Journals Information
Universal Journal of Educational Research Vol. 4(1), pp. 205 - 311
DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2016.040126
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The Effectiveness of Title I: Synthesis of National-level Evidence from 1966 to 2013
Sonia Sousa *, David Armor
School of Public Policy, George Mason University, USA
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews prior research to assess the effectiveness of Title I in closing the achievement gaps of disadvantaged students vis-脿-vis their non-disadvantaged counterparts. A research synthesis approach is adopted to summarize national assessments of Title I conducted between 1966 and 2011. These analyses are supplemented by the authors' analysis of NAEP data from 1990 to 2013. There is no evidence that early Title I programs significantly reduced achievement gaps nationwide. Studies following NCLB implementation show modest closure of grade 4 gaps of about 0.2 of a standard deviation. Given the modest academic gains attributable to Title I, and considering that the program costs about $15 billion per year, the authors conclude that Title I programs have not been cost effective in closing the achievement gaps.
KEYWORDS
Title I, NCLB, Education, Achievement Gaps, Research Synthesis
Cite This Paper in IEEE or APA Citation Styles
(a). IEEE Format:
[1] Sonia Sousa , David Armor , "The Effectiveness of Title I: Synthesis of National-level Evidence from 1966 to 2013," Universal Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 205 - 311, 2016. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2016.040126.
(b). APA Format:
Sonia Sousa , David Armor (2016). The Effectiveness of Title I: Synthesis of National-level Evidence from 1966 to 2013. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(1), 205 - 311. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2016.040126.