasing from 7.18 (SD = 1.90) to 9.72 (SD = 1.48). A paired t-test confirmed this improvement was statistically significant (t(10) = 8.47, p < 0.001), reflecting a mean gain of 2.54 points. Moreover, the proportion of athletes achieving "very high" performance rose from 19% to 55% post-intervention. These results support the effectiveness of structured hand-eye coordination training in enhancing motor precision among athletes with neuromotor impairments. The findings underscore the importance of integrating targeted coordination exercises into adaptive sports programs to improve performance and foster inclusive athletic development. Future research should explore long-term effects and investigate other motor and cognitive factors influencing Boccia outcomes.
KEYWORDS
Hand-Eye Coordination, Boccia, Adaptive Sports, Motor Skills, Cerebral Palsy Athletes
Cite This Paper in IEEE or APA Citation Styles
(a). IEEE Format:
[1] Sufitriyono , Wawan S Suherman , Cerika Rismayanthy , Irvan , Juhanis , Sudirman , Arga , Muhammad Agusman , Maharani Fatima Gandasari , Hendriana Sri Rejeki , Erwin Zainuddin , Muh Usbah , "Exploring the Effects of Hand-Eye Coordination Training on Boccia Throwing Accuracy in Cerebral Palsy Athletes: A Study of BC1, BC4, and BC5 Categories at the Makassar Student Boccia Club," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 608 - 614, 2025. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2025.130315.
(b). APA Format:
Sufitriyono , Wawan S Suherman , Cerika Rismayanthy , Irvan , Juhanis , Sudirman , Arga , Muhammad Agusman , Maharani Fatima Gandasari , Hendriana Sri Rejeki , Erwin Zainuddin , Muh Usbah (2025). Exploring the Effects of Hand-Eye Coordination Training on Boccia Throwing Accuracy in Cerebral Palsy Athletes: A Study of BC1, BC4, and BC5 Categories at the Makassar Student Boccia Club. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 13(3), 608 - 614. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2025.130315.