Awj R. Tarawneh   Banan Malahmeh   and Abdullah Al-Odienat   

Wireless sensor network (WSN) plays a major role in the modern world. It is a useful technology for sending and receiving data from several parts of the system using mini sensor nodes that are distributed over a wide area. These nodes are capable of performing several data operations like sensing the environment, gathering, processing the data and other operations. They receive the essential energy for performing these processes from the batteries embedded in these nodes. In many applications, the sensor nodes are small equipped with a small size battery of little energy. It is very important to reduce energy consumption and to make the lifetime of the network as long as possible. For this purpose, the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol has been developed. In this paper, a modified model of LEACH protocol is developed to further reduce energy consumption and consequently, increasing the lifetime of the network.

Getu Endale   and Megersa Wodajo   

In this paper, the Photoluminescence intensity of Zinc oxide compound semiconductor in conduction band to valence band, ICV , conduction band to localized trap centre, ICT and localized trap centre to valence band, IT V radiative recombination mechanisms are discussed in different temperatures. By varying temperature, the dominated radiative recombination mechanisms are studied from the three radiative recombination mechanisms. At high values of temperature, the intensity of light in band-to-band radiative recombination mechanism dominates for all values of energies. For high values of impurity trap density, only the intensity of light in conduction band to trap level radiative recombination mechanisms dominates for all energies.

Sylvester Michael Ekpo   Kingsley M. Udofia   and Ozuomba Simeon   

Fingerprint is a type of biometrics that is used for human recognition because it is rich in details called minutiae. The focus of this paper is to develop an algorithm for fingerprint recognition through extracting and matching of fingerprint image minutiae. In order to achieve accurate results, the fingerprint is first pre-processed to enhance its quality. An alignment-based matching algorithm was developed for minutia matching. This algorithm is capable of finding the correspondences between the input minutia pattern and the stored template minutia pattern without resorting to exhaustive search. The performance of the developed system was evaluated with matrix laboratory (MATLAB) software along with fingerprint from the standard FVC2000 fingerprint database and fingerprints from different people at university of Uyo. From the curves of false match rate (FMR) and false non match rate (FNMR) against similarity score, a threshold value of 0.4 was obtained as guided by the equal error rate (EER) value. For verification and identification testing, the developed system was able to accurately differentiate between genuine users and imposter irrespective of the orientation and noise level of the fingerprints.

E. L. Pankratov   

In this paper we introduce an approach to increase integration rate of elements of a cascaded-inverter. Framework the approach we consider a heterostructure with special configuration. Several specific areas of the heterostructure should be doped by diffusion or ion implantation. Annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects should be optimized.

Anna Kolomijeca   

The growing demand for fast, simple and inexpensive analytical techniques to investigate environmental pollution has resulted in a large number of studies where surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is used to detect environmental contaminants. However, extraction of weak Raman spectra from complex background signals remains challenging. In this current work, the author has presented a method to improve the performance of gold nanoparticles suspensions for trace detection of the 16 EPA priority PAHs. The gold nanoparticles in suspension are first mixed with the analyte in the liquid phase and then transferred to a solid state by drying (as opposed to liquid sample + dry substrate or liquid sample + liquid substrate). This method allows for a complete background signal removal (including fluorescence and signal from the substrate), strong Raman signal enhancement from the analyte and a reduction in substrate preparation time. Performance of a developed substrate (CNP-Au) was compared with a commercially available 3D substrate (Ram-SERS-Au) by measuring of all 16 EPA priority PAHs. The developed CNP-Au substrate exhibited experimentally obtained LODs three orders of magnitude lower than Ram-SERS-Au, down to the range of 1 ppb. The standard deviation of signal reproducibility for CNP-Au is 14%. Ram-SERS-Au and CNP-Au were characterized using SEM imaging.

Amadi, P.U   Agomuo, E.N   Akpobasaha N.A   and Njoku, U.C   

This study examined the remediation of crude oil polluted soils obtained from Ohaji Egbema Imo State Nigeria using macerated roots of T. diversifolia (TD) and S. jamaicensis (SJ). The soil pH levels, PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and TPH (Total petroleum hydrocarbons) contents, and catalase and peroxidase activities were evaluated. Thirty-two polyethene bags containing 300g of soil samples were divided into eight groups of quadruplicates. Group 1 were the unpolluted soil samples (USS), group 2; polluted soil samples (PSS) without remediation, group 3; PSS containing 250g of TD, group 4; PSS containing 500g of TD, group 5; PSS containing 250 g of SJ, group 6; PSS containing 500g of SJ, group 7; PSS containing 250g of the mixture of TD and SJ (1:1) and group 8; PSS containing 500g of the mixture of TD and SJ (1:1). At all experimental periods, the pH of the PSS without remediation was significantly lower than the USS. The 500 g TD completely normalized the altered pH of the PSS on the 4th week, comparable to the results of the 12th week. The PAH (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) levels in the group 5 and 7 on the 1st day were not significantly different from the PAH of the group 2. Group 3, 4, 7, and 8 produced the best PAH lowering effects on the polluted soils on the 8th week, which compared to the results of the 12th week. At all experimental periods, 500g of TD provided the most effective for TPH reduction of the polluted soils. Results for the enzyme activities showed a significantly decreased (p < 0.05) catalase and peroxidase levels of the polluted soils when compared to the USS. Both the 1st day and 1st week recorded similar catalase activities in all groups except group 5, while group 4-8 recorded significantly increased catalase activities from the 4 - 12th week. For the 1st day, 1st week, and 4th week, increasing the amount of the plants from 250g - 500g had no effect on the peroxidase levels of the soils, while a quantity dependent significant increase in peroxidase levels was observed only for group 7 and 8 on the 8th and 12th weeks. The 500g TD produced the most significant restorative effect on the polluted soils. This study has shown the extensive remediation produced by TD on crude oil polluted soils of Ohaji Egbema.

Amin Shahbani Zahiri   Hassan Hassanzadeh   Mohammad Mohsen Shahmardan   and Mahmood Norouzi   

In this work, we have numerically studied the heat transfer of viscoelastic fluid flow inside a planar channel with 1:3 abrupt expansion. For modeling rheological behavior of non-creeping flow related to the viscoelastic fluid which includes both the effects of shear-thinning and elasticity, the constitutive equation of exponential Phan Thien-Tanner (EPTT) is used. Also, thermal boundary condition of constant temperature at the walls and inlet of channel with internal heat generated by the viscous dissipation are considered. Because of high temperature differences in the current study, the fluid properties such as fluid viscosity, relaxation time, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity have a function of temperature. For coupling the variables of velocity, pressure and temperature, the PISO algorithm is employed and finite volume method (FVM) imposed on the collocated grid to discretize the governing equations. The main propose of the present study is to examine the effects of elastic property on the size of recirculation regions, temperature distribution, local and mean Nusselt numbers.

Mohd Razali, M. R.   and Zaleha, K.   

Horseshoe crab is a unique Arthropoda which is also known as a living fossil because of its ancient morphological appearance. The animal established its existence since 300 million years ago and maintained its morphology to present day. The greatest proportion of adult horseshoe crab mortality is probably due to human activity. Horseshoe crabs in Malaysia are harvested for local consumption or marketed to the neighbor country. Series of survey were carried out to understand the exploitation status and collection technique of horseshoe crab in selected coast, Pahang and Malacca coastal area. Interviews were carried out with fisherman that involved in horseshoe crab exploitation activities. Data collected from 100 respondents were analyzed to compare the exploitation activity in both coastal areas. Respondents were mostly fisherman which used both techniques; collecting on shoreline and net fishing to catch horseshoe crab. More people significantly (p<0.05) used traditional collection method (hand harvest at shoreline) in Pahang (56.1%) compared to those in Malacca (34.15%). 65.85% collectors in Malacca adopted the netting method while, only 43.9% collectors in Pahang preferred the same method to collect adult horseshoe crabs coming to the shore during spawning season. The frequency of netting method monthly was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Malacca than Pahang. This resulted to the higher horseshoe crab quantities caught by 50 respondents in Malacca (16860 per month) than Pahang (4180 per month). The initial results from this survey indicate an alarming condition faced by the horseshoe crab coming to the beach for nesting. Monitoring program should be planned to sustain the fishery activity on horseshoe crab in Malaysia.

H. Shokri   M.H. Kayhani   and M. Norouzi   

In this study, the viscoelastic fingering instability of miscible displacement is investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The Maxwell's model has been used as the constitutive equation of viscoelastic fluid and Hartley transformation (as a spectral method) and fourth-order Adams-Bashforth technique are used to solve the governing equations. The development of the finger structures is discussed using concentration contours and diagrams of transversely average concentration, mixing length and sweep efficiency. It is found that the flow is more stabilized when relaxation time of displacing fluid is increased.

Aziagba, Bibian O.   Okeke, C.U.   Ezeabara, Anthonia C.   Ilodibia, Chinyere V.   Ufele Angela N.   and Egboka, Tochukwu P.   

The leaves, stems, roots and seeds of seven varieties of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp var. 'Oloka', var. Ifebrown, var. 'Kafanji', var. 'Sokoto guzo', var. Crowder pea, var. Potiskum and var. Iron beans consumed in Awka Anambra State were examined for flavonoid compositions using gravimetric method. The similar samples of each of the leaves, stems, roots and seeds were subjected to phytochemical analyses of qualitative and quantitative determination. The qualitative analyses revealed that the leaves, stems, roots and seeds of the plant under study contain flavonoid. For quantitative analyses, all the parts of the Vigna unguiculata varieties examined contain flavonoids but in various percentages. Oloka variety contains the highest flavonoids in the parts examined. On comparison with other varieties, it was discovered that var. Oloka contains the highest flavonoid in the stem, roots and seed having the following mean value (1.48, 1.42 and 0.81) respectively while Sokoto guzo contains the highest flavonoid in the leaves with the mean value of 1.67. This finding indicates that Vigna unguiculata is a good source of flavonoid and therefore can be useful in the diet as food and in ethnomedicine for the manufacture of drugs.

Artion Kashuri   and Rozana Liko   

In this paper, a new class of MT_(��,φ)-preinvex functions is introduced and some uncertain fuzzy Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for MT_(��,φ)-preinvex functions via Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals are established. At the end, some applications to special means are given.

Onuorah Samuel   Elesia Rosemary   and Odibo Frederick   

Bacteriological quality assessment of some hand-dug shallow water wells in Awka metropolis was carried out during the dry and wet seasons to determine their potability. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform and Vibrio chloreae counts were determined using standard laboratory methods. The total bacterial counts during the dry season ranged from 100 to 300 cfu/100ml; total coliform counts, 42-126 cfu/100ml; faecal coliform counts, 10-26 cfu/100ml and Vibrio cholerae counts, 2-10cfu/100ml. During the wet season, the total bacterial counts ranged from 148 to 450 cfu/100ml; total coliform counts, 77-240 cfu/100ml; faecal coliform counts, 12-30 cfu/100ml and Vibrio cholerae counts, 6-13 cfu/100ml. The bacteria isolated during the dry season were Salmonella typhi (7.44%), Proteus vulgaris (18.08%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.55%), Enterobacter aerogenes (35.71%), Vibrio cholerae (2.85%) and Escherichia coli (8.37%). During the wet season, the bacterial isolates were Salmonella typhi (6.14%), Proteus vulgaris (14.56%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.69%), Enterobacter aerogenes (29.70%), Vibrio cholerae (3.66%), Escherichia coli (8.23%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.03%). All the water wells studied were of poor bacteriological quality. Appropriate water purification methods should therefore be developed for such wells to avert a public health hazard.

Ali Ulvi   and Murat Yakar   

In this study, the effect of number of picture taking on precision was investigated and non-metric digital camera was used. In the study, triplet convergent picture taking and sestet convergent picture taking were compared. As a result of the study carried out, It was observed that the number of picture taking station is more did not provide an important improvement in metric accuracy and, instead, it was concluded that picture taking geometry, which will cover the object to be measured in a good way, would be enough.

A. Fundo   A. Kashuri   and R. Liko   

In this paper, we introduce Caputo type nabla (q,h)-fractional difference operators and investigate their basic properties and also to show the applicability of this interesting (q,h)-new integral transform method and its efficiency in solving linear fractional difference equations. Differential equations with fractional derivative provide a natural framework for the discussion of various kinds of real problems modeled by the aid of fractional derivative. Discrete analogues of some topics of continuous fractional calculus have been developed. Finally, we provide the general solutions in terms of discrete Mittag-Leffler functions.

Gjylie Rexha   

Politics uses its instruments to exert influence over the public media. The main instrument that politics uses is the law - as the grounds which regulate the rapport between the public media and the political power. Examples of the most independent public broadcasters can be found in those countries where politics has adopted and executed such legislation that limits the possibility of politics to exert influence over the main components related to the independence of the public media. In the case of the Radio Television of Kosovo - RTK, politics has failed to follow this practice notwithstanding that RTK has been established based on models of the public broadcasters in countries representing the Democratic-Corporatist and North-Atlantic Models. The political power in Kosovo has used the law as an instrument to exert influence on the two main parameters related to the editorial independence of the broadcaster: the manner of financing and the election of the medium's Board. The model of influence has not changed in spite of changes made within the RTK's founding institution or by changes of political forces in power. RTK went through only one five-year spell of pre-payment during which time it underwent the transformation into a company that is financially independent. However, that same period demonstrated that financial independence alone without managerial independence is no guarantee for editorial independence. The consequences of such influence are reflected on the editorial policies and program content, which render this broadcaster that has the legal status "public" into a medium that serves as a "loudspeaker" for the voice of the political power.

Wu Ho-Tang   and Chou Mei-Ju   

For the importance of developing people’s potential in working, the study aims to develop the scale of meaning sense at work. Three steps are adopted: 1. Literature analysis: with foreign research analysis of EFA, it revealed that Spirituality at Work can be classified into 3 levels, including the individual, the group, and the organization level. From Milliman, Czaplewski, and Ferguson's perspective, the individual level explores sense of meaning at work, including energy obtained from work, the enjoyable work, and the meaning that work endows the individual. At this point, the research integrate the aspects of the individual scales of spirituality at work as sense of attraction at work, sense of pleasure at work, and sense of inner life. 2. Expert review: After consulting the items of scale of spirituality at work, we proposed the draft of 13-item Three Factor Questionnaire. Then, the questionnaire was reviewed and modified by three university scholars who had published paper or books regarding spirituality to provide us their comment for further modification. Subsequently, a senior high school teacher with consultation and life education major offered us practical opinions at the education site. Finally, one item was deleted, 6 items' terms were modified, and 6 remained the same. 3. CFA: This part is categorized into three models. (1) The initial model: the 12 items of Three Factors were edited as 5 point scale. After investigating 235 teachers, we conducted the first-order CFA model to verify the fitness. The results of the overall model are fairly appropriate. However, the factor load of "I often forget time for teaching or processing administrative matters" is .29, so we deleted this item. (2) The modification model: The model after deleting the item is called the modification model, and the results are fairly appropriate. With further analyzing the basic fit of the modification model, it is found that there is no offending estimation. The fit of the internal structure is acceptable (including individual reliability, composite reliability, the average variation extraction, and construct discrimination). 3. The cross-validity model: since the model had been modified, we investigated another batch of samples (N＝378) to confirm the stability of the model. The overall results are fairly appropriate. Here, the three factor teacher's sense of meaning at work with 11 items are set up; that is, the three factor teacher's sense of meaning at work with 11 items is supported, which is classified into sense of attraction at work (4 items), sense of pleasure at work (4 items), and sense of inner life (3 items).

Md. Shamsuzzoha   Md. Hassanujjaman   Md. Atikul Islam   Abu Khayer Md. Muktadirul Bari Chowdhury   Md. Ashad Alam   and M. Saidul Islam   

Mixed ligand transition metal complexes of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions were synthesized, where maleic acid as primary ligand and heterocyclic amine bases as a secondary ligands have been used, respectively. The prepared complexes, [Cu(MA)(1,10-Phen)], [Cu(MA)(Py)₂] and [Cd(MA)(IQ)₂] were characterized by their conventional physical and chemical analyses. The complexes were tested for their antimicrobial activity against ten bacterial strains Streptococcus-β-haemolyticus (Gram positive), Vacillus megterium (Gram positive), Bacillus suvtilis (Gram positive), Sarcina lutea (Gram positive), Salmonella typhi (Gram negative), Shigella boydii (Gram negative), Shigella shiga (Gram negative), Klebsiella Sp. (Gram negative), Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Shigella sonnei (Gram negative). The antifungal activities were evaluated against five fungi Fusarium Sp., Penicillium Sp., Trichoderma Sp., Aspergillus Sp. and Aspergillus nidulans. Disc diffusion methods were employed, with Kanamycin as the standard antibiotic, for antimicrobial assays. The complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline and Isoquinoline as secondary ligands were much more microbial active than other complexes. The complex [Cu(MA)(1,10-Phen)] showed the highest fungicidal activity against all fungi tested. In addition, [Cd(MA)(IQ)₂] showed satisfactory activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. (MA=Maleic acid, py=pyridine, 1,10-Phen=1,10-Phenanthroline and IQ=Isoqunoline).

Muhammad Abdur Rashid   and Md. Delwar Hossain   

Reactive colors such as turquoise have definite properties of larger structure results uneven shade problem for fabric with compact structure. In this research the uneven shade problem was resolved by using stripping process in the preparatory stage before dyeing with the help of Hydrose (Na₂S₂O₄) treatment. Various test such as fabric strength, color fastness, color strength have been carried out to study the performance of experimental process. The obtained results shows that, stripping process at preparatory stage reflect significant effect on turquoise dye for even dye shade. As a result uneven shade will not be visualized due to the uniformly absorption of dye molecules into the fiber core. The morphological changes of the fiber in dyed fabric were studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Arjun Chandra Bhowmick   Md. Moustafijur Rahman Khan   Majharul Islam Moim   Nikhil Chandra Bhoumik   and A. S. M Saifullah   

This study explains the effect of heavy Lead pollution in soil and plants along the highway and railway of Tangail district. The metal concentration in soil and plant is decreased with increasing distance from the road of highway and railway. Lead is one of the most toxic elements. It is non-biodegradable and its toxicity does not change with time. Use of leaded gasoline in vehicles and train are known as the major source of lead pollution. Highway and railway of Tangail are two busiest routes of Bangladesh and pollution is rising day by day. To reveal the present situation in soil and plant samples were collected at various distances (0m, 15m, 30m) from Railway and highway roads and analyzed for lead by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. The results show that the soil and plant samples along these places are contaminated with lead. The highest lead contents 0.1931 ppm in soil and 0.1358 ppm in plant was found for highway on road at 0m distance. Conversely, the highest lead contents 0.0967 ppm in soil and 0.0652 ppm in plant was found for railway on road at 0m distance. Among two types of major transportation system railway pollution is smaller than highway and hence railway transportation system is environment friendly.

Nazhipkyzy M   Lesbaev B. T.    Prikhodko N. G.    Mansurov Z. A.    and Nemkaeva R. R.    

In the given work oil residue, the oil sludge of Zhanaozen field and soot obtained during the combustion of propane-butane mixture with applying an electric field were selected among various types of natural materials to obtain porous carbon material (PCM). The PCMs obtained were used as a catalyst-carrier. The result of the research is synthesized multiwall nanotubes (MWNT), the identification of which is confirmed by the study of Raman spectra of the obtained samples. The search for new methods of creating catalytic systems (catalyst/carrier), which allow controlling the structure of carbon particles is an important problem, the solution of which may lead to the development of the approaches to the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with specific functional properties.

Sury Narayan Yadav   and Ram Nath Singh   

Effect of various additives on hydration of lime has been carried out. Lime which is formed by the calcining of lime stone (CaCO₃) at 1000℃ is of great importance. As, it is used in laboratory as reagent, in the manufacture of bleaching powder, glass & steel making, in agriculture as source of calcium and in water treatment, neutralization of soil acidity etc. More than 72% of lime stone is used in the manufacture of cement. Though free lime does not found in properly made Portland cement (generally found in its hydrated form) but it plays an important role in the setting of cement. Sometimes fast reactivity of lime decreases the strength of set cement due to false setting. By adding certain chemicals (retarders), the hydration of lime can be slowed down and it may help in overall increase in setting time as well as strength of set cement. Various additives –called retarders - are added to inhibit the setting of cement such as gypsum, sucrose etc.

Moreno Ferrarese   

The article illustrates the answers to the questions on the transportation genesis, through the definition of a multi-dimensional space and of time. Practically, it reveals and explains the forth dimensional parameter – psicometric. And to introduce this finding, an authentic epistemologic approach is applied. The new method is raised through a scientific journey across the knowledge theory - epistemologic time assumptions in the philosophic, mathematic and physical frameworks to reach the conclusion of the perceived time formalization. The author proposes a speculative and refined analysis, far from over, but just in the beginning, in a confused scenario of a subject, as the logistics and transport economics, which is evolving time by time over the size of the ruling scientific opinion.

Ari Lehtio   and Tauno Perkiö   

European Union directives on ecodesign requirements of discharge lamps have also their effect on street lighting. The commonly used mercury vapor lamps have to be replaced starting from 2015. Pori, a middle sized city situated on the west coast of Finland, has about 17 000 mercury discharge lamps for street lighting. This was the starting point for Pori Energia, the utility that takes care of public lighting in the city of Pori, and for Satakunta University of Applied Sciences (SUAS) to initiate an investigation of alternative lamps. This paper considers the results of a practical experiment of four lamp types applicable for street lighting: high pressure sodium lamp, metal halide lamp, inductive lamp and led lamp. The lamps were installed above a park pedestrian area and the illumination was measured in various circumstances in the winter. In addition, electric measurements were carried out in the Electric Laboratory of SUAS. Also a small scale opinion poll among the pedestrian area users was included in the research. The results show that the luminous flux of all of the new lamp types was higher than that of the old mercury lamps. This was clearly proved even when the aging factor was taken into account. The led lamp seems to be the best choice relative to illumination/power consumption ratio. The park pedestrian area users were also satisfied with the chromatic tone of the white led light. However, the led lamp technology is not in mature phase and using it widely may cause extraordinary costs in the infrastructure of electric networks.

Bo Yuan Lim   Rosnah Shamsudin   B. T. Hang Tuah Baharudin   and Robiah Yunus   

The removal of shell from Jatropha seed can improve oil yield and quality during the oil extraction process in biodiesel production. A Jatropha shelling machine was evaluated to analyse its efficiency to separate between the seed and the shell. The machine consists of a compression system with rollers as the fruit cracking unit, a vibratory sifter with mesh as the separation unit and two collectors. Based on the findings, the separation efficiency was reported at 91.25%. The study also showed that the sifter failed to separate shell component from seed completely due to the irregular size and shape of broken shell. Therefore, an idea to use the blower as separation unit is proposed to supersede the sifter design. The performance of blower system to recover shell-free seed will be investigated throughout the future research.

Taher Alimohammadi   and Seydeh Neda Jamshidi   

Islam encompasses all of the plans of the human life in all of the periods and places. This religion guides the humans with the explanation of the beliefs in the thought terms, with the fulfillment of the moral values in the carnal terms, and with the encouragement and suggestion to act the religious rules in the behavior terms. So, the role of the Islamic and juridical management in the explanation and Institutionalize of these cultures especially in the field of the religious rules and controlling of them is undeniable and is regarded by the sacred legislator. But, the very management can encounter with the harms, obstacles and problems and loses its function. The present research that has been conducted by the descriptive method has investigated the harms and obstacles of the juridical management with the explanation of its unique place and privileges and has suggested some ways for the solution of the existent problems.

R. Avagyan   R. Avetisyan   G. Bazoyan   M. Hakobyan   and I. Kerobyan   

Theoretical calculations of the excitation functions for the reaction ⁶⁷Zn(p,n) ⁶⁷Ga on natural and enriched zinc targets for the energy range from threshold up to 18 MeV are carried out using nuclear reaction models from program packages EMPIRE-3 and TALYS 1.4. The results of calculations are compared with available experimental data. The yields of gallium isotopes produced by the reaction ⁶⁷Zn(p,n) ⁶⁷Ga on the proton beam of the cyclotron C18, IBA Belgium energy 18 MeV and current 30 μA are evaluated. Our calculations indicate that the yield of isotope ⁶⁷Ga in case of natural and enriched zinc targets are expected to be 23.6 MBq/µA*h and 139 MBq/µA*h, respectively.

Adamu Idama   Asongo A.I.   and Nyor N.   

Microfinance Banks have a critical role of providing different financial products and services to the people most especially the low income earners who lack collateral to borrow from formal financial institutions like the commercial banks. This category of financial institutions serves some of the world's most needy. A significant challenge facing these banks is the battle to control its portfolio at risk to remain within the international bench mark. In this paper, we reviewed practical approaches to controlling loan default and other related risks common to Microfinance Banks. The paper also reviewed related literatures on Microfinance credit risk portfolio assessment and suggested the place of Operations Research experts in tackling Microfinance Banks challenges. The major finding was that credit risk continues to be a threat to Microfinance Banks sustainability. Our conclusion is that Microfinance Banks' credit risk will reduce to the barest minimum if the recommended practical approaches to controlling loan defaults are adhered to.

Alagawany M.   M.M. El-Hindawy   and A. I. Attia   

A 2×2×2 factorial design experiment was carried out with two levels of protein (20 and 22%), two levels of lysine (1.05 and 1.15%) and two levels of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) (0.8 and 0.9%) to investigate their effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing Japanese quail. A total number of 408 unsexed one week old Japanese quail chicks were randomly distributed into eight treatment groups of 51 chicks each with three replicates (each of 17 chicks). Live body weight at 21 and 42 days and feed intake during 21-42 days of age was significantly affected (P<0.05) by the interaction among protein, lysine and TSAA in growing Japanese quail diets. Effect of protein, lysine and TSAA or their interactions did not significantly (P>0.05) influences carcass traits. The results of economical efficiency indicated that the best economical efficiency was recorded by quail chicks fed 20% crude protein with 1.05% lysine and 0.8% TSAA up to 42 days of age.

V.A. Fedirko   E.A. Fetisov   and K.K. Svidzinsky   

We analyze the performance limit of uncooled thermo-mechanical infra-red imagers with optical readout. We have shown that for large enough frame format thermal noise of load resistance of output electronic cascade of optical readout system determines mainly the noise equivalent temperature difference, NETD, of such systems. For middle frame format they can successfully compete with micro-bolometer infra-red detectors. Higher power low noise light source for optical readout system and more exquisite phase detection enable them to be competitive in large frame format too.

Berima E.M.   and A. A. Osman   

The effects of hexane and ethanol organic extracts of jatropha Jatropha curcas seeds, argel (Solenostemma argel (Del.) stem and malathion on mortality and fecundity of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta were evaluated under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 27 ± 2c and a relative humidity of 30 ± 5%. Two-day old adults were tested against four different concentrations of each extract. The mortality results showed that all tested concentrations gave significantly higher mortality percentage than that of the control. The LC50 values of the ethanolic extract of jatropha seeds after 24, 48 and 72 hrs of exposure were 6.406, 2.278 and 2.493 respectively whereas those of the hexane extract were 6.219, 5.629 and 3.139 respectively. The results also showed that the LC50 values obtained by jatropha seeds ethanolic extracts after 48 and 72 hours were lower than their counterparts of the hexane extract which may be suggest that the active ingredient in jatropha seeds is easily extracted in ethanol rather than in hexane. The LC50 values of ethanol extracts of argel stems after 24, 48 and 72 hrs were 17.716, 8.336 and 6.860 respectively whereas those of the hexane extract were 26.191, 26.191 and 13.571 respectively. The mortality results generated by the 15% hexane and ethanol extract of both jatropha seeds were not significantly different from the standard, malathion, after 48 and 72 hrs of exposure which indicates the potency of these extracts. The results also showed that all tested concentrations of hexane and ethanol extracts of both jatropha seeds and argel stems resulted in a significantly lower fecundity of the treated insects than that of the control; however, there was no significant difference in fecundity among insects treated with different concentrations.

Eferakeya Idowu   

This paper examined the relationship between bank liquidity ratio, asset quality, bank distress and bank minimum capital requirement in Nigeria for the period 1990-2006.The study used secondary data obtained from banks financial records, CBN statistical bulletin, NDIC report and International Financial Statistics 2010. The E-view 7 statistical software was used to analyse the data and test the hypotheses .The study found out that (i) there is a positive relationship between minimum capital requirement and liquidity ratio which is not statistically significant (ii)A positive relationship exist between minimum capital requirement and asset quality, though statistically insignificant (iii) A negative relationship exist between minimum capital requirement and number of distressed banks which is also not statistically significant. The study recommends that apart from increasing minimum capital requirement, a closer and regular examination of liquidity ratio and asset quality of banks is required. In addition, other components of banks regulatory reform such as enforcement of code of corporate governance, closer collaboration with anti graft agency (EFCC), zero tolerance on misreporting, adoption of risk-based supervision and host of others should be considered. A holistic reform of this nature is capable of stemming proactively the tide of banks failure/distress as well as improving liquidity ratio and asset quality.

Abdelkader Mokhtari   

The Triffa plain is located in the north-eastern part of Morocco. It’s considered as sedimentary basin of a Quaternary age containing a wide variety of breccias that we consider as impactites. Thereby, we have found monomict breccia and polygenic breccia. The presence of glassy clasts allows us to determine the suevite that contains many indices of shock metamorphism. The effect of the shock is observed in quartz grains that show fractures and planar deformation, the mosaicism texture and ballen-quartz. The pebble breccia shows deformations of shock such as spallation fractures and striation. However, we suggest that the sediments in the Triffa depression are mainly impact breccias.

G. Ananthan   and A. Selva Prabhu   

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major diseases currently affecting millions of people worldwide. There is a renewed interest in the marine natural products. The present study aimed to identify the bioactive constituents by GC-MS analysis from ascidian P. nigra and screen against type 2 diabetes mellitus protein (aldose reductase) using In-silico approach. Docking studies of the identified compounds were carried out using Arguslab docking software. Analysis of the results indicated Pthalic acid as the potent bioactive constituent attributing Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) activity from ascidian P. nigra and it showed significant activity than the standard, fidarestat.

Abdelrahman M. Ahmed Hamid   and Yassin M. Ib. Dagash   

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications to evaluate the effect of sulfur in the form of ammonium sulfate on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane. Sulfur is a deficiency common problem in such soils. Application of fertilizers was at the rate of 164 and 55 kg/ ha nitrogen in the form of urea supplemented with ammonium sulfate nitrogen dose of 164 kg/ ha and phosphorus in the form of tri-super phosphate respectively “normal practice” and 0.00, 28.00, 57.00, 86.00 and 114.00 kg S/ ha. The results showed that Sulfur had a positive impact on sugarcane yield/ha, There was a clear increase in production compared to (control) and the negative impact was on plant density and plant height. Control gave the highest yield of sugar/ ha, then 114, 28, 57 and 86 respectively. There were insignificant differences between the means of the internodes number and plant height of all treatments. The Sulfur application gave significantly different in the total soluble solids (Brix% cane) but there were insignificant differences among means of (Pol% cane, Fiber% cane, extract reduced sucrose ERSc, purity% and moisture%).

Ayoub Zeyada Elhag   and Afrah Awad Ahmed   

This study was conducted during two consecutive years (2008/2009) at the Experimental farm, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology. The effects of three sowing dates, 1st and 20th of July and 10th of August on seed yield of two okra cultivars (Khartoumia and Wad Gammer) were studied. Split plot design with cultivars as main plot and sowing date as subplot and in four replications was used. The seeds were sown on one side of 70 cm ridges and 10 cm plant spacing. All other cultural practices were done as recommended. Both vegetative growth (50% flowering) and seed yield (after pod drying) were evaluated. The results showed that late sowing (20th of July and 10th of August) had significant negative effects on both vegetative growth and seed yield of both cultivars in both years. The best vegetative growth and seed yield were obtained at 1st of July. Almost similar negative response of both cultivars to late sowing was noticed. It could be concluded that both okra growth and seed yield were significantly negative affected by late sowing (last week of July or later). Although no significant differences were noticed between the two cultivars in their response to sowing date okra cultivars might differ in their response to sowing date. Accordingly for high okra seed yield sowing on the first two weeks of July may be recommend for Khartoum State and areas of similar conditions.

Ngutor Nyor   Adamu Idama   Omolehin J.O.   and Rauf K.   

This paper discusses what Operations Research (OR) is, it’s historical development, the distinguishing characteristics of OR as well as it’s contributions, what OR can do and the future of OR. The eventual intension behind using Operations Research (OR) is to elicit a best possible solution to a problem mathematically, which improves or optimizes the performance of the system. Operations Research attempts to provide those who manage organized systems with objective and quantitative basis for decisions. OR is the application of science to the solution of managerial and administrative problems, and it focuses on the performance of organized systems taken as a whole rather than on their parts taken separately. It is concerned with how managerial decisions are and should be made.

V. G. Dudhe   V.A. Tabhane   O.P. Chimankar   and C.M. Dudhe   

The ultrasonic wave propagation through liquid solution has been used to give an important information about the behavior of molecular interaction of liquid molecules. The density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity of aqueous Ascorbic acid have been studied at temperature 293K. From the experimental data various parameters such as acoustic impedance, adiabatic compressibility, free length, free volume, Wada’s constant and Rao’s constant have been calculated. The molecular interactions in aqueous Ascorbic acid in term of this parameter have been discussed.

Geoffrey Fishburn   

In introducing the concept of “exaptation” Gould and Vrba argued that it can often be gainful to introduce new ways (“revised taxonomies”) of ordering and describing phenomena. In this paper two such are suggested with respect to technological change. The first involves a distinction between what are defined here as ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ complexity, and a suggested scheme of their co-evolution. The second points to the need for and usefulness of recognition of the corollary to the well-known phenomenon of ‘locking-in’, that which is characterised here as ‘locking-out’.

Chii-Huei Yu   

This paper uses the mathematical software Maple for the auxiliary tool to study two types of integrals. We can obtain the infinite series forms of these two types of integrals by using binomial series and integration term by term theorem. On the other hand, we provide some examples to do calculation practically. The research methods adopted in this study involved finding solutions through manual calculations and verifying these solutions by using Maple. This type of research method not only allows the discovery of calculation errors, but also helps modify the original directions of thinking from manual and Maple calculations. For this reason, Maple provides insights and guidance regarding problem-solving methods.

Javaria Manzoor Shaikh   

The semi monolithic site of Makli is of critical importance in terms of understanding the socio-economic processes present at this time in the Sindh, Pakistan. Scholars have drawn conclusions about the semi monolithic technologies employed at later historic sites at Makli, based on attributes identified within experimental datasets. This research aims to show that the interpretation of the relationship between the experimental and archaeological datasets and questions the monolithic production strategy is shown to be constrained by the quality of the raw material. This interpretation and the association of these sites with a distinctive personal have important implications for our understanding of regional settlement systems and the placement of the graves at this sacred site. Here there is a discussion on how to use the process of anastolysis, since there is a need to conduct the alastolysis process for the site, for the reassembling of the un assembled parts.

Douglas Goudie   

This paper provides a generic and useable transition path from sustainability intent to sustainability implementation, using a North Queensland, Australia, case study. The inseparable nature of land use, nodal and transport corridor densities; local needs-meeting and consequent urban travel to and through activity centres provides a coherent intellectual framework, implementation rationale and methodology to achieve greater sustainability. This paper uses urban travel research and a 90-person one-day Paths to sustainability workshop held at James Cook University, Townsville in 2008. Aligned with other like current publications, it is hoped this paper helps urban planning decision-makers head more successfully and deeply into sustainable planning directions within an intellectual framework of applied science.

Chii-Huei Yu   

This paper uses the mathematical software Maple for the auxiliary tool to study the differential problem of two types of functions. We can obtain the infinite series forms of any order derivatives of these two types of functions by using Leibniz differential rule, differentiation term by term, and integration term by term. And hence greatly reduce the difficulty of calculating the higher order derivative values of these functions. On the other hand, we propose two examples to do calculation practically. The research methods adopted in this study involved finding solutions through manual calculations and verifying these solutions by using Maple. This type of research method not only allows the discovery of calculation errors, but also helps modify the original directions of thinking from manual and Maple calculations. For this reason, Maple provides insights and guidance regarding problem-solving methods.

Jerzy Kisilowski   and Jaroslaw Zalewski   

The article discusses selected aspects of the analysis on road accidents data and the possibility of their use in order to create a background for further, more exhaustive study of specific problems of road safety. These problems may result from such analyzes by their breakdown through specific comparisons and drawing appropriate conclusions. Attention was paid to the manner of data presentation and important problem of their systematic collection. In this paper the results of particular analyses as well as selected aspects concerning the causes of road accidents are discussed. Attention was paid to the possibilities of conducting detailed analysis on this research area. Occurrence of road accidents does not have to be connected with relationships directly between motor vehicles, and it seems obvious that the influence of environment should be included. Also an important issue of systematic and consistent data collection about accidents is mentioned.

Ainnie Rahayu Abdullah   Nor Aziyah Bakhari   and Hasnah Osman   

The presence of phenolic, flavanoid and tannin compound content in the methanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis were investigated in this study using UV-Vis Spectrometry and consequently find the relationship between the chemical contents with the antioxidant activity. Garcinia atroviridis has phenolic content the highest followed by flavonoid and tannin content. The antioxidant activities of dried sample of Garcinia atroviridis was carried out by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The plant shows low antioxidant activity. Garcinia leaves from ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (59.18%) followed by Garcinia leaves from methanol extract (57.97%), and then Garcinia leaves from hexane extract (55.67%). The total phenolic content showed a good correlation with the antioxidant activity but not with the total flavonoid and tannin content.

Esther Durán   and Riánsares Arriazu   

In recent years, cancer treatment response and disease progression increasingly rely on immunofluorescence to monitor the changes in targeted antigens. Estimation of abundances of antigens has so far relied primarily on visual scoring and to a lesser extent on computer-assisted image processing techniques. The quantification of immunostaining by means of digital image analysis by using Leica MetaMorph AF 1.4 allows the characterization of protein expression revealed by immunohistochemistry on normal or pathological tissue slices. Our study focuses on the practical aspects of image acquisition, segmentation of staining and counterstaining areas, and extraction of quantitative features. We illustrate our findings by using a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) system to quantify different immunofluorescence markers targeting proteins with different expression patterns (cytoplasmic and membranous) in human breast cancer. Our investigations led us to identify several steps that we consider essential for standardizing computer-assisted immunostaining quantification experiments. In addition, we propose a data normalization process based on reference materials to compare measurements between different samples. In conclusion, we recommend certain critical prerequisites that commercial or in-house systems should satisfy to permit valid immunostaining quantification. In conclusion, image analysis-based quantitative immunofluorescence has the potential to accurately improve biomarker evaluation in research, clinical, and therapeutic applications for the study of cancer and other diseases.

Gafar M. O., Yagi   M. I., Elhag, A.Z.   and Musa,S.A.   

His study was conducted at College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology Farm to evaluate the residual effect of the recommended dose of Malathion (450kg/ha), an organophosphate insecticide, and Sevin(450kg/ha), a carbamate insecticide, on the dry weight and length of garden rocket The result showed that, the recommended dose of Sevin has positively affected both variables; the average length and weight of treated plants. The recommended dose gave significantly higher plant height (52.1cm) than the other treatments and higher number of leaves (21.0) and leaf area (11 cm² and.0 12.0cm², for Malathion and Sevin, respectively).The total nitrogen percentage and extractable phosphorous were significantly affected by both pesticides. The pH and salinity were not significantly affected.

Vitaly A. Eremenko   

Our civilization judging by the many scientists, historians, philosophers, social scientists and natural scientists opinion is not the first and not the last one on Earth. The limited existence of any civilization always ends with one. This is the degradation with natural disasters and with the tragic fate of dying people. A character of the dynamics of their development, that is, a rise then reaching of a maximum level and a mandatory recession very resembles a normal Gaussian distribution. Dynamics of human survival is also a kind of a Gaussian curve, but it is significantly different from the curve of the dynamics of a civilization with the time parameters. Index of the human' survival rate begins to fall rapidly while the rate of civilization' development is still held at maximum. The main reasons for the downfall of civilizations have always been conflicts between the laws of nature and society, when they reach the extreme limit. Reasons for the decline of the survival rate in growing of the number and capacity of external and internal dangers to human health and life. Natural disasters, technogenic catastrophes, terrorist and military actions rations belong to the external dangers; however a rapidly growing of bureaucracy is a basis for increasing of internal ones. The biological instinct of self-preservation is the primary and often the only guarantee of survival in the initial and final stages of the development of civilizations. However, the transition to an application this basic instinct should start now with due regard the above-mentioned shift in the dynamics of these two Gaussian curves, characterize the dynamics of the survival rate and the civilization' development . So that is must be done before the "Great Flood" will come. Issues develop an adequate Paradigm for survival of an ordinary man and Methodologies, Technologies and Design of a special cybernetic device that is the Cybernated Self-Preservation' Kit for personal use is the subject of this publication.

CUMALI EKICI and HAKAN Ozturk 

In this paper, a study of time-like ruled surfaces in Minkowski 3-space is investigated by strictly connected time-like straight line moving with Darboux’s frame along a differentiable space-like curve. By using the striction curve and the distribution parameter of time-like ruled surfaces, some theorems related to the geodesic curvature and the second fundamental form tensor are obtained.

Ayoub Zeyada Elhag and Hala Mohamed Osman 

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant spacing on onion seed quality, The experiments were executed at the nursery of Horticulture Administration, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources and the labouratory of the Agricultural Research Station , Northern State, Sudan, in two successive seasons (2010 -2011and 2011-2012). In the nursery the bulbs of cultivar “Bafetaim (s)” were planted on both sides of 70cm ridges at 2.5, 5, 10 and 12.5 cm within ridge spacing. The cultural practices were followed as recommended till seed harvest. The experimental units were in completely randomized block design with four replications. After harvest the seeds were tested directly for germination (germination percentage, rate and uniformity) in petri dishes and emergence(emergence percentage, rate and uniformity) in soil in plastic seeds were again tested for germination after one and two years storage in paper bags at room temperature. All seed tests experiments were in completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the widest spacing had positive effects on germination and emergence percentage and rate. The closest spacing had positive effects on germination and emergence uniformity as well as ageing or deterioration rate. It could be concluded that closer plant spacing has no significant effect on onion seed quality moreover, it may reduce ageing rate during storage under normal storage conditions. However, the closest within row spacing (2.5 and 5cm) might be tedious and labourious compared to medium ones (10 cm). So medium within row spacing (10 cm) could be recommended for high onion seed yield (data not shown) and quality in the Northern State, Sudan and areas of similar environmental conditions.

Riad Kanan 

This paper presents a modular platform allowing green sensing applications. It is composed of a dedicated Integrated Circuit (IC) with energy harvesting system, sensors, rechargeable battery, a processor and a memory. A sensing system has been designed. It comprises the modular transponder platform, a transceiver with advanced communication features and user applications. The sensing system acts as a smart miniaturized system with multi-functions feature and is a key to achieve different application in the sensing and monitoring field. Thanks to the Layered HW/Firmware/SW system structure, the smart sensing platform offers the possibility to extend application domains. One of the key impacts of the system is the development of green applications. The new developed energy harvesting system leads to a self-powered system which is a new benefit in the sensing and continuous monitoring. Using rechargeable battery and energy harvesting systems will prevent often discarding away old batteries. Furthermore, thanks to the embedded data processing, the sensing platform allows the development of environment-sensitive applications such as shelf life prediction that can help to reduce food losses.

Anna Kolomijeca Francois Roland Pierre Leon and Heinz-Detlef Kronfeldt 

An autonomous in-situ Raman/SERS sensor for the detection of chemicals in seawater has been constructed and successfully tested in the harbor and offshore under harsh field conditions, during October - January 2012-2013. Applying integration time of typically only 10 s, the sensor was able to detect various PAHs in situ, such as fuoranthene, biphenyl, phenanthrene and fluorine in the Mediterranean Sea.

Volodymyr V. Oberemok Andrey P. Simchuk and Yuri I. Gninenko 

We discovered that the external application of a solution containing one single-stranded DNA fragment, 18 nucleotides long, either from the BIR domain of the AcMNPV IAP-2 gene or the RING domain of the TnSNPV IAP-2 gene, induces a significantly higher mortality of gypsy moth larvae compared to a solution of distilled water. The results show the insecticidal potential of viral DNA fragments that can be used to create safe, relatively inexpensive and fast-acting insecticides to control quantity of pest insect populations. In our opinion, insecticidal effect may depend on the specific sequence of double and triple hydrogen bonds in a single-stranded DNA fragment or on a sequence of a few nitrogenous bases at specific sites of an oligonucleotide. The results suggest that small single-stranded viral DNA fragments may have practical applications as DNA insecticides.

Mohammed Mahgoub Hassan and Rania Alrasheed Abakeer 

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume crop in many countries and is severely constrained by infection by the weedy root parasite Orobanche crenata (crenate broomrape). The present work was carried out to evaluate the potential of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and bacterial strains to suppress Orobanche crenata on faba bean. Orobanche infestation was influenced by the bacteria, AM fungi and the time the observation was made. Faba bean inoculated with the combination between bacterial strains (B2) {TAL 1399 plus A. brasilense}, B3 (TAL 1399 plus BMP{ Bacllius megathirium var phosphaticum }) alone or in combination with mycorrhiza fungi (AM) were completely inhibited Orobanche plant emergence. Time at which highest rate of Orobanche emergence occurred on faba bean was significantly delayed with AM fungi incorporated with each of the bacterial strains (B1, B2 and B3). The highest increment of faba bean shoot was obtained when AM fungi was incorporated with bacterial strains B3 as compared to control. Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi plus bacterial B2 root colonization were positively correlated with total dry matter of faba bean. With respect to nodule numbers results displayed that faba bean inoculated with bacterial B2 alone or in combination with AM fungi sustained the highest nodule numbers as compared to both controls. Adoption of an integrated approach encompassing AM fungi and bacteria inoculation may provide a novel, cheap and easy method to apply for O. crenata control under subsistence low-input farming systems.

E.L. Pankratov and E.A. Bulaeva 

It has been shown, that manufacturing diffusive- and implanted-junction rectifiers in a semiconductor hete-rostructure and optimization of annealing give us possibility to increase sharpness of p-n-junction and homogeneity of dopant distribution in doped area. In this paper we consider influence of adsorption of dopant in the heterostructure on distribution of dopant concentration in the p-n-junction. Based on results of modeling we show, that adsorption of dopant gives us possibility to decrease both sharpness of the p-n-junction and homogeneity of dopant distribution in enriched by the dopant area.

Massimo Rogante Irina K. Domanskaya Ekaterina S. Gerasimova and Elena Vladimkrova 

Study of dense cements, ceramics and related materials such as cement stones, is significant to create novel advanced components for various types of buildings and structures. These materials can possess high functional properties and they can be adopted for various purposes, for instance as corrosion resistive coatings for cement constructions. In this paper, the investigability of polymer cement concretes by neutron beam techniques (NBT) and, in particular, the nano-scale characterization by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) of polymer cement concrete (PCC) samples made of Portland or aluminous cement with added γAl₂O₃ and redispersible dry polymer, are discussed. The main aims are to assess key parameters (e.g., porosity, fractal dimensions, size distribution, presence of cracks or open and closed pores) responsible of the materials’ performance at the scale from 1 Å to 100 Å, as well as to expand the possibility of applications. NBT, among the other non-destructive diagnostics, are particularly unique in the complete analysis of industrial materials when supplying essential information. The results obtained by means of a neutron-based investigation can translate into the optimization of consistency and the design of operating conditions and procedures that support and enhance quality and safety levels. Various examples concerning the examinations of different kinds of cements are reported. This state-of-the-art stage indeed confirms the industrial applicability of NBT in completing the characterization of the considered materials.

Ashfaq Ul Hassan 

Encephaloceles are rare Lesions. These defects in the formation of the cranium are often associated with congenital anomalies of the brain and/or meninges. The defect is often in the squamous part of the occipital bone and may include the posterior part of the foramen magnum. When the defect is small, usually only the meninges herniate and the anomaly is a cranial meningocele, or cranium bifidum with meningocele . Here we present a case of a six month baby who presented with progressive swelling in Occipital region.

K.P.R. Rao G.N.V. Kishore and P.R.Sobhana Babu 

The ICS mapping was introduced by K.P.Chi [On a fixed point theorem for certain class of maps satisfying a contractive condition depended on an another function, Lobachevskii J. math., 30(4), 2009, 289 - 291.] In this paper, we obtain a unique common fixed point theorem in partial metric spaces by using ICS mapping and also introduced supported example to our main theorem.