Emmyrafedziawati Aida Kamal Rafedzi   Mohd Faizal Abu Bakar   Abdul Munir Abdul Murad   Izwan Bharudin   and Shazilah Kamaruddin   

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are an option for enhancing plant growth under drought-stress conditions. Bacillus altitudinis UKM RB 11 is a bacterium resistant to drought and suitable for promoting plant growth in areas with limited water supply. Genome sequencing was performed on B. altitudinis UKM RB11, producing high-quality sequencing data. After sequencing, we analyzed the genomic data using several software tools, including Velvet v1.2.10, SSPACE Standard v3.0, RagTag v1.1.0, and MeDuSa v1.6. We used strain B. altitudinis SGAir0031 (GenBank accession number NZ_CP022319.2) as the reference genome. The analysis results reveal that the genomic structure of B. altitudinis UKM RB 11 consists of a circular chromosome with a length of 3,767,351 base pairs and a GC content of 41.03%. The genome annotation revealed 3,911 genes, including 3,823 protein-coding sequences (CDS), of which 3,783 (97%) predict a function and 40 non-protein-coding genes. Genome analysis of the UKM RB11 revealed the presence of various genes including those involved in stress resistance and oxidative defense responses, plant growth promotion, movement, growth and sporadic stimulation, as well as the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and biocontrol. This research provides insights into the molecular genetics of the B. altitudinis UKM RB11 genome and its adaptive mechanisms in response to drought and water scarcity. The genomic data of UKM RB11 enhances our understanding of microbial roles in alleviating plant stress, making it a promising candidate for use as a bioinoculant in agriculture.

Jannatul Ferdous Sonya   Tanvir Ahmad Sourav   Md. Hasanuzzaman   A.B.M. Jamiul Islam   Hasan Muhammad Sammy   and Sheikh Muhammad Masum   

A field experiment at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University from July to December 2023 assessed the effectiveness of carbonaceous materials and herbicides on rainfed aman rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) and their effects on relay mustard (Brassica rapa L.). The study included treatments with no carbonaceous material (control), biochar (4 t ha^-1), and biochar compost (4 t ha^-1), along with herbicide combinations, including control and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (150 g ha^-1), pretilachlor (1 L ha^-1), a mixture of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (0.75%) and pretilachlor (30%) (2 kg ha^-1), and another mixture of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (0.15%) and pretilachlor (6%) (2 kg ha^-1). The split-plot design included three replications and used BRRI dhan87 as a test rice variety. Mustard was seeded 15 days before rice harvest. The experimental field contained eight weed species from six families. The results showed significant effects at the 5% level on weed density, weed dry weight, plant height, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and yield-related parameters. The interaction of biochar compost with pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (0.75%) + pretilachlor (30%) consistently outperformed other treatments, recording the lowest weed density and dry weight, the highest plant height (130.21 cm), SPAD values, number of filled grains panicle^-1 (116.60), 1000-grain weight (24.33 g), and grain yield (5.50 t ha^-1). Similar results were noted with biochar compost interaction with pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (0.15%) + pretilachlor (6%). Residual effects on mustard emergence indicated potential inhibitory effects of pretilachlor with carbonaceous amendments. This study suggests that combining biochar compost and herbicides effectively controls weeds and improves rice yields in rainfed areas.

N. Neamsorn   and K. Kitirat   

The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a wireless force measurement system to measure the forces acting on agricultural products during transportation. Two flex sensors, each 55.37 mm in length and with a resistance range from 25 to 125 k℩, were installed on the surface of a flexible spherical ball that could adjust its internal air pressure. The voltage signals of the flex sensors were wirelessly transmitted via a Node MCU ESP8266 module to a computer system for recording and analysis. At air pressures of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 bar, the radius of the sphere was 82.8, 85.98, and 89.97 mm. We used the device to measure compressive forces up to 83.26, 92.07, and 121.38 N under various compression or impaction conditions. The testing process was divided into two parts: laboratory testing and measuring force during transportation. To test the wireless force-measurement device in the laboratory, it was put inside a 39 x 59 x 31.5 cm basket and contained cantaloupes. The measurements included compressive force, horizontal impact force, and vertical impact force. A vertical impact exerted a maximum force of 56.89 N on the cantaloupes inside the basket. The cantaloupes were kept for 5 days and showed signs of damage at the 3rd and 5th days of storage. To measure force while transporting, the basket that had both the force-measuring device and cantaloupes was placed on a pickup truck and transported over paved and gravel roads. The maximum forces exerted on the products during transportation were 15.56 N on a paved road and 21.98 N on a gravel road.

Meky Sagrim   Michael Alberth Baransano   and Deny Anjelus Iyai   

The identification and development of leading regional commodities play a crucial role in enhancing local economies, especially in regions with distinct cultural and ethnic characteristics. This study aims to compute potential leading agricultural commodities and to examine association of seventh indicators, i.e. land suitability, commodity availability, access to commodity source locations, commodity development programs, market potential, potential for increasing added value (processed products), and availability of input products. Exponential comparison method was applied during field research using 194 farmers for FGD and personal interview. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential Chi-square test. The findings reveal that commodities of agriculture products including forest and wild animals identified are 31 products. From crops/horticultures, 17 (54.84%) commodities identified, followed by forest products 5 (16.12%), there are wild animal 4 (12.90%) commodities, and livestock products 4 (12.90%) commodities. MPE analysis showed cassava has top rank developing suitability (570,413), followed by banana and maize, i.e. 547, 849. In the third rank, there are i.e. sweet potato (MPE=491,593), and cacao (398,855). Chi-square indicates a strong association (p<0.01) between indicators with agricultural-based commodities development in Waropen Atas district. From Cartesian chart, three commodities focused on maintaining (1^st quadrant), in the 2^nd quadrant 10 commodities focused on priority to improve, in the 3^rd quadrant 13 commodities became less priority, and only 4 commodities in the 4^th quadrant found focused on potential for efficiency. Commodities that need priority to improve shall be focused in development. Strategies needed for further development are by increasing accessibility to resource locations, strengthening development programs that support each commodity, and ensuring the availability of input products. With this strategy, commodities in this region can further be developed and in general provide added economic value to farmers.

Bilal Atta   Arshed Makhdoom Sabir   Muhammad Ahsin Ayub   Muhammad Usman Saleem   and Muhammad Junaid Nisar   

Effective management of rice planthoppers, major pests affecting rice crops, necessitates optimal strategies for monitoring and controlling their populations. This study aimed to develop and evaluate technology to determine the most effective trap color and density to capture rice planthoppers. For five years (2019-2023), this research investigated the influence of different trap colors and densities on planthopper capture rates. The study utilized square-shaped sticky traps of five colors (White, Red, Green, Yellow, and Blue) installed at six densities (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 traps per acre) in rice fields. Traps were monitored weekly, and the captured planthoppers were counted. Studies from 2019 to 2023 revealed that as the number of traps increased, more rice planthoppers were captured on all trap colors, with Yellow Sticky Traps (YST) consistently catching the most. In 2019, YST captured 153.4 planthoppers at 10 traps per acre, increasing to 290.8 at 35 traps per acre, while Red Sticky Traps (RST) captured the least, from 32.6 to 68.6. This pattern persisted each year, with YST capturing the highest number of planthoppers at all densities: in 2020, captures ranged from 229.4 to 342.8; in 2021, from 286.4 to 388.6; in 2022, from 203.4 to 324.4; and in 2023, from 258.6 to 363.6. Green Sticky Traps (GST) and White Sticky Traps (WST) also performed well, while Blue Sticky Traps (BST) showed moderate effectiveness. RST remained the least effective but improved with higher densities. The study identified YST as the most effective color for capturing rice planthoppers, with increased trap density, leading to higher capture rates. These findings provided a basis for optimizing trap deployment in rice fields, contributing to more efficient pest management strategies.

Gnamien Yah Gwladys   N'Guessan Ahebe Zitta   Yao Kouakou Abessika Georges   Koffi N’Dodo Boni Clovis   AyoliĂ© Koutoua   and Kouadio Yatty Justin   

Wild fruit trees play a crucial role in people's food security. Tougher living conditions are leading people to exploit forest products. Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmelin is a woody plant belonging to the Caesalpiniaceae family. Its fruit is characterised by its green pulp, which is very rich in vitamin C. It also has many therapeutic properties. The fruit of D. senegalense is harvested and traded widely on rural and urban markets. They are a source of income diversification for farmers. This wild woody species grows naturally in forests. But abusive deforestation could lead to its disappearance. It is therefore necessary to develop a regeneration protocol that should allow the propagation of Detarium senegalense and help with its domestication. To this end, a protocol was developed for the regeneration of this woody species. The protocol involves treating the fruit to encourage germination. Three treatments were carried out: whole fruit, fruit from which the pulp had been removed (pulped fruits) and fruit from which the hard shell had been removed (shelled fruits). The treated fruit was sown in a Fischer block design. Parameters such as emergence rate, emergence time, plant height, crown diameter and number of leaves were determined. Statistical analyses were carried out on the data collected. The results showed that these treatments significantly affected some of the parameters studied. Shelled fruits recorded the highest emergence rate (94%) for a period of 17 days after sowing. Whole fruit had the largest collar diameter and number of leaves during the study. However, their emergence time was 25 days. Regardless of the treatment the fruit received, plant growth was continuous. The shelled fruits with the shortest emergence time can be recommended for domestication of the plant. The results of our study make an important contribution to woody plants regeneration, with a very high regeneration percentage and a very short regeneration time. These results are promising for the development of artificial forests.

Salisu Gombe Haruna   Muhammad Auwal Hussaini   Muhammad Ismail Zahradeen   Nafiu Bala Sanda   Abdurrahman Lado   Yahuza Lurwanu   Bassam Lawan Abdulrahman   Ismail Ibrahim Garba   Adnan Aminu Adnan   Alpha Yahya Kamara   Fatima Zahra Buhari   Muhammad Halliru   Ma'amun Da'u Aliyu   Abubakar Musa   Kabiru Danyaro Bichi   Adamu Isyaku Muhammad   and Garuba Azeez Alabi   

Field trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of bio-solarization on rice blast during 2021 and 2022 rainy seasons. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisted of five treatments, replicated three times. The treatments include: - SOCAFU (solarization + cabbage residues + fungicide), SOPOMA (solarization + poultry manure), SOPOFU (solarization + poultry manure + fungicide), FUNGIC (Mancozeb 630g/kg + Carbendazim 120 g/kg) and control. Field was moistened to field capacity before polythene sheets were placed in their respective seedbeds for the period of four weeks. Poultry manure and cabbage residues as organic amendments were incorporated to their respective seedbeds at the rate of 20t ha^-1 and 15t ha^-1 two weeks prior to transplanting rice seedlings. Data on rice blast incidence, severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), number of tillers, plant height, yield and percent disease reduction were collected and subjected to analysis of variance. Treatment means were separated at P≀0.05. Results revealed that rice grown on bio-solarised soil in 2022 significantly produced lowest rice blast incidence, severity, AUDPC and higher number of tillers and taller plant height. Higher yield (1.73 t ha^-1) and percent disease reduction (31.1%) were recorded in 2022 than those produced in 2021. SOPOFU-amended soil in 2022 produced the lowest disease incidence (15.7%), rice blast severity (16%) and area under disease progress curve (63.4) than the other bio-solarised treatments and fungicide treated soil. Highest yield (2.68 t ha^-1) and percent disease reduction (52.8%) were also obtained on rice grown on SOPOFU-amended soil, compared to the other treatments. Based on the results obtained, application of 20 t ha^-1 of poultry manure and 0.5 kg ha^-1 of 630g/kg Mancozeb + 120g/kg Carbendazim WP in solarized soil is recommended as integrated management package against rice blast.

Agustina Abdullah   Muhammad Hatta Jamil   Jamila Mustabi   and Aslina Asnawi   

The study's aim is to analyze the satisfaction of extension workers with extension institutions for agricultural empowerment, specifically on the aspects of organizing extension development, increasing the resources of extension institutions and managing extension institutions. The research was conducted in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, the largest beef cattle population in Indonesia; as a consequence, extension workers provided more service to the farmers. Data was collected from 44 extension workers by questionnaire, focus group discussion, and supporting data from several key informants through in-depth interviews. Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) are the analytical methods used. The IPA analysis showed that providing guidance following the needs of farmers, conducting coaching in the learning process, establishing partnerships, providing infrastructure, and facilitating the capacity building of extension workers are vital attributes and priorities to be improved. In addition, the results of the analysis of CSI satisfaction levels were 83.48%, in the range of 0.81–1.00. This value indicates the extension worker's satisfaction index in a very satisfied category. Extension workers in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia are very satisfied with the support from extension institutions. However, there is room for improvement, particularly in providing guidance tailored to farmers' needs, offering coaching, establishing partnerships, providing infrastructure, and facilitating capacity building for extension workers. These improvements are crucial to enhance the satisfaction of extension workers, which can subsequently boost farming productivity, income, and farmer empowerment.

Kelebonye Ramolekwa   Motlalepula Pholo-Tait   Samodimo Ngwako   Goitseone Malambane   and Lekgari Lekgari   

Gamma irradiation has been successfully used as a powerful mutagen for inducing various legume crops. This study evaluated the effect of gamma irradiation-induced variability on the agronomic, physicochemical and yield attributes of cowpea plants. The study was conducted in a screenhouse in a complete randomized block design with 8 replications. The M4 mutant lines were derived from gamma irradiation with a Tswana background. Tswana is a late-maturing local commercial variety exhibiting a prostrate growth habit with a yield potential of 1-2 tonˉÂčha. The mutant lines include Tswana-300Gy-202, Tswana-300Gy-214, Tswana-400Gy-49, Tswana-400Gy-49, Tswana-500Gy-31, and Tswana-500Gy-53. Analysis of variance for agronomic traits and nutritional factors revealed induced genetic variability between the mutant and their Tswana background. A significant variation of a 1 or 2-day prolonged period to emergence in mutant lines compared to the Tswana variety suggested a novel-induced variation. The maximum and the lowest Chl-a content was observed for the Tswana-500Gy-53 line (0.510 ”g ml^-1) and Tswana (0.276 ”g ml^-1) respectively. However, an induced consistent suppressed Chl-a was observed for Tswana-300Gy-202 and Tswana-300Gy-214 relative to other mutant lines. The carotenoid levels were highest for Tswana-500Gy-53 (0.220 ”g ml^-1), while Tswana-300Gy-202 (0.126 ”g ml^-1) had the lowest carotenoid content. The maximum NPQt and PhiNPQ were observed for Tswana-500Gy-53 (5.070; 0.651) and Tswana-500Gy-31 (4.122; 0.594), resulting in lower Fv/Fm and Phi2 compared to Tswana control (3.741). Tswana-400Gy-85 had the highest crude fibre concentration (6.190g/kg) compared to the control, while the lowest concentration was observed for Tswana-400Gy-49 (5.047g/kg). Tswana-500Gy-31 recorded the lowest tannin content (0.097), followed by Tswana-500Gy-53 (0.098), while Tswana-400Gy-85 had the highest tannin level (0.260) compared to the control and other mutant lines. The yield-related attributes were not significantly affected by gamma-irradiated mutagenesis except the 100 SW. Tswana-300Gy-214 (18.125 g) and Tswana-400Gy-49 (18.250 g) had the highest 100SW compared to the Tswana control (16.500 g). They also had higher 100 SW than Tswana-400Gy-85 (16.750 g) and Tswana-500Gy-53 (16.875 g) respectively. Further studies could consider the antinutritional and genetic analysis of the point of mutation and the existence of silent mutations where the DNA did not have a noticeable effect.

Fabien Nsanzabera   Barithazar Nduwayezu   Evangeline Irakoze   Aimable Mwiseneza   Isaac Mubashankwaya   Alexis Manishimwe   Jean Bosco Nsengiyumva   and Fabien Nkurikiyimana   

The tea (Camellia spp.) is ranked second highest consumed beverage in the world after water and the highest in flavonoid content. These compounds are the ones that provide tea with its remarkable flavor, fragrance, and related health advantages like its ability to fight cancer, reduce obesity, and lower blood pressure. Flavan-3-ols, a class of flavonoids that include (+)-catechins, (-)-epicatechin (EC), (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) are the main bioactive compounds found in tea. These substances are the precursors of the theaflavins and thearubigins, which after fermentation and oxidation give some tea varieties, like black tea, their distinct flavor and color. The quality of tea beverage depends on various factors including the genetic makeup of the plant that defines the metabolites synthesis in tea leaves and their respective quantities; the growing region; the methods used for horticulture and harvesting like treatment with NPK complemented with biochar or rapeseed cake that significantly improves the concentration of amino acids and catechin in the young shoots, stems, and roots of the tea; and the surrounding environment. The phenolic composition and quality of tea infusions are also influenced by the conditions during processing like oxidation and fermentation, brewing conditions including temperature and time, and storage after harvest that is controlled by humidity and temperature. We anticipate to provide an overview of tea processing technology and an understanding of the biochemistry of tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves in this review.

Masyhur Syafiuddin   Hazairin Zubair   Baharuddin Patandjengi   Muh. Jayadi   D. Agnes Rampisela   Abdul Aziz   Thamrin Abdullah   Nur Lisani   Annas Boceng   Nabilah Rahmawati   and Shahnaz Maghfirah Ilham   

Various attempts have been made to increase the survival rate (SR) of sago plants (Metroxylon sagu Rottb), especially the treatment of growing media and irrigation. The purpose of this study was to calculate the effect of (i) the depth of inundation on the survival rate of the seedling of Tana Luwu sago palm variety; (ii) dosage of ameliorant of sago bagasse and husk charcoal on the survival rate of the seedling of Tana Luwu sago palm variety. The research was conducted in Waelawi Village, West Malangke District, North Luwu Regency; South Sulawesi, Indonesia, April to June 2023. The study used a two-factor factorial design with a split plot design field design. The first factor is the depth of the stagnant water that flows continuously on the side of the polybag as the main plot, consisting of 3 levels: 3 cm, 6 cm and 9 cm. While the second subplot factor is the planting media factor consisting of 5 levels: without ameliorant, soil only (A0S6); a mixture of sago bagasse and soil with a ratio of 1:2 (B2S4); a mixture of soil and sago bagasse and soil 1:1 (B3S3); a mixture of husk charcoal and soil with 1:2 (C2S4), and a mixture of husk charcoal with 1:1 (C3S3) respectively based on volume. The seedlings used are relatively small, weighing between 168-728 grams (after trimming the leaves, leaving a midrib of 60 cm). The variable measured was the survival rate of the seedlings up to 50 days old. The results showed that the depth of inundation, the dose of bagasse and rice husk charcoal, had a significant effect on the survival rate of the Tana Luwu sago palm variety seedlings.

Elgie A. Jimenez   Mark Anthony J. Torres   Cesar G. Demayo   and Orven E. Llantos   

The study investigates the use of wild and cultivated edible food plants in the Philippines as potential sources of food during times of famine. Given the challenges faced by the Philippines, such as malnutrition, poverty, and food insecurity worsened by climate change and natural disasters, it is crucial to explore the potential of alternative local food plant materials as a way of dealing with malnutrition and supporting emergency aid. The study employed a systematic review approach following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We implemented a search strategy in the Google Scholar database using specific search terms to identify literature that is highly relevant to potential famine food plants in the Philippines. Data selection, extraction, and mapping processes were rigorously conducted to ensure transparency and thoroughness when reporting the findings. The study identified a total of four thousand six hundred seventy-seven (n=4,677) search results. However, by following the eligibility criteria, all irrelevant articles and duplicated studies were excluded, and the remaining thirteen (n=13) articles discussing wild and cultivated edible plants were reviewed. There are two hundred fifty (n=250) species of these edible plants being recorded of which belong to seventy-nine (n=79) families. It has been revealed that the fruits and leaves are the most consumed plant parts implying their culinary use. These potential famine food plants transcend geographical boundaries as they are widely distributed to 11 provinces in the Philippines. These local edible plants prove essential in mitigating the impact of food scarcity and enhancing food security in the Philippines, emphasizing the need for further research and utilization of these resources.

Le Thai Hoang   Tran Bui Phuc   Tran Phung Nha Thuyen   and Nguyen Nhut   

Chlorella vulgaris has received considerable attention for various applications, including biofuel production, animal feed, and wastewater treatment. Flocculation is a preferable method for efficient harvesting of Chlorella biomass. In this study, metal coagulants such as AlCl₃, Al₂(SO₄)₃, FeCl₃, FeSO₄, chitosan as a natural polymer, mollasses, wheat flour and Bacillus Subtilis were employed to enhance flocculation efficiency of microalgae. A series of concentrations prepared for each flocculant at different pH values was conducted to determine the optimal conditions for flocculating activities. The results showed that five flocculants - AlCl₃, Al₂(SO₄)₃, chitosan, FeCl₃, and FeSO₄, were found as efficient agents for the flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris, with an efficiency exceeding 98% at the optimal concentrations of 70, 150, 15, 200, and 150 mg/L, respectively. The pH 10 was found as the best condition for flocculation efficiency of Chlorella cells in the culture medium. Among the tested flocculants, chitosan is an effective agent for aggregation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris due to its nontoxic nature, bio polymer composition and the requirement for a low dosage. Additionally, Bacillus Subtilis, a probiotic bacterium, was found to slightly enhance the flocculation efficiency after 24 hours of incubation with an inoculation percentage of 3% Bacillus culture. Further study to optimize the addition rate and incubation time of Bacillus bacteria is necessary to enhance the flocculation efficiency of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.

Shuhua Liu   Mohd Amirul Hussain   and Abdul Hanan Hassan   

Evaluating the effect of the construction of agricultural science and technology parks (hereinafter referred to as the park) based on the growth pole theory is of great significance for optimizing the layout of the parks and promoting the high-quality development of regional agriculture. Using parameter estimation, cluster analysis, and other statistical methods, we constructed a multi-dimensional evaluation system of the construction effect of the parks (agglomeration effect, diffusion effect, and comprehensive effect of agglomeration-diffusion), examined the relationship between the geographic layout of the parks and the growth pole effect from the viewpoint of spatial analysis, estimated the degree of the growth pole effect, and evaluated the construction effectiveness of the seven national parks in Shandong Province. The results show that: (1) Shandong Province parks have all played a certain degree of agglomeration effect, and the most obvious agglomeration effect is the Jimo Park, which has a significant role in the agglomeration of factors. (2) The diffusion effect of Shandong Province parks varies significantly, and the diffusion effect of the two parks in Yantai and Jining is significant, and their radiation-driven role is prominent. (3) Shandong Province parks have formed a total of 28 combinations, with 20 combinations exhibiting the agglomeration-diffusion effect, among which 16 combinations function at a distance. It can be observed that the process of forming growth poles in the parks follows an intrinsic occurrence law. This process is characterized by the gradual breakthrough of spatial and geographic limitations and serves as a platform spanning across regions. This research helps to enrich and improve the theory of the layout of parks and also has reference value for the formulation of relevant policies and layout optimization of the parks in Shandong Province and even in China.

Suhadi Sapto Yuwono   Iskandar Lubis   Munif Ghulamahdi   and Endah Retno Palupi   

Water constraints due to climate change are a problem in increasing rice production. Paddy fields face drought, which could reduce rice productivity while population requires more food. Selecting adaptive rice cultivars on fields with sufficient water and lack of water is one of the quick mitigation strategies to overcome the problem. This study aimed to identify morphophysiological responses and their relationship with yields in paddy fields and dry lands. The study used randomized completed block design (RCBD) with rice cultivar and field conditions as factors. Two different locations were used, namely paddy fields and dry land. Ten rice cultivars consisting of lowland rice and upland rice (Inpari 32, Inpari 43, IPB 3S, Ciherang, Way Apo Buru, IR 64, Inpago 10, IPB 9G, Intani 605, and Mapan 05) were planted. Combined variance analysis determined the effects of field conditions and cultivars. The results showed that field conditions significantly affected morphological characters, reduction in plant height and delay in days to flowering. Deficit water increased the percentage of empty grains and also led to a reduction in rice yield. Cultivar IPB 3S, IPB 9G, and Inpago 10 showed the lowest percentage of yield reduction in dry land compared to paddy fields at 29%, 30%, and 47%. These cultivars were thought to have stable yield characteristic and tolerance in paddy fields or dry land.

Kiya Janua Rini B. Sandoval   Mark Anthony J. Torres   Orven E. Llantos   and Cesar G. Demayo   

The widespread adoption of direct-seeded rice (DSR) systems due to water and labor scarcity has intensified weedy rice infestations in Southeast Asia. A systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, or PRISMA, was conducted to determine the variants, morphological variability, yield, and management of weedy rice in consideration of its status as an agricultural weed. The potential benefits of weedy rice to food and health security in the region were also explored by reviewing its ethnobotanical applications, along with wild and traditional rice varieties. A total of 74 studies were included and grouped into five research priority areas, namely weedy rice variants (12 studies), morphology (14 studies), yield (3 studies), management (51 studies), and weedy rice/wild rice/traditional rice varieties with food and medicinal uses (10 studies), with some studies overlapping among the areas. It was found that weedy rice populations in Southeast Asia are morphologically diverse and can be grouped into distinct morphotypes/biotypes. Key morphological traits such as panicle type, awn presence, grain and pericarp coloration, and plant height are often used to differentiate weedy rice variants in the field. This morphological variability may exist between and among weedy rice populations across Southeast Asian countries. However, more weedy rice surveys are needed to sufficiently cover the extent of morphological variability, as well as the spread and severity of infestation, in the major rice-producing countries of the region. In terms of competitive ability, the morphological variability of weedy rice may enhance its competitiveness in the field and help evade management. While cultural and chemical control methods are effective, an integrated approach for controlling weedy rice is still preferred and recommended. There was evidence for the use of weedy rice as food and medicine in Southeast Asia; however, current ethnobotanical investigations primarily focus on traditional rice varieties. Hence, the available data on the ethnobotanical uses of weedy rice is minimal, underscoring the need for further investigation to comprehensively capture its culinary and medicinal significance in the region.

Munif Ghulamahdi   Sandra Arifin Aziz   Iskandar Lubis   Bagus Abimanyu   Tatsuhiko Shiraiwa   and Paul Taylor   

This experiment aims to find the optimal foliar fertilizer type, planting distance, or combination of both to increase the productivity and growth of soybeans. This experiment was conducted in Mulyasari Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra Province, eleven feet above sea level, 2°38'42.35" South Latitude, and 104°45'5.92" East Longitude. An overflow-type experiment took place in 2017 between April and August. For the trial, we used a randomized complete block design consisting of two components, each with three replications. The first factor was foliar fertilizer; in the absence of foliar fertilizer, nitrogen was included in (Nitrogen + Cu), (Nitrogen + Cu+ Zn), and (Nitrogen + Cu + Zn + Mg). The second factor was the planting distance, which came in two sizes, 25 cm by 20 cm and 40 cm by 12.5 cm, with two seeds in each hole. Six weeks after planting, the foliar fertilizer impacted the quantity of leaves and plant height (WAP). The productivity was 3.170 tons/ha without foliar fertilizer and 3.785 tons/ha with N + Cu, respectively. This means that foliar fertilization can increase yields by 615 kg ha-1 compared to without foliar fertilization. The planting distance had an impact on the number of leaves at 6 and 10 WAP; plant fill pod count, 100 seed dry weight, plant dry weight, seed dry weight per plot, and production: 3. tons/ha at 25 cm × 20 cm and 3.278 tons/ha at 40 cm × 12.5 cm were the results.

Darmansyah Siregar   Zulkarnain Lubis   Vivi Gusrini Rahmadani   Muhammad Reza Aulia   Mehaga Bastanta Sinulingga   and Mawaddah Putri Arisma Siregar   

In the rapidly evolving landscape of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR), the role of effective leadership in fostering positive outcomes for agriculture companies cannot be understated. This bibliometric analysis aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing body of literature on the relationship between leadership, sustainable development, and CSR within the context of agriculture companies. This study identifies key themes, trends, and gaps in research by employing systematic methods to review and analyze a wide range of scholarly articles. The analysis reveals a growing interest in the interconnectedness of leadership practices, sustainable development goals, and CSR initiatives in the agriculture sector. A multitude of studies emphasize the pivotal role of leadership in driving sustainable practices, influencing corporate strategies, and ultimately contributing to both societal and environmental well-being. This study highlights seminal works and prominent authors in the field through content analysis and citation mapping, shedding light on the evolving discourse. Furthermore, the bibliometric analysis uncovers potential research gaps, such as the need for more empirical investigations that delve into the causal mechanisms between leadership styles and the successful integration of sustainability and CSR in agriculture companies. The study also underscores the importance of cross-disciplinary collaborations between leadership, sustainability, and agriculture scholars to foster a holistic understanding of these complex interactions. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis synthesizes and maps the scholarly landscape of leadership, sustainable development and CSR in agriculture companies. By identifying trends, gaps, and opportunities for future research, this study offers valuable insights to academics, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to advance sustainable practices and responsible leadership in the agriculture sector.

K. Boonsa-nga   D. Bundhurat   V. Changrue   and Y. Chanbang   

Fluidized bed drying (FBD) heat treatment at 60℃ for 120 s using an industrial fluidized bed system was utilized for rice milling in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. This process was considered one of the most appealing technologies for controlling insect pests in stored Khao Dawk Mali 105 rough rice harvested during the 2021 wet season. The industrial fluidized bed system has a loading capacity of 20–25 tons/hr and a flow rate of 8 m/s. This treatment lowered the rice moisture content from 28%–30% to 16%–18%. After air-drying had reduced the moisture content to 14%, 5-kg rough rice samples were stored in plastic bags and evaluated over a 12-month period. There was substantially greater insect infestation in the untreated control rice compared with the FBD-treated rice. The physical and chemical qualities of the rice were slightly impacted by FBD treatment. FBD-treated rice had a significantly lower percentage of whole grain kernels than the untreated control rice. With prolonged storage, the brightness (L*), whiteness index, gel consistency, alkali spreading value, amylose content, and aromatic 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content decreased significantly. However, both untreated and FBD-treated rice met the Thai Agricultural Standard (TAS): Thai Hom Mali Rice.

Lilis Imamah Ichdayati   Ujang Maman   Iwan Aminudin   Zulmanery Manir   and Neneng Nur Aida   

West Java Province is widely recognized as a peanut production center that features various planting patterns due to differences in soil conditions, climate, and farmer’s practices during cultivation. These environmental variations result in differences in the incomes of peanut farmers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether there are income differences among peanut farmers in West Java based on various planting patterns. A total sample of 507 peanut farmers was selected using the proportional cluster sampling method representing the 6 districts. The evaluation process was carried out using a descriptive analysis tool with Excel Pivot Table calculations for revenue and Manova analysis. The results showed that the peanut planting patterns in West Java were found to be as follows: on average, farmers use 0.42 ha of land, usually planting during the rainy season in November, with a planting distance of 25 x 25 cm². This results in an average peanut production of 1,188 kg/farmer and a productivity rate of 28.39 quintals/ha. By the average of selling price of wet peanut pods at Rp. 5,417/kg, the farmer can earn an average revenue of Rp. 15,357,079/Planting season/Ha. Therefore, farmers can earn an average profit of Rp. 6,394,319/PS/Ha. The results of the Manova test show that the peanut planting pattern has a significant effect on the average of production, selling price, total revenue, and farmer income in West Java. Therefore, it is important to manage peanut farming based on good planting patterns such as proper spacing and scheduling. This can result in superior seeds being planted and increase farmers' income, particularly with a monoculture system.

Christian Kareh   Wassim Habib   Georges Nemer   and Nabil Nemer   

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a polyphagous insect invading hundreds of crops worldwide. Its management is becoming more and more challenging due to the increasing resistance to chemical insecticides. This work aims to compare the sensitivity of the Bemisia tabaci B biotype on eggplant leaves to the insecticides pyrifluquinazon and sulfoxaflor, the bio-insecticide pyrethrins, and the biological control agent Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC 74040. In the controlled greenhouse conditions, four applications of all treatments were tested for their efficacy on four generations of B. tabaci. In the laboratory, three doses of bio/insecticides and biological agents were conducted on whitefly eggs, crawlers, and late instars to calculate the mortality percentage and the LC₅₀. The efficacy of insecticides in the controlled conditions was assessed by counting the living eggs and nymphs before and several days after the applications. Results showed that B. tabaci is sensitive to pyrifluquinazon and B. bassiana as the efficacy on deposited eggs and the living nymph was 100 % starting the second generation till the last one. Sulfoxaflor and pyrethrins showed moderate to low efficacies. In the laboratory, the mortality percentages were low on eggs and low to moderate in the late instars. Mortality percentages of crawlers treated with pyrifluquinazon were high at 3 different concentrations. At high concentrations, the mortality percentages of pyrethrins, sulfoxaflor, and B. bassiana were 67.33, 55.33, and 53% respectively. LC₅₀ values were 22, 33, and 86 ppm for pyrifluquinazon, pyrethrins, and Beauveria bassiana respectively. All results demonstrated that the B. tabaci B biotype is significantly more sensitive to pyrifluquinazon and B. bassiana.

Irmawati   Rahim Darma   and Letty Fudjaja   

The study was carried out on coffee farming production in Mamasa District using a random sampling method to evaluate the influence of different factors on total productivity. When binary logistic analysis was used to assess the data, the results showed that the independent factors influenced the dependent variable together, as indicated by the R square value of 60.1%. The Walk test results also showed that factors like land area, age of respondents, farming experience, partnerships, urea fertiliser, and organic fertiliser, as well as partial effects represented by a sig value <0.05, significantly influence farmer production. On the other hand, factors like training, labour, respondents' educational level, and herbicides had no discernible effect on farmers' productivity (sig values > 0.05), indicating no partial effect. Since the participating local farmers rely on trust and kinship, the partnerships witnessed in Mamasa District function under a general trading framework rather than a written contract. However, there are benefits to this cooperation approach. It allows partner farmers to sell their commodities to partner institutions, and these institutions can purchase supplies that meet their quality and standard requirements.

Okang A. O.   Egbai O. O.   Uquetan U. I.   Ochiche C. A.   Uttah C. E.   Agbochom E. E.   Diminyi C. A.   Eteng E. O.   Onuoha E.   Ajom S. K.   Brian E. Usibe   and Uchegbue H. O.   

Assessment of changes in yield quantity of selected arable crops was carried out between January and May 2023. The study assessed changes in the yields of arable crops and what led to the changes. The ultimate purpose is to enhance food security in the region. Survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of four hundred copies of the questionnaires were administered to a sampled population; interviews and focused group discussions were also employed to elicit information from the affected population. Three hundred and eighty-eight copies of questionnaires were retrieved. Data were subjected to statistical analysis and hypothesis tested with linear regression and correlation coefficient. Result showed that r = 0.871, 0.766. 0.919 and 0.838 for maize, rice, cassava and yam respectively. The rate of change is indicated by regression slope B = 11.74, 9.28, 230.9 and 185.4 for maize, rice, cassava and yam at p<0.05. Results of interviews and focused group discussion revealed that yield quantity of arable crops was poor at some points, but latter increased progressively due to farmers’ awareness of production constrains and the need to increase production in order to address their socioeconomic challenges. For instance, maize production increased from 36.00 metric tonnes in 1986 to 413.20 metric tonnes in 2015 representing 1,047% increase. Rice yield recorded an increase of 0.08 in 1986 to 370.90 metric tonnes in 2015 representing 1,047% increase. Similarly, cassava production trend progressively moved from 403.80 metric tonnes in 1986 to 7812.58 in 2015 representing 1,835% increase. While yam production increased from 594.40 metric tons in 1986 to 7112 metric tonnes in 2015 indicating 1,097% increase. It shows that there were positive changes in yield quantity of arable crops in the north-east zone of Cross River State. These results prove that awareness of the need to increase production can elicit human positive response to adverse production conditions, guarantee sustainable food production and enhance socio economic livelihood of the people.

Sanjith Bharatharajan Nair   and Zuhair A. Al-Hemyari   

In this paper, the problem of modelling the data of the agriculture total production of the Field Crops, agricultural land area, temperature and humidity is studied, the data is collected (for the period 1999-2020) and two different models are developed, i.e. the univariate and multivariate models based on the Huber loss robust technique and quantile regression. A transformed data set is used to mitigate the impact of skewness and stabilize variance. This study evaluates the significance of goodness of fit of the above random variables. Moreover, several assumptions and testing of hypotheses are conducted to identify the behaviour of the data. Due to the size of the collected data, the bootstrap approach is utilized to verify the predictability, goodness of fit, and uniqueness of the estimations. Furthermore, the prediction accuracy of the univariate/multivariate models of Huber loss was resilient when compared to each quantile model, and it was discovered that both models fit the data well. A 95% prediction interval of production is generated and is shown to be valid for the models. Based on real data example, it turned out that the predictive accuracy of robust regression and representative quantile regression models was not significant for univariate/multivariate models. When comparing goodness of fit indices in univariate and multivariate models, the RR and sixth QR models were found to be the best fits for the data. The recommendation, limitations and future research are discussed.

Tria Namirah Arhan   Rahim Darma   and Abdul Razak Munir   

Farmer Terms of Trade (FToT) is the ratio of agricultural produce prices to the goods and services needed to produce it. It is a pivotal indicator for assessing farmer welfare. Yet, the FToT of food crops consistently lags other subsectors despite being the primary income source for most farmers. This research explores the determinants influencing the FToT of food crops, utilizing a monthly data series from 2019 to 2022. Multiple linear regression analysis with various time lags is explored to derive an optimal estimation model. Among the six estimations with distinct time lags, time lag-4 emerges as the most promising, offering insights into the factors shaping FToT dynamics. Of the seven variables examined, six independent variables exhibit significance at a confidence level of 0.01, except the Price of Corn variable, which appears to have a negligible impact. The prominence of time lag 4 underscores its alignment with the typical age or harvest period of food crops, highlighting the importance of considering temporal dynamics when analyzing economic variables within the agricultural sector. This underscores the necessity of accounting for time lags in estimating influential factors within the agricultural domain, facilitating a more nuanced understanding of the sector's economic intricacies.

Galina T. Pevicharova   Stefka G. Genova   and Velika N. Boteva   

Three onion varieties of different tastes and flake colors (red, yellow, and white) were assessed on their textural parameters during 2021-2022. The field experiment was conducted on 4.8 m² trial plots in four replicates on meadow-cinnamon soil. The drip irrigation was applied in two modes. The first experiment was under optimum irrigation conditions for the plants, with an irrigation rate of 18m³/ha. In the second experiment, the plants were grown at a 50% deficit irrigation rate of 9m³/ha. The climatic conditions were appropriate for the goal of the study. The average maximum temperature for the months of July and August was over 35℃, with minimal rainfall. The bulbs were stored under ambient conditions in an unheated storehouse (2-8℃ and 70-90% Rh). The tests were done by the Stable Micro Systems TA.XT.Plus Texture Analyser using a "Warner-Bratzlerblade" probe three times: after harvesting and in 3- and 6-month storage. It was established that the values of the investigated mechanical parameters were reduced during storage. At the end of the storage, the greatest decrease (over 60%) was observed in the deformation work. Genotypic differences concerning yield force and rupture force were well expressed in onion bulbs from both irrigation water levels until the end of the experiment. A higher effect of the irrigation (up to 84.58%) than the genotype (up to 38.34%) was recorded on the dynamic of rupture force. The genotype influence on the mechanical parameters was increased at the end of the investigation. Based on this study, the variety Ispanski 482 with yellow flakes was selected as more resistant to mechanical damage to onion tissue during long-term storage. No significant correlation was found between the dry matter and the values of the textural parameters.

Nanang Febrianto   Puji Akhiroh   Muhammad Helmi   Nur Silviyah Rahmi   Dewi Masyithoh   and Budi Hartono   

This study delves into the technical efficiency and satisfaction levels of broiler chicken farmers engaged in contract farming in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. With the region being a significant contributor to broiler production, particularly through partnership schemes, the research focuses on a purposive sample of 70 plasma farmers with a minimum two-year or seven-rearing period partnership experience, each managing a minimum of 3,000 birds. The study employs a stochastic production function frontier analysis by utilizing a combination of primary data, encompassing production costs, revenue, and production factors, along with secondary data from authoritative sources. The findings reveal a notably high average technical efficiency of around 95%, indicating a commendable level of productivity among farmers. The nuanced examination of socio-economic factors highlights the contrasting effects of age and experience on efficiency, underscoring the positive impact of formal education and land area. The study also unveils a generally high satisfaction index of 88.84 among farmers, with facilities and field agents garnering the highest praise. While opportunities for improvement exist, particularly in enhancing competitiveness and specific aspects of product reliability and endurance, the findings collectively advocate for a holistic approach, including scaling up operations and adopting best-practice farming techniques through contract farming, to further advance regional production and income.

Rahmadanih   Mikhael   M. Saleh S. Ali   Eymal B. Demmallino   Darmawan Salman   Ni Made Viantika S   and Siti Hardiyanti Syam   

The transformation of the farming system is a process of changing various aspects of the applied by farming communities, not only in farming processing and the use of technology but also in ecological, social, and economic changes. This research aims to analyze the sustainability of the farming system transformation and its relation to household food access in the Arfak community, West Papua Province, Indonesia, through investigations of farmers' rational actions based on ecological, social, and economic dimensions constituting a typology of sustainable development. This research was designed as a case study using Miles and Huberman's qualitative analysis model, encompassing data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Data collection used triangulation approaches, including observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Informants were determined purposively: 50 farmer actors and 10 observers. This research found that the transformation of the farming system was sustainable in ecological, social, and economic aspects and caused an increase in household food access, both physically and economically. Household food access is increasingly diverse and meets the National Desirable Dietary Pattern, namely nine food groups (1) grains, (2) tubers, (3) animal foods, (4) oils and fats, (5) fruits/seeds oily, (6) nuts, (7) sugar, (8) vegetables and fruit, and (9) others (tea, coffee, etc.). The transformation of the farming system in the Arfak community is still based on types of value-rational action, traditional action, and instrumental rationality action.

Aisman   Skunda Diliarosta   Aulia Azhar   and Daimon Syukri   

Carotenoids as hydrophobic pigments can be degraded due to acidic conditions in the hydrophilic system during the extraction and encapsulation processes of the colorant powder derived from kabocha squash. This research was conducted to determine the effect of using magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃) as a fixation agent to maintain carotenoid stability in the process of making natural colorant powder from kabocha squash. The concentrated extract of kabocha was added with several concentrations of MgCO₃ (0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3%) of the total extract. The acidity condition of kabocha pumpkin extract was observed periodically to prove the existence of acids. Changes in pH were also observed in the treated solution. The total content of carotenoids in the resulting colorant powder was also observed to determine the effectiveness of the fixation agent. Observations of color changes were also carried out to see the appearance of the color of the resulting colorant powder. This study confirmed that the hydrophilic system in the carotenoid extraction process results in the release of acids which lowers the pH of the solution. The optimal addition of MgCO₃ was obtained at a concentration of 2%, where excess fixation agents could also reduce existing carotenoid compounds. The pH was crucial for maintaining the carotenoid content in the hydrophilic system derived from plant extracts. In the production process of natural colorant powder from kabocha squash, pH 9.2 was suitable for producing the highest carotenoid content with acceptable colour characteristics. This study underlined the importance of a fixing agent (MgCO₃) to keep the carotenoids in the kabocha dye powder stable.

Michael Santos   Jennifer de Jesus   Adonis Voltaire Villanueva   Melane Fernandez   Christine Saturno   Marimar Fuentes   Rayvin Pestano   Jumel Miller   and Jonar Martin   

The existing research on onion farming in the Philippines has primarily focused on its cultural and economic significance and the documentation of folk dances associated with farming culture and practices. However, there needs to be more research to understand the intricate connection between onion farming and the cultural practices and beliefs and the social dynamics that shape this agricultural practice. Furthermore, a greater understanding of the specific physical demands and movement patterns involved in onion farming is needed to provide an accurate and culturally relevant movement analysis. The study explored the cultural practices of onion farming through natural observation and immersion. Simultaneously, a biomechanical analysis uncovered the physical movements inherent in onion farming, ensuring the resulting movement analysis accurately reflects the authentic farming experience. It utilized an ethnographic approach and biomechanical analysis with 20 onion farmers who were purposively chosen. In the ethnographic phase, naturalistic observations using an observation form revealed the interaction among cultural practices, traditional agriculture, and social dynamics. Spiritual rites and traditional farming techniques, such as hand-planting and carabao plowing, bond the community to the land, preserving agriculture and culture. "Bayanihan" and group activities encourage farmers' cooperation and emotional support. Using the Mackenzie Movement Analysis Method, the biomechanical analysis identified essential movements during three crucial farming phases: Land Preparation (Panangisagana), Planting (Panangimula), and Harvesting (Panaggaapit). Shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle flexion and extension were prominent joint movements in the sagittal plane, with the main muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and legs performing agonistic and antagonistic actions. This multidisciplinary study revealed the complex relationship between cultural history, sustainable agriculture, community dynamics, and biomechanics in Philippine onion cultivation. The findings of the study may provide the basis for a culturally significant folk dance on onion cultivation based on the observed movements.

Munezero Immaculee Joselyne   Florence Mukamanzi   Uwera clotilde   Bazimenyera Jean De Dieu   Hitimana Eric   Sinayobye Janvier Omar   and Murangira Theoneste   

Sustaining agriculture is imperative. Agriculture has benefited from the adaptation of numerous technologies. One of the most effective methods for preventing droughts is the use of irrigation systems. However, a poorly designed irrigation system might lead to concerns including overwatering or underwatering, as well as decreased production and increased costs. For achieving a high yield, specific crops planted in a specific location should rely on the soil type. Identifying the soil type in Bugesera district and the amount of water necessary to meet irrigation needs is the goal of this article. This information assists in estimating the water storage capacity needed to properly plan for smart irrigation systems. The soil texture triangle was used to determine the soil type from the sample taken in the area. The laboratory test revealed that the percentage of sand in the tested sample was 94.8% and that of silt + clay was 5.2%; therefore, the soil type is sandy. Data from the meteorological station from 2018 to 2023 were analyzed, and the Cropwatt model was utilized to estimate the effective rainfall. Additionally, it was determined that the mid-stage peak water as crop evapotranspiration is equivalent to 43.9mm/decade, and the effective rainfall is 0.1mm/decade. Thus, the irrigation necessary to meet crop water needs is 43.8mm/decade which corresponds to 35.04m³. Then, the net volumetric irrigation requirement is 3.504m³/day and the useful storage capacity should not be less than 4m³ for a single irrigation/day.

Mustaqimah   Ramayanty Bulan   Zulfikri   Indera Sakti Nasution   and Muhammad Idkham   

Agricultural bird pest is generally regarded as the main problem farmers face due to their existence which can cause a decrease in the quality and quantity of agricultural products such as paddy. Most studies on agricultural bird pest control have neglected the design of the prototype without considering the economic aspect. This study aims to develop a low-cost detector and eviction module for agricultural bird pests using artificial sound from the predator of this bird pest. The method used in this research is to conduct experimental design, testing performance, and techno-economic analysis. The results show that the PIR sensor system is accurate enough to find bird pests and that integrated with speakers with artificial sound from its predator makes a big difference in evicting agricultural bird pests. The results showed that the developed module could work in 50 to 150 cm with a satisfactory success rate (maximum about 66.67±10.21%). In addition, technology development with components used in this study is less than the US$ 50 per module. This makes it possible to use this technology for paddy farmers in Indonesia because the cost per module of this technology is meager.

Bijin Philip   and Suresh G   

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) comprise a set of 17 global objectives established by the United Nations to tackle urgent worldwide challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation. Numerous SDGs are directly linked to the realms of food and agriculture. SDG 2, named Zero Hunger, focuses on ending hunger, achieving food security, enhancing nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production, addresses the need for sustainable food systems and the reduction of food waste. SDG 13, Climate Action, underscores the connection between agriculture and efforts for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Additionally, SDG 15, Life on Land, emphasizes the significance of safeguarding terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity, often impacted by agricultural practices. These goals collectively highlight the pivotal role of food and agriculture in realizing broader sustainable development objectives. India, with its significant agrarian base, stands at the forefront of addressing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the agriculture sector. This paper delves into the multifaceted challenges encountered by the Indian economy concerning SDGs in agriculture and examines the diverse array of initiatives introduced by the government to attain these goals. Through a comprehensive review of literature and policy analysis, this paper identifies key areas such as poverty alleviation, food security, sustainable land use, water management, and rural livelihoods, among others, where concerted efforts are required to achieve the SDGs. Furthermore, it explores the intricate interplay between socio-economic factors, environmental sustainability, and technological advancements in shaping the trajectory of Indian agriculture. By critically evaluating government interventions, including policies, programs, and schemes, the paper elucidates their effectiveness, gaps, and potential areas for improvement. Insights from this research aim to inform policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners in designing holistic strategies to navigate the complexities of sustainable development in Indian agriculture.

Ubad Badrudin   Munif Ghulamahdi   Bambang S. Purwoko   and Etty Pratiwi   

Saline land is suboptimal land with a high electrical conductivity that can inhibit the growth and production of rice plants. The objectives of the study were to determine 1) changes in the electrical conductivity value of saline soil before and after washing and 2) the growth and yield of rice plants grown on washed saline soil media with the application of microbial consortium and their interactions. The study used a Randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was a microbial consortium consisting of four microbial consortiums, and the second factor was rice variety consisting of three varieties e.i. Pokalli, Biosalin 2 Agritan and IR29. Result showed that washing saline soil with fresh water decreased electrical conductivity from 17 dS m^-1 to 2.18 dS m^-1. The Pokkali variety had the highest plant, height biomass components, but the IR29 had the highest number of productive tillers. Microbial consortium B gave the best effect on the variable of the number of empty grains per clump, percentage of open grains, and dry weight of grain per clump. There was no interaction between growth components, plant biomass, and N, P, K, and Na levels. The pokkali variety contains low levels of K and Na in the roots, but high in the shoot, while the IR29 variety has high levels of K and Na in the roots, but low in the shoot. The best results in the variable number of filled grains per clump and grain dry weight per clump were shown by the microbial consortium C treatment and the Biosalin 2 Agritan variety.

LassanĂ© OuĂ©draogo   Abdoulazize Sandwidi   Pane Jeanne d’Arc Coulibaly   Marthe Sandrine BassolĂ©-Doignet   Barkissa Fofana   Fanta Blagna   Badiori Ouattara   and Boukary Ousmane Diallo   

The Crotalaria genus is a herbaceous legume considered as a weed but with enormous potential. Indeed, these species, through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, can participate in improving the fertility of degraded soils. This study was carried out to use the agromorphological performances of the ecotypes of two species of herbaceous Papilionaceae (Crotalaria mucronata and Crotalaria retusa) to improve the fertility of degraded soils. The seeds of these species (ecotypes) were collected in 7 localities in Burkina Faso namely Arbollé, Boulbi, Gonsé I, Gonsé II, Diabo, Dindéresso and Djindjerma. The seeds were sown in trays using the complete random blocks design. After six months of monitoring and data collection, plants phenotypic and soil physicochemical parameters were determined. Analysis of the variance of these data revealed that only phenotypic parameters such as the number of branches (p=0.001), the fresh/dry weight of the aerial part (p= 0.0001 and p=0.01), the length of the main root (p=0.005) and the fresh weight of the root (p=0.003) discriminated between the ecotypes. Regarding the contribution of ecotypes in improving soil physicochemical properties in which the seedlings were grown, the total organic carbon content (p=0.0001) and the C/N ratio (p=0.0001) were discriminating elements. The study highlighted the contribution of ecotypes to improving soil fertility. The study showed that the Djindjerma, Gonsé II and Dindéresso ecotypes had phenotypic characteristics and fertilizing chemical elements that were very interesting compared with the other ecotypes. They can therefore be recommended as bioresources for restoring the fertility of degraded soils.

A. Syamad Ramayana   Taufan Purwokusumaning Daru   Hamsyin   and Alidi   

This research aims to determine the soil chemical properties (N, P, K, pH, organic C) at different slope positions, assess the performance of cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) at different slope positions, and understand the relationship between climate components and the performance of cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) in a wet tropical land. The study was conducted for three months (October to December 2017) in Karangan Hilir Village, Karangan District, East Kutai Regency. The research employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with slope position (P) as the treatment, consisting of three slope positions: P1 (lower slope), P2 (middle slope), and P3 (upper slope). Each treatment was replicated five times. Observed variables included flower count, fruit count, fruit length, fruit diameter, wet fruit weight, seed count, and wet seed weight. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and mean separation was performed using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% significance level. The results indicated significant differences in slope positions for observed parameters such as flower count and seed count, while fruit count, wet fruit weight, and wet seed weight showed non-significant differences. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation (0.343) between cocoa fruit performance and climatic factors, although it was not statistically significant with a p-value of 0.211, greater than 0.050.

Margaret Esi Essilfie   Isaac Ntekor   Harrison Kwame Dapaah   and Samuel Ebo Owusu   

Three groundnut and one maize improved varieties were studied for their yield and yield components by intercropping them using different spatial arrangement. Intercropping legumes with maize in different spatial arrangements improve the quality and natural soil fertility, and reduce fertilizer use and boost crop yield. Crops were planted at the research field of AAMUSTED using a 3 x 3 factorial experiment laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) plus four sole crops with four replications during the minor rainy season of 2021 and the major rainy season of 2022. The aim was to determine the yield and yield components of different varieties of groundnut with maize intercropping system as affected by different spatial arrangement. Factors studied were; (i) groundnut varieties (Yenyawoso, Dehye, and Oboshie), Opeaburo maize variety and (ii) spatial arrangements; (SP1 = 1-row maize alternating with 1-row groundnut, SP2 = 1-row maize alternating with 2 rows groundnut, and SP3 = 1-row maize alternating with 3 rows groundnut) plus four sole crops. The combined analysis showed that Opeaburo + Oboshie x SP2 and SP3 interactions had the higher number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, and grain yield of groundnut, while for maize the same treatments produced the highest cob diameter, cob length, 100-seed weight, shelling percentage and grain yield across both cropping seasons. Opeaburo + Yenyawoso x SP1 interaction produced highest number of seeds per pod across both seasons. For shelling percentage of groundnut, Opeaburo + Yenyawoso x SP2 recorded the highest for 2021 minor season whereas Opeaburo + Dehye x SP3 had the greatest for the 2022 major cropping season. For Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), Opeaburo + Oboshie x SP2 and SP3 interaction had the greatest. For best yield and heavy grains of maize and groundnut, it is recommended that farmers should intercrop Opeaburo with Oboshie by alternating with 2-rows and/or 3-rows.

L. Sangla   and V. Changrue   

The combined effects of hydropriming and plasma-activated solution (PAS) were investigated on the seed viability, the contamination of microorganisms, and seed surface differentiation, and morphology of black soybean seed (Glycine max L. Merr cv. Sukhothai 3). The studies had 3 steps: i) to find the proper time of seed hydropriming through seed imbibition rate, ii) to measure the properties of PAS-H₂O₂ treatment, and iii) to investigate combined effects between hydropriming and PAS-H₂O₂ treatment on soybean seed quality. The result showed that the optimum time of seed hydropriming was 5 hrs. of imbibition. It gave the highest seed quality when compared to the control treatments. The properties of ORP, EC, and dissolved oxygen values were decreased but pH and temperature increased as the time extended. The combined effects of both techniques by pre-treating primed seeds with PAS at different times of plasma discharge for seed quality were determined. The results indicated that the combining procedures via 5 hrs. of hydropriming followed by 3 and 5 min of PAS-0.05% H₂O₂ gave the best seed germination (92/93 %), seed vigor (88/89 %), and seedling dry weight (16.6/15.1 g/plant). However, prime seeds were treated with PAS-H₂O₂ for 5 min expressed lower in microbial (17.7%) than other treatments, and pathogens could be controlled more than the use of single treatment. The changes of seed coat surface expansion and seed pores features occurred in plasma seeds lonely and in association with hydropriming and were higher than those of primed seeds only. In summary, the use of hydropriming and PAS-H₂O₂ treatment could be applied as a pre-sowing treatment to enhance the seed quality of black soybeans.

Sadik Ikhsan   Djoko Santoso   Yuriadi Ilmi   and Dea Etna Ananda   

Market integration plays a key role in ensuring prevailed price signal in a market well transmitted to the other spatially connected markets. The actors in the market will get symmetrical information to prevent one party from exploiting another to get excessive arbitrage profit. This research aims to test the existence of integration in rice markets in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Weekly composite rice price in three market locations, namely Banjarmasin City, Tabalong, and Kotabaru from July 2020 to March 2023 was observed. The unit root test to check stationarity data and the cointegration test were carried out. The ADF unit root test results showed that data were not stationary but became stationary after being differencing in level one. Johansen's cointegration results showed that there was a cointegration that represents long-term equilibrium between price variables. Due to the non-stationarity of data and the presence of cointegration, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is used. The estimation results showed dominant and linear influences of rice price in Banjarmasin over rice price in Kotabaru, reviewed from significant level and elasticity amount in the cointegration equation, and its consistency with the results of Granger pairwise causality test and Impulse Response Function (IRF) graphic description.

Rabab Au Rasheed   Abda Emam   and Nagat Elmulthum   

In its Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia adopted a strategy to reduce dependence on oil and diversify the economy. Given the importance of the agricultural sector in accelerating economic growth, Saudi Arabia has focused on the agricultural sector among other targeted sectors. The study pointed to amount the degree of the relationship between some agricultural products (dates, cucumbers, chicken meat and tomatoes) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the AGDP during the period from 1990 to 2020. Johansson test for common Integration aimed to test the long-term equilibrium relationship between agricultural products and the AGDP. Additionally, it employed the Granger causality test to achieve the specified objectives of testing the presence and direction of a causal relationship between agricultural products and AGDP. The results demonstrated the presence of a long-term equilibrium integrative relationship between the study variables, as well as a causal relationship between the study variables. The results of the regression analysis also indicated a lack of a significant relationship between the agricultural GDP and cucumber, despite the large quantities cultivated, this could be attributed to the increase in production costs. Therefore, the study recommends conducting a scientific study to measure the competitiveness of cucumber production.

Elfarisna   Erlina Rahmayuni   Welly Herman   Elsa Lolita Putri   and Kurniati   

The type of soil commonly used for wet rice cultivation on the island of Java is Inceptisols. The research aims to analyze the relationship between organic matter content and chemical properties of Inceptisols soil planted in rice fields at three locations in Java. Soil samples were taken from three different rice field locations, namely Jasinga 1, Jasinga 2, and Serpong. At the research location, three soil profiles were identified, and from each profile, disturbed soil samples were taken at soil depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm, resulting in a total of nine soil profiles and 27 disturbed soil samples. Soil chemical properties analyzed to support research include pH H2O (1:2.5), organic carbon (C-organic), soil bases, total soil nitrogen, available phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results of the research concluded that the chemical properties of paddy soil in three locations, including soil organic matter content, pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, CEC, and alkaline exchangeable-Ca, exchangeable-Mg, exchangeable-K, exchangeable-Na, were sufficient to meet the needs of rice plant nutrients. The very real negative correlation between organic matter content and soil pH and exchangeable-Na levels shows a direct relationship with paddy soil fertility. Optimizing rice production is recommended to add organic matter and improve paddy soil's pH value and chemical properties.

Sittichai Urtgam   Rampai Kodsueb   Chawalit Puengtang   Tawatchai Sumpradit   and Naruemol Thurnkul   

Actinobacteria are a large group of gram-positive bacteria classified into Streptomyces and non-Streptomyces genera. Streptomyces is commonly found in nature, especially in soil samples collected in different geographic properties. It is well-known in its capability to produce bioactive compounds, including antimicrobials, immunostimulants, anticancer, and antioxidants. The aims of this study were concentrated on the isolation and screening of the antifungal-producing actinobacteria from termite mound soil and wasp soil against Colletotrichum using culture-dependent techniques with Sodium Caseinate Agar (SCA) and spread plate technique. A total of 45 actinobacterial strains were isolated and purified for testing of antifungal features. The inhibitory activities against Colletotrichum sp. PSRU-NDM65, the plant pathogen of anthracnose disease of Mangifera indica L. were tested by dual culture technique on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The results indicated that two isolates, namely TM-A3 and TM-A7, had the highest percentage of inhibition against Colletotrichum sp. PSRU-NDM65 growth by 87.79% and 85.81%, respectively. Based on the morphological studies, both actinobacterial isolates produce the long chain of spore and hypha which are fitted with the typical characters of Streptomyces. Concomitantly, comparative analysis of 16S rDNA partial nucleotide sequences revealed that TM-A3 and TM-A7 belonged to the Streptomyces genus based on 99.7% similarity and 100% identity to Streptomyces misionensis and Streptomyces prasinopilosus, respectively. In the future, utilization of two Streptomyces strains will be applied on farms planted with economical Mangifera spp., and other horticulture plants.

Yayuk Purwaningrum   and Yenni Asbur   

Indonesia as a producer of natural rubber is still below Thailand, which has an area smaller than Indonesia. This is because Indonesian rubber plantations are dominated by smallholder rubber plantations whose exploitation systems do not comply with regulations. Therefore, the aim of the research was to increase the productivity of the PB 260 clone through the length of the half-spiral (S2) and quarter (S4) tapping grooves and the administration of liquid stimulants. This research was carried out at Afdeling II PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Kebun Bandar Betsy, Bandar Huluan II District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra. Non Factorial Randomized Block Design Research Method as a combination treatment of an exploitation system with two levels (S2) and (S4) and administration of liquid stimulants repeated three times. The research results showed that S4 treatment had a higher latex yield than S2. The treatment given did not affect the physiology of latex clone PB 260 and was still within optimum limits. S4 treatment was more efficient in increasing the latex yield of 16-year-old PB 260 clones.

Esra'a E. Al-Johari   and Firas M. Sharaf   

This research addresses the impact of urban expansion on agricultural land-use changes. The urban spread on peripheral agricultural lands is rapidly growing in cities. The conversion of agricultural land to built-up area changes the ecosystems and strains natural resources. Solutions to this dilemma may help to advance useful and adequate agriculture approaches in the city and restore eco-balance. Urban agriculture may help sustainable exploitation of urban environments and make a significant contribution to city self-reliance of food. A case study in Amman city in Jordan is selected to address the impact of urban expansion on agricultural lands. Scaling up urban agriculture practices may not be sufficiently achieved by conventional methods. The Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques are deployed in this research to investigate alternative methods for site selection criteria of urban agricultural lands suitability in the context of the city of Amman. The GIS multi-criteria analysis is adapted to select the best sites for urban agriculture in the city. The results indicate that rapid urban expansion has reduced suitable land for agriculture to 16.76% in the city of Amman. The study proposes an urban agricultural model to enable appropriate planning of urban agricultural land in the city. It is concluded that integration of urban agriculture into city planning using tools, such as the GIS and RS can improve monitoring the loss of agricultural land and identifying suitable locations for agricultural uses.

Ali Rahmat   Hidayat Hidayat   Lilla Puji Lestari   Elfarisna Elfarisna   Indriyani Indriyani   Mulono Apriyanto   Latifa Nuraini   Hari Hariadi   and Abdul Mutolib   

Avocado seeds are produced as a byproduct in households and industrial settings where avocados are used. These seeds become waste without economic or other advantages if not appropriately managed. Moreover, technology is needed to transform avocado seed waste into products with economic or practical benefits. One such technology involves converting avocado seed waste into biochar. Biochar can enhance carbon sequestration, nutrient retention, and water retention in soil. This research examines how different pyrolysis temperatures affect the characteristics of biochar produced from avocado seeds. The results show that pore formation begins at 400 ℃ of pyrolysis, although it is more clearly visible at a temperature of 500 ℃. FTIR analysis revealed that the available functional groups in the biochars were O–H, C-H, C=C, and C=O. The C content and C/N ratio of biochar increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature; however, H, O, N, H/C, and O/C decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The dominant element content of avocado seed biochar is K₂O, P₂O₅, and SO₃, categorized as macronutrients. Through this analysis, the biochar from avocado seeds has the potential to serve as a soil amendment.

Muawya Alasasfa   

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different colors of polybags and layering time on potential root and shoot development, since the lack of root initiation and slow leaves growth are considered as a main problems for aerial offshoots handling in date palm. The study was conducted at Ghour Al-Safi, in Jordan valley on Barhi date palm cultivar at mid-October 0f 2019 to mid-October of 2021. Treatments including three layering periods (mid-October to mid-April, mid-February to mid-August, and mid-April to mid-October) and four different polyethylene bag colors (white, black, blue, brown) and transparent one (as control) were applied on aerial offshoots. Some shoot and root parameters were studied to determine the best layering time and polybag color that could increase the survival rate of aerial date palm offshoots. Root and shoot parameters were preference under blue polybag and layering time that extended from mid-October to mid-April than other treatments. Offshoots under the transparent polybag gave the lowest parameters and reflected poor rooting ability. Although polybag color played a significant role in the root ability for aerial offshoots compared with control, the root and shoot parameters data looked relatively similar between other colors. Layering period could also increase the quantity of new fronds and productive roots.

Yenni Asbur   and Yayuk Purwaningrum   

The use of Asystasia gangetica weed as a cover crop in oil palm plantations can produce changes in soil's chemical properties, which allows for the sustainable development of oil palm plantations. The aim of this research is to evaluate how pruning and immersing A. gangetica as a cover crop (CC) can improve soil chemical properties in mature oil palm plantations. The experimental design used was a non-factorial randomized block design with four replications. The treatment was structured in five levels of pruning and immersing of the A. gangetica cover crop. Planting A. gangetica without pruning and immersing only increases the total P content of the soil. However, pruning and immersing CC A. gangetica was able to reduce pH and increase organic C, total P and available K content of the soil. Pruning CC A. gangetica at 60 days after planting (DAP) and immersed increased pH, organic C, total P, and soil available K. These results indicate that pruning A. gangetica at 60 HST and then immersed can improve the chemical properties of the soil in mature oil palm plantations.

Marcal Gusmao    Donata O. de Araujo   Lamdor T. Sitorus   and Ramalho S. Lopes   

The current study aimed at investigating the effect of terminal drought and biochar plus nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) on growth and yield of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris schard). The research was delivered in a rice field at Laleia on the northeast coast of Timor-Leste during dry season from July to November 2019. The experiment used a split-plot design with two factors (terminal drought and biochar plus NP) repeated in three blocks. The terminal drought treatments were well-watered control (WW), water withheld from flower initiation to maturity (TD1) and water withheld from fruit set to maturity (TD2). The biochar plus NP treatments were 0 t/ha biochar plus 0 kg/ha N and 0 kg/ha P as control (B0), biochar 3 t/ha plus N 60 kg/ha and P 30 kg/ha (B1), and biochar 5 t/ha plus N 100 kg/ha and P 50 kg/ha (B2). The measured parameters included soil water content, plant growth and development, yield and yield components. The experiment revealed a terminal drought x biochar plus NP interaction for volume/fruit (p = 0.009) and fruit yield (p < 0.001). The highest fruit yield of 38.82 t/ha obtained from treatment combination of well-watered control and biochar 5 t/ha plus N 100 kg/ha and P 50 kg/ha (WW–B2) and the lowest fruit yield of 9.19 t/ha obtained from treatment combination of terminal drought started from flower initiation and treatment without biochar plus NP (TD1–B0). The application of biochar plus NP to plots exposed to terminal drought at flower initiation increased fruit yields by 52.65% (TD1–B1) and 57.94% (TD1–B2) relative to TD1–B0. This study revealed that the application of biochar in combination with NP fertilizers at a rate of 3 t/ha of biochar along with 60 kg/ha of N and 30 kg/ha of P, exhibited a promising enhancement in both growth and fruit yield of watermelon plants exposed to terminal drought stress during the reproductive stage.

Eva R. Orlina   Ariel G. Mactal   Purisima P. Juico   Maria Luisa T. Mason   Danila S. Paragas   and Jacqueline D. Maquirang   

Though rich in nutrient and organic materials, biosolids contain heavy metals, organic pollutants, and substances of emerging concerns. This study evaluated the effects of stabilized biosolids from Sewage Treatment Plant in Boracay Island on selected soil properties, heavy metals and target hazard quotients associated with the Ipomoea aquatica consumption. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. A total of 21 experimental microplots with an area of 1 m × 2 m were used. Treatments were: Natural Field Condition (T₁), Natural Stabilization (T₂), Photocatalytic Stabilization (T₃), Effective Microorganism Stabilization (T₄), Indigenous Microorganism Stabilization (T₅), Vermistabilization (Eudrilus eugeniae + Gliricidia sepium leaves + Oryza sativa straw) (T₆) and Inorganic Fertilizer Recommended Rate (30-30-30 kg NPK/ha) (T₇). Results showed that the levels of heavy metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the stabilized biosolids and soils were within the permissible limits set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order (DAO) 2013-22. The biosolids application did not show phyto availability of heavy metals. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values of heavy metals in the plants were <1, indicating no harmful effects on the consumers' lifetime.

Rahajeng Kumara Ardyanti   Mangku Purnomo   and Asihing Kustanti   

The agricultural sector labor crisis is increasing worldwide, including in developing countries like Indonesia. In this situation, the trend of agricultural prestige also declines. Generally, becoming an agricultural or agribusiness actor is not the primary choice for young people, including those in rural areas. Information technology growth, including social media and other online platforms, is happening simultaneously. Young people have become key players in this world of social media, developing their identities in alignment with their passions and opportunities. With a social entrepreneurship approach, will examine how millennial farmers grow and develop. Research is necessary to typology the rapid growth of millennial farmers by identifying the various driving factors. In this study, a qualitative research approach is employed, and the applied analysis method is descriptive analysis. Sample selection was conducted using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The approach method used in this research is the life history method and thematic analysis. The results of this study show that there are three drivers behind the rapid development of millennial farmers in the Malang Raya region: adequate natural resources, specific interests, and trial and error. From these findings, it can be recommended that resources and specific interests, supported by technology, will determine the success of Indonesian Millennial Farmers. Research needs to be carried out regarding the development of indicators to measure the sustainability of development in each typology. Assess the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of different types of millennial farmers to inform future sustainable agriculture strategies.

Sukan Sangwanna   Thuchapon Yodthong   Ornpapha Chutikorntaweesin   and Kanjana Maidam   

Thai farmers play an important role in the country's food security. The product of rice farmers is rice which is the staple food of Thailand and many countries around the world. Although rice farming is the occupation of most farmers, the solving of problems of farmers from the past to the present has not been able to cover all areas, especially the non-irrigated areas, such as Nong Ya Sai district, Suphanburi province. This area is classified as the recurrent drought area. Because of this challenge, farmers had to struggle to survive in dry, water-scarce areas. Eventually, they won the fight against drought and were praised as professional farmers or brilliant farmers in the field of rice. Findings on lessons learned from success that can be called "Nong Ya Sai Model" contained the important issues that have been summarized into a set of knowledge, namely the concept of ‘5 Knows', namely Know the Soil, Know the Water, Know the Plants, Know the Micronutrients and Chemicals, and Know Yourself. This concept can be used as a guideline for farmers, including the application in agriculture for both plants and animals. This enables the safe agriculture, the increased productivity, the increased income, and the raise in the quality of life of Thai farmers sustainably.

Wilda Lumban Tobing   Natalia Desy Djata Ndua   and Dicky Frenky Hanas   

The use of dry land as agricultural land requires cultivation technology such as a verticulture fertigation system. The use of chemical N through urea leaves residue in the environment. Other effective N sources such as LOF and NFB are needed. Improving dry land can apply ameliorant. The aim of this research is to study the growth and yield of pak choy with different sources of N and ameliorant. There are 6 types of N fertilizer (urea, LOF, urea+LOF, urea+NFB, LOF+NFB, and urea+LOF+NFB) and 4 types of media (soil, soil:biochar (1:1); soil:compost (1:1); and soil:biochar+compost (1:1)) using a Split Plot Design which was repeated three times. The research results showed that urea fertilizer enriched with LOF and NFB with ameliorant soil:biochar+compost (1:1) was able to significantly influence the growth and yield of pakchoi. The two treatments are synergistic in providing N for plants so that they can reduce N losses that often occur and have the potential to improve dry land in agricultural activities with the ability of long-lasting biochar (slow release) and compost to facilitate the survival of microbes in the soil which can improve soil quality.

Faisal   Iskandar Lubis   Ahmad Junaedi   and Didy Sopandie   

This research was conducted with the aim of examining the morphophysiological responses and assimilate dynamics of various types of rice under different nitrogen supply conditions. The research was conducted in a greenhouse in 2022. The experimental design employed was a randomized block design with two treatment factors: variety and fertilizer dosage. The variety factor comprises four varieties, namely IPB 3S (a new type of rice), Inpari 33 (a new high-yielding variety), Mentik Wangi (local varieties), and Hipa 21 (hybrid). The dosage factor consists of two levels: 0 kg h^-1 of nitrogen and 90 kg h^-1 of nitrogen. The results indicate that the IPB 3S and Mentik Wangi varieties exhibit a higher net assimilation rate from the primordia phase to the heading phase. This results in the conversion of a portion of the carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis into non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). These NSCs serve as food reserves that are allocated to seed filling, thereby contributing to an increase in grain weight per panicle. The non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content in Inpari 33 and Hipa 21 at the heading stage is significantly lower than the NSC content at harvest. This suggests a hindrance in the translocation of assimilates from the vegetative part to the seed.

Firmansyah   and Afriani Harahap   

This study conducts a quantitative examination of secondary data, specifically weekly prices of chicken, eggs, and beef across various regions (urban and rural) and market types (traditional and modern) in Jambi Province, Indonesia, spanning from 2018 to the conclusion of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. The data is sourced from the Center for Information on Strategic Food Prices. The objective of this study is to uncover the differences in price volatility and price behavior of livestock products based on whether they are in rural or urban areas or in traditional and modern markets. The unique aspect of this research is the examination of the contrast in price volatility and price behavior of livestock products during various stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (before, start, period, and end) in relation to rural or urban areas or traditional and modern markets. The findings of this study are anticipated to be beneficial for central and provincial government policymakers in formulating post-COVID-19 policies aimed at controlling inflation in livestock products. The research employs the coefficient of variation to analyze the price trends of livestock products and the ARCH/GARCH model to estimate volatility levels. The analysis includes several tests such as the unit root test, ARIMA test, ARCH-LM test, ARCH/GARCH model, Lagrange Multiplier test, Ljung Box test, and Jargue-Bera test. The findings reveal that price volatility of livestock products (chicken, eggs, and beef) is more pronounced in urban areas compared to rural areas, and in traditional markets compared to modern markets. The study concludes that there are distinct differences in the price volatility of livestock products across different regions and markets.

Abdul Samad Hiola   Soemarno   Edi Dwi Cahyono   and Cahyo Prayogo   

Traditional agroforestry plays a crucial role in supporting the livelihoods of local communities, enabling individuals and groups to maximize their potential and make well-informed decisions. The productivity of a successful agroforestry system relies on its adaptability and responsiveness to changing circumstances. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the well-being of the Dulamayo community by examining the performance of their traditional agroforestry system. The assessment of the traditional agroforestry system in Dulamayo was conducted through qualitative description and multiple linear regression calculations. The findings of the study indicate the existence of two types of traditional agroforestry systems in Dulamayo. The first type focuses on fruit production, while the second type involves the production of sap from sugar palm trees in addition to fruits. These systems serve various purposes for food, firewood, medicinal plants, timber for carpentry, complementing traditional and ritual events, and producing items for sale. The estimated productivity value of these systems is US$ 244,482.27 per year. The regression performance model for traditional agroforestry indicates that the independent variable of feelgood source most significantly influences the performance of traditional agroforestry. Farmers' knowledge and awareness regarding the management of traditional agroforestry, particularly for fulfilling their family's food needs, are often quantified in terms of money. They are not aware of the crucial importance of the value of tree types in agroforestry, such as being a source of firewood for cooking, a food source, and traditional herbal medicines. This is within the regression model as an independent variable influencing the performance of traditional agroforestry in Dulamayo.

Bijin Philip   and Suresh G   

In many developing countries, agriculture continues to be the backbone of the economy and plays a vital role. Enabling the development of food value chains and enabling poor farmers to increase their income, agricultural finance plays a crucial role in the effort to feed the world's anticipated 9 billion people by the year 2050. In 2022, yearly investments of at least $80 billion are required to meet the projected 70% increase in global food consumption by 2050. Agricultural insurance is a critical safety net that is in line with Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2), which aims to end hunger, guarantee food security, and advance sustainable agriculture. Agricultural insurance works best when it protects farmers from natural calamities, makes sure they are creditworthy for the next growing season, and promotes sustainable farming methods. This article explores the policy efforts that are now being pursued in India's agriculture insurance industry, providing a thorough analysis of both the performance and developmental elements. Using a content analysis approach, the research examines the current environment and suggests a model intended to improve the effectiveness of the farm insurance programme. More involvement from governments and development agencies is necessary to meet the goals of sustainable agriculture. Enhancing the agriculture insurance framework requires cooperation with commercial reinsurers, technology suppliers, input suppliers, and financial institutions. In addition to optimising current programmes, this cooperative approach seeks to match them with the larger goal of sustainable agriculture, guaranteeing farmers' prosperity and resilience in the face of changing difficulties.

Rajesh H Acharya   

This study examines the impact of climate change on agriculture and explores the role of technology in its adaptation. For this purpose, primary data are collected from ecologically sensitive coastal and western ghat regions in the state of Karnataka. The study applied the Ricardian approach to estimate the climate sensitivity of agriculture in the region. A structured questionnaire with 98 questions collected various information from farmer households. Farmers' responses to these questions are presented as frequency tables and cross-sectional regression is applied under the Ricardian approach. The empirical results of the study confirm that farmers are aware of the sensitivity of agriculture to climate change. However, there is a lack of understanding of the adaptation of agriculture to climate change. Most farmers feel that since farming largely relies on nature, it is impossible to adapt to climate vagaries. Therefore, there is a greater need to educate farmers on possible adaptation strategies. Further, there is no greater variation in the crops cultivated and farmers' responses across different districts in the study area. There is a lot of scope for using technology to educate farmers on climate risks and possible adaptation strategies. Results of the Ricardian model reveal that erratic rainfall has a negative impact on farmland value. Among the socioeconomic variables, land belonging to socially backward communities commands less value than forward communities. Variables like education and households practising agriculture as the main profession positively influenced farmland values. Based on findings, several policy implications are highlighted, with the prominent being helping farmers diversify earnings, and communicating the standard adaptation strategies using cost-effective communications with greater reach.

Abdullah Akhyar Nasution   Iromi Ilham   Halim Akbar   Nasrul Huda   Destriana Wulandari   and Kudussisara   

The natural resources around the community encourage people to develop knowledge and skills in managing them. In anthropology, this is known as local wisdom. The people of Simeulue have local wisdom in managing coconut resources. Recently, the coconut and its derivatives industry in Simeulue Island have experienced a decline in production due to a shortage of raw materials. Existing coconut plantations are no longer productive due to age and unfortunately, revitalisation efforts have not been maximised. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the cultural barriers in the revitalisation process of coconut plantations in Simeulue Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia. This study uses ethnographic methods with a qualitative approach. Data collection relies on observation and interviews, applying the principles of living-in and progressive contextual principles. The results indicate that the cultural bonds between the Simeulu people and coconuts have become a matter of pride. However, this pride has contributed to the stagnation of coconut plantation revitalization, as the majority is reluctant to replace old coconut trees with young ones. This reluctance manifests as a cultural orientation that tends to venerate old coconut plantations as monuments to the memory of ancestors that must be preserved. Meanwhile, the coconut industry requires a sustainable supply of raw materials to meet market demand. Livelihood patterns that do not focus on a single job also hinder revitalization. Therefore, it is essential to raise community awareness. Incorporating a productivity-oriented approach to coconut plantations will only succeed if rejuvenation is carried out through participatory planning, taking into account the local wisdom associated with the value of coconut plantations.

Dalila Amokrane   Ahmed Mohammedi   Radhia Yekhlef   Djamel Belfennache   Nacira Daoudi Zerrouki   Shaza H. Aly   Mohamed A. Elanany   and Mohamed A. Ali   

In the context of sustainable agriculture, bioinsecticides are employed to protect crops against pests while simultaneously minimizing their detrimental impact on ecosystems. The objective of our study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from Juniperus phoenicea leaves using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Additionally, we aimed to explore the insecticidal abilities of the oil against Aphis spiraecola. This study identified and characterized a total of 48 compounds, primarily belonging to the class of monoterpene hydrocarbon compounds (49.58%). The most abundant compound within this class was α-pinene, accounting for (33.73%) of the total compounds. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted (23.82%) of the compounds, with σ-cadinene being the major compound at (6.06%). Oxygenated monoterpene compounds made up (21.89%) of the total, with camphor being the predominant compound at (6.18%). Lastly, oxygenated sesquiterpenes accounted for (3.10%) of the compounds. The essential oil isolated from J. phoenicea showed promising insecticidal activity against Aphis spiraecola with a LD₅₀ value of 0.8 ”L. Furthermore, the in silico investigations were specifically centered on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase as the primary target for the major compounds. Our findings indicate that J. phoenicea oil exhibits promising insecticidal properties. It has the potential to provide a resolution for harmonizing agricultural ecosystems and ensuring sustainability.

Eugene Phum Teo   Kah-Yoong Chan   Salina Mohammad Mokhtar   and Chu-Liang Lee   

In this study, the effect of different light emitting diode (LED) grow light wavelength and power of the LED lights on plant growth were investigated by adopting nutrient film technique of hydroponic indoor vegetable farming. Commercial LEDs are deployed in this work, and the findings benefited the farmers who rely on commercial LEDs. Two phases of plant development were affected differently with different LED wavelength. Color spectrum in this study involves three colors that are red, blue and white in different ratios, providing different wavelength. Budding phase as well as stem and leaf development of the plant shows a great reaction with the highest average width and length of the leaf from 1 red 7 white LED wavelength. Meanwhile, 2 red 3 white LED gives the early starts on the budding phase due to its red light, but the leaf development was the slowest due to the absence of blue lights. The light spectrum from 1 red 7 white has included a strong blue spectrum which helps in the stem and leaf development process. Different LED power with a full spectrum of LED wavelengths has shown an exceptional growth for the plants with highest power of 40 Watts. With full inclusions of red, blue and white spectrum, higher power of the LED helps exponentially especially in the budding phase of the plant.

Kerroum Boutaina   Artib Mariam   Achajri Nouha   Mouden Najoua   Selmaoui Karima   El Alaoui Moulay Abdelaziz   Benkirane Rachid   Ouazzani Touhami Amina   and Douira Allal   

An isolate of Curvularia spicifera obtained from citrus auruntium, was capable of inducing different symptoms in plants of Citrus aurantium, the most widely used citrus rootstock in Morocco. The pathogenicity test was confirmed through dipping inoculation method of roots of Citrus aurantium plants into spore suspension (106 spores/mL) of Curvularia spicifera isolate which has led to diverse disease symptoms expression. Among these, root necrosis is accompanied by moderate to general stunting of root system and aerial plant parts. In terms of plant growth parameters, the length of the root and aerial parts were reduced to 6.1 and 6.8 cm in inoculated plants relative to 9 and 12.1 in control plants. The infection was established through the roots which failed to branch normally displaying less density of secondary and tertiary roots with 8/23 compared to 18/42 in the controls. Furthermore, Koch’s postulate was verified by re-isolating the original B. spicifera isolate from roots of diseased citrus plants. Based on macroscopic, microscopic and pathogenicity characteristics, Curvularia spicifera was recognized as a new pathogen of Citrus aurantium rootstock in Morocco.

Gene T. Señeris   

The Philippines holds the top position globally when it comes to exporting abaca fiber, while Aklan Province ranks within the top five abaca-producing provinces in the country, contributing a significant 6% to the nation's overall fiber production. In recent years, the demand for abaca is rapidly growing internationally and today the production is insufficient to meet the local and global demand for fiber products due to improper agricultural practices, pests and diseases, lack of technologies, and support from the government. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate and identify the challenges affecting the production of abaca in the top two abaca-producing municipalities in Aklan. A questionnaire, crafted by the researcher, was dispersed to 408 farmers who were randomly chosen through the implementation of a stratified sampling technique. The methodology of analysis in this research was descriptive of the obtained data set and analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative statistics. Results showed that most of the abaca farmers in the two municipalities are male. Also, most of them (30 - 40%) were 51-60 years old during the conduct of the study. Farmers dedicate almost their whole productive lives to abaca farming, so most of them are doing it roughly for 21 years. Moreover, most farmers in the two municipalities are following the 2 m x 2 m planting distance. If they had planted abaca in all their land properties, they should have 2,500 plants/ha, according to the standard measurement of the PhilFIDA. However, the overall mean abaca plant population/ha was only 928 in Libacao and 890 in Madalag. Hence, only about 35% to 37% of the farmers are utilizing their land area for abaca production. The study also reveals that 35% of the abaca farmers are significantly affected by natural calamities causing immediate loss of abaca fiber production and income to all the farmers for several months and the challenges encountered by 34% of the farmers is lacking materials and equipment for abaca production. Among all government agencies, 39.60% of the abaca farmers were supported by PhilFIDA. This study provides relevant data and information that could help in crafting policies and guidelines to achieve the local and global demand for high-quality abaca fiber.

Hanan Ali Alrteimei   Zulfa Hanan Ash'aari   Farrah Melissa Muharam   and Nurulhuda Khairudin   

Understanding and managing water resources requires SPI and aridity AI and DM indices to monitor variability and drought assessment for 31 years from 1990 until 2020. Four Libyan regions were selected: Benghazi (BG: 7 stations), Darnah (DA: 7 stations), Al Jabal Al Akhdar (JK: 4 stations), and Al Marj (MA: 3 stations). The four regions are between 20.25 E and 22.75 E and 31.25 N and 32.75 N. The study estimates rainfall trends using Mann-Kendall, SPI using McKee standardization, and aridity using UNEP (AI) and De Martonne (MD). The heavy rainfall started in November and ended in February. The rainfall trend of all regions is similar to the rainfall records between 1999 and 2000, 2002 and 2005, and 2012 and 2017. The results showed that rainfall and aridity correlated with SPI have reasonable R2 values ranging from 31.1% to 73.9% and 78.2% to 84.4% for aridity correlation. The rainfall trend is decreasing according to Kendall Tau's parameter, showing regular drought incidents at about 80%. The significance of the study lies in providing valuable insights into drought patterns and water availability. Future benefits include better agricultural planning, understanding environmental impacts, and reducing disaster risk. This information enables timely decision-making, proactive measures, and reasonable resource allocation to mitigate the impacts of drought and promote sustainable development in the region. Continuous monitoring and analysis of rainfall variability are essential for ensuring water security, preserving ecosystems, and enhancing the resilience of communities in the face of changing climatic conditions.

Aldona Minga   and Dorjan Marku   

The aim of this research is to identify the factors that influence the technical efficiency of total production costs in apple farms, addressing some of the complexities posed by small-scale farming, within the regional and national context. The data of the study were collected from 150 randomly selected apple farms in Korca district, one of the major apples growing regions in Albania. The methodology approach consists of an econometric modelling of the factors that affect farm efficiency, capitalizing on the utility of the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), as a tool for gauging the spectrum of technical efficiency levels exhibited by apple farms. The findings reveal the substantial impact exerted by various factors such as farm size, irrigation, the deployment of capital stock, and the quantity of pesticides and fertilizers upon the technical efficiency of the total production costs. Farmers involved in apple production can improve the efficiency level by improving the irrigation techniques, and optimizing the quantity of fertilizers and capital stock. Also, apple producers in Albania may overcome yield instabilities by extending the area planted with apples.

Souhaila Bouchelta   and Latifa Allam   

The study focuses on assessing the extent of proliferation of the Tetranychus urticae mite on two peach varieties (Royal Majestic and Kaweah) and one nectarine variety (Zephyr) over a span of three years (2020, 2021, and 2022). Noticeable variations from one year to another are readily apparent. In 2020, the Royal Majestic variety recorded high infestation peaks, with 7.32 eggs per leaf, while the Kaweah variety reached 7.53 eggs, 6.87 nymphs, and 5.94 adults per leaf. In 2021, Zephyr was the most affected variety, exhibiting high populations, whereas Royal Majestic has shown reduced infestation, and Kaweah displayed the lowest infestation among the three varieties. In 2022, Royal Majestic experienced a significant infestation, with a peak of 5.83 eggs, while Zephyr showed a premature decline in proliferation following chemical treatment, with 3.53 nymphs and 3.69 adults. These annual variations underscore the variability in response of the three varieties to T. urticae infestations, while also considering various factors such as treatments, climatic conditions, and the plant characteristics. A positive correlation with thermal factors is observed.

Khaerul Saleh   

Improving superior-quality rice seed production is essential in preparing for sustainable food security. One of the challenges farmers encounter in utilizing good and superior-quality rice seeds is the limited stock in the market, and even when available, they are often relatively expensive. Consequently, farmers tend to rely on self-produced seeds. The present study aimed to assess the readiness of rice farmers to become rice seed breeders and identify the factors that influenced their success. Several selected factors, namely (1) self-capability, (2) education, (3) experience, (4) income, (5) technology, (6) marketing, (7) government role, (8) extension worker role, and (9) facilities and infrastructure, were evaluated for their dominant influence on the success of rice seed breeders in the Banten Province. The research was conducted from October 2022 to December 2022 in Serang and Pandeglang regencies, Banten Province, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive method was employed, and data were collected through observations, questionnaires, and interviews. The research findings indicated a high success rate of rice seed breeders in both locations, reaching 86.1%. Simultaneous regression analysis revealed a significant influence of dominant factors on farmers' success in rice seed breeding, accounting for 70% of the variance. It was found that three dominant factors, namely self-capability, government role, and extension worker role, did not significantly influence the success of rice seed breeding among farmers, although their direction was positive. On the other hand, education, experience, income, marketing, technology, and facilities and infrastructure significantly and positively influenced the success of rice seed breeders in Banten Province, as indicated by a p-value of less than 0.05.

Z. Zukryandry   Siti Nurdjanah   and M. Murhadi   

Good post-harvest management is required to minimize rice damage and loss during storage. This loss in the quality and quantity of rice is primarily caused by warehouse pests or insects, categorized as stored-product insects (SPI). The primary causes of SPI's presence in rice are rice quality, storage method, storage conditions, and the presence of larvae during the storing process. The hot and humid climate is a perfect condition for SPI to breed. Therefore, storage conditions with temperature and humidity that are not optimal will result in SPI infestation, especially as the amount of rice accumulates and the storage length increases. Rice grains were attacked by SPIs break, resulting in a powder-like byproduct (rice powder). There is little information on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, rheology, and functional properties of the SPI-attacked rice powder. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study the physicochemical properties of SPI-attacked rice powder compared to those of SPI-attacked rice, premium quality storage rice, and premium quality commercial rice. This research used a randomized complete block design with four samples and four replications. The samples were SPI-attacked rice powder, SPI-attacked rice, premium quality storage rice, and premium quality commercial rice. The data went through Bartlett and Tukey's tests of homogeneity and additivity. Then, the data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5%. The results showed that SPI-attacked rice powder had physicochemical properties and amylograph profile as follows: bulk density of 0.42 g/mL, water absorption capacity of 3.87 g/g, oil absorption capacity of 3.50 g/g, degree of whiteness of 77.80, starch content of 46.30 %, protein content of 9.77 %, amylose content of 16.20 %, RVA peak viscosity at 575.67 BU, breakdown at 286.67 BU, final viscosity at 637.67 BU, setback at 353.33 BU, and gelatinization temperature at 75.77℃. The major functional groups identified via FTIR were OH, C-H, C-C and C-O.

Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar   H. Herwina   and I. Trisnawati   

The objectives of this study in Serbajadi Village, Sunggal District, Northern Sumatera were: 1) Map the diversity and functional role of local insects in paddy agroecosystems; 2) Determine the environmental variables in the rice field that form ecosystem services; and 3) Provide recommendations for the suitability of local insect agrobiodiversity habitats that form ecosystem services, especially those capable of supporting food security. Insects caught at each trap sample point were determined diagonally with a size of 20 x 20 m in 3 plots, each plot using 5 traps (Sweep Net=SN with 10 swings, Color Pan Trap=CPT with 4 repetitions, Core Sampler= CR with 4 repetitions, and Yellow Sticky Trap=YST with 5 repetitions and Light Trap=LT with 1 repetition in the middle of the rice plant) with sampling 8 times at weekly intervals. The study's results indicated that YST traps captured the highest number of individuals and the greatest diversity of insect species, with 47 species and 479 individuals. LT traps collected 14 species with 288 individuals, and SN traps caught 236 individuals from 36 species. In contrast, the CPT tool had the lowest count of identified individuals, with 14 species and 66 individuals. Furthermore, the overall population is mainly comprised of six pest species, with Chironomus sp being the most abundant at 421 individuals, followed by Anopheles sp. (129 individuals), Tetragnatha sp. (94 individuals), Leptocorisa oratorius (73 individuals), Chilo suppressalis (42 individuals), and Nilaparvata lugens (39 individuals). Conversely, the smallest six species include Euscyrtus concinnus, Hesperia sp., Gryllotalpa orientalis, Panstenon sp., Temelucha philippmensis, and Thomisius sp. The main predators identified are Agriocnemis femina, Ischnura senegalensis, Orthetrum sabina, Pantala flavescens, Paederus sp., Ophionea sp., Conocephalus sp., Spheidea sp., while Ichneumonida sp., Tachnida sp. act as parasitoids in rice cultivation. The calculation of the Biological index consists of the Richness index (R1=2.78-3.29), the Evenness index (E=0.57-0.82), the Diversity index (H'=2.12-2.5) and the Dominance index (D=0.60-0.84). Based on the proportion distribution of abundance of each functional role in each habitat, a tendency was obtained for the proportion of abundance of roles with high evenness in the rice field habitat.

Fitriani Eka Puji Lestari   Afrizal Bagaskara   Sofiyanti Indriasari   Rukmiasih   Yuni Resti   and Hanifah Fauziyyah Ihsani   

Poultry production is one of the most important fields for providing food sources for protein in Indonesia. Hatching is one of the processes in poultry farming. Many researchers use egg incubators to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of poultry chicks. However, there is a limited production of poultry chicks caused by low hatchability of eggs in the hatching machine. In addition, hatching using brood stock or natural sources has a 90% success rate. Therefore, a tool is needed to monitor the optimal conditions that the brood stock provides to the eggs, such as temperature, humidity, and egg turning during the hatching process. The method used in this poultry hatching monitoring tool was adapted from the waterfall method, which consists of analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The poultry hatching monitor consisted of hardware: NodeMcu, MPU6050 sensor, DHT2 sensor, and IC 74HC138. In addition, it uses Arduino IDE technology, Apache Web Server, the C programming language, and PHP. This tool receives and processes data from the sensor readings and sends them to the MySQL database. The data received is displayed in the form of tables and graphs in real-time. This tool successfully applies several sensor functions in one tool, and the results of the sensor readings can be stored and displayed on a web page. Tests were conducted to determine the accuracy of the tool by comparing the sensor readings with those of the reference measuring device. From the sensor test results, the accuracy level was ± 0.1 ℃ for the temperature sensor, ± 3.5% relative humidity for the humidity sensor, and ± 0.5^o for the angle sensor.

Amalia Putri Firdausi   Bahtera Daffa Prakarsa Hakim   Sukenda   Widanarni   Rahman   Alimuddin   Muhammad Arif Mulya   Annisa Hakim   Sarah Sabilla Fauziah   and Dya Nur Rezha   

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of plants and silica in Tor soro fish populations vaccinated with Aeromonas hydrophila antigen. Tor soro fingerlings with a size of 3.4 ± 0.15 cm were stocked in an aquarium measuring 50×30×30 cm with a density of 50 fish per aquarium. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, i.e. positive control (C+), negative control (C-), vaccinated fish without enrichment (A), and vaccinated fish with environmental enrichment of plants and silica sand (B). Four groups were repeated by three replications. Group C+, C-, A, and B were challenged with A. hydrophila by immersion method on day 21st with a concentration of 10⁶ CFU per mL for 30 minutes, and the fish were reared in their original container until day 30. The results showed that environmental enrichment in the vaccinated fish group gave an RPS value of 67.22 ± 6.14%, significantly different than vaccinated fish without enrichment with an RPS of 50.28 ± 5.02%. Environmental enrichment did not provide significant differences for antibody parameters, lysozyme activity, respiratory burst and growth in Tor soro.

Edi Wiraguna   Hidayati Fatchur Rochmah   Ade Astri Muliasari   Agief Julio Pratama   Widya Hasian Situmeang   Merry Gloria Meliala   Khin Lay Kyu   and Aidil Azhar   

Multiple cropping is often more efficient in land use than sole cropping; however, the yield of each crop can be lower in multiple cropping than in sole cropping. This study evaluated the effect of multiple cropping on the yield of corn and groundnut. Seeds of groundnut and corn were sown simultaneously. Corn seeds were planted 1 m between rows, and groundnut seeds were sown between corn rows for one and two rows. The one-way ANOVA shows that yield of corn was not affected by multiple cropping, while the yield of groundnut in multiple cropping at <71 g/plant was significantly lower than in sole cropping at 119 g/plant. Morpho-agronomic traits (plant height, number of leaves, circumference of corn stalk, biomass and length and circumference of corncob) between sole and multiple cropping in corn were not significant. However, groundnut grown under multiple cropping was significantly taller and produced more leaves than under sole cropping. The number of leaves had a positive correlation with the yield in corn (0.76) but had a negative correlation with the yield in groundnut (-0.72). The land equivalent ratio in multiple cropping was between 1.5 and 3.0, indicating that multiple cropping is more land-use efficient than sole cropping. These findings demonstrate that multiple cropping between corn and groundnut is efficient for using the land, and groundnut yield compensates for this multiple cropping treatment.

Walidatush Sholihah   Inna Novianty   Andri Hendriana   Ima Kusumanti   Faldiena Marcelita   and Nur Aziezah   

Red tilapia (Oreochromis sp) is one of the important fish in the aquaculture production world, and it’s widely cultivated in Indonesia. This fish is in great demand because of its delicious and thick flesh. The production of red tilapia needs to be increased. One way to increase the production of red tilapia is by increasing the feeding. This study aimed to construct a linear regression model between the weight of the feed given and the weight of the red tilapia produced. The method used in this research is Machine Learning Lifecycle (MLL). This method consists of four stages: data acquisition, data preprocessing, model training, and model development. The research data was obtained from cultivating red tilapia for nine weeks in 12 aquariums. Model making is done using the programming language Python and Jupiter Notebook. The linear regression equation obtained is y = 15.51x+22.17. The model accuracy value is 0.798 using R-square. Based on the R-square, the model obtained is good. This model can later be applied to red tilapia aquaculture activities. Model scalability must be maintained so that model performance remains good. Red tilapia cultivators can utilize this study's results to produce maximum red tilapia production. At a broader level, this research aligns with higher policy objectives related to public engagement and co-creation with stakeholders as specified in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) like SDG14 (life below water).

Undang   Muhamad Syukur   Yudiwanti Wahyu   Abdul Qadir   Sulassih   Siti Marwiyah   and Uding Sastrawan   

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a leading horticultural commodity widely cultivated in Indonesia. The high demand for cayenne pepper has prompted various efforts to increase plant productivity. This study aims to evaluate the yield potential of seven IPB cayenne pepper genotypes with two check varieties to release the variety. The research was conducted at Leuwikopo Experimental Garden and Plant Breeding Laboratory of Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). This study used a one-factor randomized complete block design (RCBD), namely the cayenne pepper genotype. The results of variance analysis of nine cayenne pepper genotypes showed that genotype had a significant effect on all quantitative characters, except for fruit weight per bed, productivity, and percentage of live plants. Some of the tested lines had superior characteristics of the two check varieties (Genie and Bara): flowering age, harvesting age, fruit length, fruit diameter, weight per fruit, and weight of 1000 seeds. The flowering age and harvest age characters were the fastest in the Harita genotype. Genotypes F10.145291, F11.145291, F11.160291, F8.145291, F10.145174, and F12.145291 have advantages in several fruit characters so that all tested lines have the potential to be released as candidates for new varieties.

Ridwan Siskandar   Wiyoto Wiyoto   Sesar Husen Santosa   Agung Prayudha Hidayat   Billi Rifa Kusumah   and Muhammad Danang Mukti Darmawan   

This study examines the importance of maintaining the health quality of freshwater fish to increase aquaculture yields. Fish diseases such as Ichthyophthirius, Saprolegniasis, and Columnaris are often a serious threat to freshwater fish farmers. The purpose it was to predict the severity of fish disease and diagnosis of freshwater fish disease by calculating the inputs of water clarity, water temperature, oxygen levels, mild disease, moderate disease, and severe disease. The fuzzy logic method (fuzzy membership function, fuzzy rule base, defuzzification) is used to predict the output variable in the form of disease severity and disease diagnosis. The simulation of the fuzzy logic approach through analytical and computational calculations (MATLAB software) produces variable output values (disease severity and disease diagnosis values) that are exactly the same as the results of programming simulations based on Arduino IDE and Proteus ISIS. This shows that the integration of the two simulations has been going well. The results of the simulation measurements are displayed on the LCD display by displaying the variable values

Ade Astri Muliasari   Zainal Wassahua   Merry Gloria Meliala   Ika Sartika   and Reza Septian   

Remote sensing UAV technology, also known as drones, is a tool that is quite well-known today as a technological transformation for land mapping that can be done directly and inexpensively every day. Currently, the use of UAVs is growing because this technology is easy to operate for crop monitoring and land mapping. Although the resulting spectral pattern is quite varied to assess vegetation, especially in mixed vegetation. The use of UAV image data will be better for identifying plants, especially for coffee if they are not covered by other dominant vegetation. This study aims to map the distribution and number of Arabica coffee plants in Megamendung Village, Bogor Regency. A multispectral remote sensing UAV can be used to effectively map coffee fields and the number of coffee plants, even on land with steep contours, if they are not covered by denser vegetation or shade trees. Based on UAV Acquisitions process, it produces a wide multispectral image of 9.68 ha (69%) in the first and the second area of 8.91 ha (78%). Coffee planting can be differentiated into < 4 years, 4 – 15 years, and > 15 years. The number of coffee plants identified at the first location was 179 immature coffee trees. While the number of coffee plants identified at the second location was 69 immature coffee trees (3%), mature coffee 1 was 1329 trees (50%), and mature coffee 2 was 1269 trees (48%) of the total number of coffee plants of 2667 coffee trees.

Wesly Septiandi Sidabutar   Jos Timanta Tarigan   and Amer Sharif   

The demand of agricultural product has been steadily increased by times. This condition requires related industry to increase their productivity. Automation in smart farming is one of the currently discussed solutions to develop a productive and sustainable farming solution. In this research, we introduce a tool that might help the automation process in farming industry by speeding up the ripeness detection while increasing the accuracy. We designed and developed a system that is able to detect fruit’s ripeness, specifically strawberry. It was built based on machine learning using CNN algorithms. We developed the model using Keras library. We performed the training by feeding 200 images of strawberry fruit with various ripeness levels that covers the entire growth cycle of the fruit. Additionally, these images also were taken from various level of distance to simulate harvester point of view during harvesting. Besides, we performed automated preprocessing to the image data by converting it to HSI color domain. We also built and evaluated the most optimal CNN architecture to retrieve the best training result. The trained model is fed into our own desktop-based application. The testing is performed by feeding more data to the application. The test data shows that our system was able to predict correctly 92-99% in HSI color spectrum compared to 61-67% accuracy in RGB format.

Heri Ahmad Sukria   Sazli Tutur Risyahadi   and Lutfi Ghifari   

Cassamore is a feed ingredient containing cassava, palm kernel meal and moringa, made as a substitute for corn feed. This study aimed to evaluate steam's effect on the physical, chemical and total solubility properties of cassamore. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments applied were ground corn (P0), cassamore without steam (P1), cassamore steam for 5 minutes (P2) and cassamore steam for 10 minutes (P3). Data on physical properties and total solubility were analyzed using ANOVA and, if significantly different (P<0.05), continued with Duncan's test, while chemical properties were analyzed descriptively. Based on the research results, the physical properties of cassamore were different compared to corn. Steam treatment increased the bulk density, tapped density and angle of repose in the cassamore significantly (p<0.05). Meanwhile the duration of steam has no significant effects on physical properties parameters. Total solubility between corn and cassamore was the same and could not be increased by steam treatments and the difference is not significant (p>0.05). Based on descriptive analysis, both steamed and non-steamed cassmore had nutritional equivalents to corn but had higher crude fiber and slightly lower energy so that cassmore has potential value to substitute corn.

Sugino Sugino   Sugiyanto Sugiyanto   Keppi Sukesi   and Yayuk Yuliati   

The societal and economic constraints lead the Indonesian farmers to be unable to defend their lands, and shift their land into non-agricultural areas. Agritourism might stimulate fast economic growth, generate more jobs and occupations, and enhance the quality of life for sub-urban communities. Agriculture extension workers (AEWs) assistance could play a significant role in addressing this requirement. Unfortunately, the motivation and performance of the AEWs in promoting agritourism activities have not been studied previously. The aim of the present study is to explore the factors which affect the motivation and performance of AEW due to their importance in agritourism improvement. Proportional stratification with a simple random sampling method was applied to collect the data from the government personnel who work primarily as AEW. It was conducted in the Malang Raya region, East Java, Indonesia. A total of one hundred and forty-two (142) AEWs were utilized for the study. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics after they were collected, coded, and arranged. This research concluded that the external factors and the competence of AEWs have a direct and significant association with work motivation in the advancement of agritourism, meanwhile, no factors observed have a significant correlation to AEW's performance. The study suggests that to improve motivation and AEW's performance, the agencies and administrators should concentrate on institutionalizing regulations that will encourage continual education, provide comfortable offices and working facilities, and increase the frequency of weekly meetings with farmer groups.

Jioelle B. Laurente   

The study investigated the growth characteristics of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. and their response to varying numbers of rhizomal buds and soaking time in Alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (ANAA). The experiment was designed as a two-factor study following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Factor A involved different numbers of rhizomal buds, categorized as follows: A₁ - one bud; A₂ - two buds; and A₃ - three buds. Factor B examined the soaking time in ANAA, with the following treatments: B₁ - direct planting (control); B₂ - 30 minutes; B₃ - 60 minutes; and B₄ - 90 minutes. The findings indicate that the number of rhizomal buds and soaking time did not significantly affect the growth performance of Thai ginger at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after planting, except for specific instances. Notably, the height of the plants at 30 and 120 days, rhizome bud formation, and survival percentage at 120 days were significantly influenced by soaking time in ANAA. The study suggests that Thai ginger plants with three rhizome buds and those directly planted exhibited the best growth performance. Importantly, there was no significant interaction effect observed between the different numbers of rhizomal buds and soaking time in ANAA on the growth characteristics of Alpinia galanga. The investigation revealed that the influence of rhizomal buds and soaking time in ANAA on the growth and development of A. galanga was independent for each factor, offering insights into optimizing its cultivation.

Achmad Nur Fahry Machmud   Fitryane Lihawa   Iswan Dunggio   and M. Fahry Djuraini   

This research was conducted in Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. The aim is to analyze the distribution of corn land based on slope class and its effect on critical land. Boalemo Regency is the second-largest corn-producing area in Gorontalo Province. The spatial distribution of corn fields based on the slope is obtained from the results of the Sentinel-2 Imagery interpretation for the period January - July 2023 and SRTM data. The accuracy test was performed by field checking at 44 observation points and calculating the Kappa value. The critical land map is secondary data obtained from BPDAS Bone Bolango. The overlay method carried out an analysis of the influence between corn fields and critical lands. The results showed that the area of corn land on a rather steep slope (15-25%) was 8562.4 ha on a steep slope of 7877.7 ha. The area of corn farming land on a very steep slope (> 40%) is 846.8 ha. The results of the overlay with the critical land show that the critical land area on a very steep slope is 1658 Ha. On steep slopes, the critical land area is 6864 Ha. The critical land area on a rather steep slope is 5606 Ha. The critical land area on a gentle slope is 5019 Ha, and on a flat slope is 4136 Ha. The analysis results showed that the highest critical land area was on steep and very steep slopes. Most of the cornland in Boalemo Regency is included in the critical land criteria.

Andi Amran Sulaiman   and Abd Haris Bahrun   

Agriculture and poverty have been long-standing issues in many countries. In fact, agricultural development issues in the country's borders are still poorly understood, affecting agricultural policy design. This study aims to investigate the structure of strategic programs for increasing cocoa production for poverty reduction of smallholders and reducing conflict of agricultural resource utilization in the Indonesian borders. This study employed Interpretative Structural Modelling. Novelty of this research lies in the new research area, located in the border area of Indonesia, because there has been no previous research that analyses the border area of the country due to difficult access, communication and security, whereas the border area is a conflict-prone area if it is directly adjacent to another country. The results show that, based on the reality of institutional structure (central, provincial, and district), strengthening the institutional management of local resources should be more focused on institutions in the country border (districts) to avoid agricultural resource conflict. Of the 14 sub-elements analyzed, it was found that 10 can be applied as a strategic program for increasing cocoa production, driving force for combating poverty of smallholders, and reducing conflict of agricultural resource utilization in the country border for cocoa production and agricultural development in a broad sense.

Monalisha Chakraborty   Prasanta Parida   Nirmal K Mandal   Srilata Patnaik   and Subhomita Chakraborty   

The growth of marketing is considered one of the key drivers for agricultural business growth, and therefore it represents a high priority for entrepreneurs. However, the determinants of marketing growth are still unclear to them in terms of achieving increased profits. The study aims to investigate the relationship between marketing growth dimensions and the agricultural entrepreneurship among agricultural entrepreneurs in Ganjam District of Odisha, India. The study utilized a quantitative research design to collect and analyze data. The research was conducted in the district of Ganjam, by collecting data using a structured interview schedule administered to 139 agricultural entrepreneurs who owned enterprises. The data were analyzed using both Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V24) and Smart PLS (V4) software. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was used to conduct the analysis. The study's hypotheses were confirmed by the results, which showed a strong relationship between product development, innovation, partnerships, branding, and marketing growth, leading to business growth and improved profitability in Ganjam. The hypotheses were supported by statistically significant results at a confidence level of 99% and p<0.001, and the path coefficient is 0.251, 0.131, 0.139, 0.499 between the aforementioned variables and marketing growth, positively. The study provides several important academic results, for example, it indicates the presence of a strong impact of innovation on marketing growth, which adds to existing literature and encourages agricultural entrepreneurs to benefit from the available resources for innovation in agricultural fields. Additionally, the study addressed the implications of its findings and future directions for research.

Hamdani   and Djoko Santoso   

Saba banana, a widely recognized banana variety, is extensively cultivated in many countries worldwide, especially in Southeast Asia. This research is important because banana production in the study area is very low, only 5.45 tons/ha/year, compared to actual production which can reach 10-30 tons/ha/year. The purpose of this study was to propose an effective strategy to accelerate banana productivity in the study area, thus motivating farmers to expand their agricultural activities. A SWOT approach has been carried out in this research to assess the current condition of banana production and identify the main factors that influence its growth. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis were used to classify banana farmers/producers into different groups. The SWOT analysis revealed that the limited access to information regarding cultivation techniques and suboptimal marketing systems hindered development opportunities. To effectively tackle these issues, it is essential to devise appropriate strategies and implement them accordingly. The research shows that the key factor influencing productivity growth is immediately improving the very low technical capabilities of farmers by revitalizing group activities that focus on improving production cultivation techniques and emphasizing marketing aspects. This comprehensive approach will contribute to the overall growth and success of banana production in the region.

Cici Mahmut   Nurhuda   Idha Sari   Ardiansyah Abduh   Muh. Syukri   Nurjannah   Erwina   Munawir   Khaerana   Muh. Fadli Febrian Amir   Aziz Thaba   and Amrul   

This study aims to determine the rate of conversion of paddy fields in the Wajo Regency, the factors affecting the conversion of agricultural land, and its impact on food security in the Wajo Regency. The basic method of this research is descriptive and quantitative analysis method. The type of data used is secondary data in the form of time series for the last twenty years starting from 2000-2019. The method of determining the location in this research is a purposive method, namely in the Wajo Regency. The quantitative analysis method used is partial land conversion, rate calculating influencing factor analysis using OLS (Ordinary Least Square) based multiple linear regression analysis, and food surplus analysis. The results show that the conversion rate of paddy fields in the Wajo Regency fluctuates at an average of 0.13% per year. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis show a confidence level of 95%, namely that there is a significant influence between the dependent variable area of paddy field land and the independent variable the amount of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), population, industry, building area and courtyards, and number of schools. The independent variables that affect the dependent variable individually are the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), population, and number of schools. The impact of the conversion of paddy agricultural land was the loss of rice production of 6,147.40 tonnes during 2000-2019. However, the food security of the population in Wajo Regency according to the results of the food surplus-deficit analysis is a surplus, which means it is resistant in spite of the changing function of the rice fields.

Asep Kurnia Hidayat   I Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma   Mawiti Infantri Yekti   and I Gusti Agung Adnyana Putera   

Water availability significantly impacts rice cultivation in paddy fields, especially during land preparation when irrigation demand is the highest. Imbalances between water supply and demand can result in technical and social challenges. Hence, revitalizing irrigation areas is critical for improving agricultural productivity and profitability. This study was performed in the Cimulu Irrigation area, Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. The research employed the Land Failure Risk Assessment (LFRA) to determine the optimal irrigation area based on the water balance (k-factor), representing the ratio of available irrigation water to demand. Discharge data from 1984 to 2073, representing an 80% dependable discharge, were used as a reference for water availability. This was compared with existing data under the same discharge conditions. Linear programming (LP) optimization of irrigation areas often prioritizes "safety", potentially leading to suboptimal benefits. However, higher risks may yield more significant profit potential. This study integrated LP and LFRA to maximize benefits. The results indicated good discharge validity. LP optimization revealed that the highest profit was achieved with early cropping on Nov-1, generating Rp 61.96 billion with an 80% existing and IDR 67.24 billion with a Q80% generation. Utilizing the LFRA Model at the same cropping time resulted in profits of IDR 71.24 billion (k = 0.62) and IDR 96.16 billion (k = 0.72). Recommendations include modifying the cropping pattern to incorporate paddy-paddy-palawija in one cropping season, potentially generating a substantial profit of IDR 71.11 billion. This practice also allows for a "cropping break period" for soil health and risk mitigation.

Amalia Tola   Silvana Mustafaj   Etleva Muça   and Abdulla Diku   

The administration of watershed regions serves not only to safeguard land and water resources but also to holistically oversee these natural assets, ultimately enhancing the well-being of local communities through social and economic progress. Demonstrably, sustainable watershed management has positively impacted people's lives by diminishing erosion, ensuring access to clean water, and enhancing agricultural practices, all while upholding ecological stability. Achieving effective watershed management necessitates a diverse range of expertise to harmonize various elements, such as soil and water conservation, forestry, agriculture, and livestock management, all while striking a harmonious equilibrium between environmental resources and the communities residing in these areas. One of the most important watersheds in Albania is the watershed of Ulza, which covers about 122,435 hectares of surface and is home to Ulza Lake and one of the most important hydropower plants in Albania. Although this area has been under the focus of researchers analysing the levels of erosion, the hydric activity, quality of water, etc., no economic studies have been performed, in terms of the agricultural and farming activity, use of land resources from the people living in the erosion hot spot areas. Hence, the primary goal of this study is to ascertain the land utilization patterns and calculate the net gains experienced by farmers in the erosion-prone zones of the Ulza watershed. Such information would serve for future analysis on the potential application of Payments for Ecosystem Environmental Services, which has proven to be a beneficial instrument for the management of watershed areas in other countries.

Ni Putu Sinta Puspa Dewi   Retno Kawuri   Made Pharmawati   and Pande Gde Sasmita Julyantoro   

The Pacific White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is an introduced shrimp species in Indonesia that faces some cultivation obstacles, such as infection of vibriosis disease caused by Vibrio spp. This study aimed to isolate Vibrio spp. from L. vannamei shrimp, then test the capability of Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) leaf extract for inhibiting the Vibrio isolate by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays and challenge test toward L. vannamei shrimp. Vibrio identification was carried out by sequencing using the 16S rDNA gene, and MIC tests were performed using ethanol extract of Karamunting leaves through the diffusion well method. The extract was also applied to the shrimp feed for in vivo experiment. The molecular identification showed that the Vibrio isolate has a similarity to Vibrio azureus B12-3, and in vitro experiment resulted in the MIC value of the extract against V. azureus was 3%. Finally, the addition of 100 ppm Karamunting extract to the shrimp feed increases the shrimp survival up to 80% and is significantly different (p<0,05) compared to the control when challenged with V. azureus. This study indicated that the Karamunting (R. tomentosa) has the potency to be a promising natural product to protect L. vannamei shrimp from Vibrio infection.

Nur Fatin Munirah Aris   Fazleen Abdul Fatah   Abdul Rahman Saili   Suhaiza Hanim Mohamad Zailani   and Adnan Hazim   

The agricultural sector plays a pivotal role in poverty reduction and the stimulation of economic growth. Nevertheless, small-scale farmers in developing nations often encounter numerous obstacles that impede their ability to adopt sustainable agricultural technologies. These challenges include, but are not limited to, information asymmetry throughout the supply chain, elevated transaction costs, inadequate agricultural services, and limited access to credit. Therefore, the development and growth of digital agriculture or Agricultural Revolution (AR4.0) can transform agricultural practices across the world to ensure food security, boost productivity and turn the agriculture sector into a more dynamic, sustainable and competitive industry. This study focuses on Malaysia as a case study with the primary aim of examining the factors that influence the adoption of Agriculture 4.0 (AR4.0) technology in agribusiness, specifically concerning its sustainability. A quantitative approach was used to analyse the adoption of AR4.0 technologies in the "core" productive processes. Using approximately 378 agro-based Small-Medium-Industries or SMIs as a sample, results revealed that most SMIs were early adopters of AR4.0. The findings also showed that antecedents such as strategy, technology readiness, food security and food safety had positive relationships with the adoption of AR4.0 technology. This adoption and its implications may draw attention of policymakers, industrial players and government to deal with the challenges in adopting AR4.0, thus being able to support agricultural actors in adopting AR4.0 technologies.

Nisha Khatik   

The global population is expected to rise steadily from 6.7 to 9 billion through 2050. To satisfy rising food demand, agricultural production must increase by 50% through 2030. But it is now critical to produce more food at a lower cost. As a result, increased agricultural variety and improved allied activities are required. In order to meet current as well as future demands in production and agriculture, it is absolutely necessary to adopt new technologies that guarantee the best potential outcomes. Plant tissue culture as a biotechnology procedure is also one way to address the food accessibility issue in developing nations, which are dealing with a rapidly growing population on a limited amount of land. Agriculture is currently dealing with a number of issues that have a significant impact on the production of food; some of these issues include soil degradation, contamination with hydrocarbons and heavy metals, deforestation, and one option is plant biotechnology. Biotechnology is an advanced technique that contributes to environmental protection and preservation by, e.g., reducing the use of chemical herbicides and pesticides. Plant tissue culture, genetic engineering, marker-assisted technology, nanotechnology, and others are all examples of biotechnology. Crops can be genetically improved to be resistant to rising water, temperatures, salinity, flooding, salinity insects and pathogens. This review would enable us to analyze the impact of plant biotechnology in development on sustainable agriculture and crop improvements in the Indian context.

Emmyrafedziawati Aida Kamal Rafedzi   Izwan Bharudin   Shazilah Kamaruddin   Farah Diba   and Abdul Munir Abdul Murad   

Plants are known to release various volatile compounds under stress conditions. When inoculated on crops, plant-growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs), thus enhancing crop seedling production, crop weight, crop yield, and stress resistance. In this study, non-inoculated and inoculated rice plants with a PGPR consortium were set up in glasshouses under drought and non-stress conditions. Drought stress was applied for six days, after which water was added to maintain plant growth. Under both conditions, 68 VOCs were found in rice leaves. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were quantified using the solid-phase microextraction technique paired with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS). Ethylene oxide (EO) was detected in drought-stressed plants compared to that of ethylene. The percentage of EO in non-inoculated rice was higher relative to inoculated rice plants under drought conditions. The identified VOCs in the inoculated and non-inoculated rice (drought stress and non-stress) belonged to the chemical classes of aldehyde, alcohol, terpene, ketone, ester, ether, amine esters, amides, and others. The enzymatic antioxidant activity of rice leaves was also determined to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) levels significantly increased in their activities in inoculated rice compared to non-inoculated under drought stress. Our research focused on how drought affects plant metabolism above and below ground to adapt to a stressful environment.

Nur Inda Sari   Muhammad Arsyad   and Hamzah   

Seaweed of the leading products in government policy will uplift Indonesia becoming the largest producer of marine fisheries products worldwide by 2020, but this achievement has not been accompanied by the increase in income of seaweed cultivation farmers in Jeneponto Regency, Indonesia which is still relatively low or small when compared to other business fields. The varying and fluctuating selling prices of dried and wet seaweed are thought to be one of the factors contributing to seaweed farmers' low income. Therefore, farmers in marketing seaweed have considerations in deciding to make direct or delay selling. The purpose of this study was to analyse the decision process of farmers to make direct or delay selling of the dried seaweed harvest, analyse the factors that influence farmers' decisions to make direct or delay selling of the dried seaweed harvest and analyse the ideal strategy to support farmers' decisions to make direct or delay selling of the dried seaweed harvest. The analysis used was descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression, and SWOT. According to findings of this study, farmers generally make decisions on harvest yields with the help of other people. Factors that significantly influence farmers' decisions on seaweed harvests are land area, number of family dependents, total production, price predictions, other sources of income, access to market information, and warehouse receipt systems. Ideal strategy that supports farmers' decisions on seaweed yields is the development of seaweed cultivation businesses through the application of warehouse receipt systems, improving Marketing Networks, and creating Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) for seaweed products processing with a TAS score (5.59).

Diki Marlina   Ernoiz Antriyandarti   and Kusnandar Kusnandar   

Indonesia is the sixth-largest cocoa bean exporter globally, following Ivory Coast, Ghana, Ecuador, Cameroon, and Nigeria. The prospects for Indonesian cocoa production look promising, but the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 harmed the country's cocoa trade. This study used a statistical method called seemingly unrelated regression analysis to investigate how the pandemic affected Indonesian cocoa exports and the demand for cocoa in the United States, India, and the Netherlands between January 2014 and February 2021. The findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic did influence Indonesian cocoa exports rate to the United States and India. Still, it had no significant impact on exports to the Netherlands. Surprisingly, cocoa demand from these three countries remained steady despite the pandemic. This research provides valuable insights into how the pandemic affected agricultural exports, especially in the cocoa industry. Governments should consider launching extensive educational programs to support cocoa farmers to enhance their knowledge of cocoa cultivation techniques and provide them with appropriate agricultural technologies. Additionally, improvements in the quality and quantity of cocoa seeds and processed cocoa can be achieved through the implementation of good corporate governance practices in the downstream sector.

Padmalochan Rout   Saswat Kumar Pani   Damodar Jena   Amar Kumar Mohanty   Saismita Swain   Madhuswapna Pattanaik   and Sasmita Rani Samanta   

Agriculture, being the important sector in Indian economy in terms of absorbing more than half of the total workers, continues to be less remunerative. The marginal and small farmers constitute around 86% of the total farmers. They are mostly unorganized and integrated with a lack of supportive environment in terms of institutional support, infrastructure, production ecosystem, access to on time resources and effective coordination with stakeholders. Farmer Producers Company (FPC), the latest version of farmer institution in India, has been developed to organize the marginal and small farmers, and enhance their capacity to multiply their income through agricultural sustainability. With this background, the present paper attempts to answer the following questions: what is the status of agriculture with a sustainability perspective in FPC context; and what are the unique practices (innovation, value addition, collaboration, risk coverage and institutional governance) adopted by the better performing FPC to attain agricultural sustainability. The study was conducted in a district (Kalahandi) in Odisha with a higher number of FPCs. It was found that none of the FPCs follows the risk coverage mechanisms. However, the relatively better performing FPC was found with the practices of value addition, innovation, collaboration and institutional governance. The bivariate correlation of all these facilitating variables with agricultural sustainability index was found to be significant. However, the extent of relationship between any one of these variables and agricultural sustainability index was found to be insignificant when we controlled the other facilitating variables. It is inferred that all the facilitating variables, viz. innovation, value addition, collaboration, institutional governance along with risk coverage are important when they are implemented simultaneously to ensure better agricultural sustainability scenario.

Krithika S.   Karthikeyan C.   and Paul Mansingh J.   

Agricultural food systems have been disrupted due to the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the world is still recovering from the aftershocks. Especially, smallholder farmers have been at the receiving end due to the cascading effects of the disruptions in the food system. The multiple pathways in the food system should be identified and mapped to extend suitable policy interventions for the future. Hence, the study aims to identify the pathways to resilience through Fuzzy Logic Cognitive Mapping and Scenario Analysis. The study was conducted in selected districts of Tamil Nadu state in India among smallholder farmers and farm labourers. A qualitative research design was followed and the respondents were interviewed using an open-ended questionnaire to identify the food availability, accessibility and utilization during the COVID-19 period. The transcripts were coded and the themes (system elements) were identified using Nvivo software. The system elements identified through the Thematic Analysis were then included in the Fuzzy Logic Cognitive Mapping (FCM) tool employing Mental Modeler software. The mental models developed for the smallholder farmers for resilient food systems indicated the centrality of robust social safety net programmes (5.74 centrality score) and increasing the income stability of the smallholder households (5.42). The other pathways for resilience include entrepreneurship development, livestock, kitchen gardening, diversification, gender equality, social net programmes, market stability and Integrated Farming System. The Scenario Analysis suggested interventions such as improving market accessibility, providing better social safety net programmes, entrepreneurship development, and kitchen gardening as some of the resilient strategies. The study helps to form important policy interventions to overcome the negative impacts of the pandemic on the agricultural food system. The prescribed interventions can help to address the challenges of the pandemic that revealed the shortcomings in the current food system.

Bambang Dipokusumo   Andi Chairil Ichsan   Anggi Putra Prayoga   Tenri Waru   Kornelia Webliana   Geo Ira Three Wulan   Lale Dini Ardiantari   Ika Andayani   Hayatus Sa'adiah   and Rahmat Aji Akbar   

The purpose of this study was to understand the history of the development of Community Plantation Forest Management at the community level, understand the roles and relations between actors, map the dynamics of its development at the site level, and explore alternative recommendations related to efforts to accelerate the development of Community Plantation Forest at the study site. This research used a case study approach conducted in the Batanghari KPHP (Forest Management Unit) area as one of the locations for implementing Community Plantation Forests in Indonesia. The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method. Then the data was collected through several data collection instruments: in-depth interviews, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), and literature study. As a result, information was obtained that during the journey before and after the permit, quite a lot of dynamic problems emerged in Batanghari District. However, in the end, the issuance of permits for the five HTRs (Community Forest Plantation) did not answer these problems. Instead, it widened the dimensions of the conflict that occurred. This started with the parties wanting to control or fight over the same landscape. There is a misunderstanding between the surrounding community (licensed and unlicensed). As a result of this problem, it creates conflict between the parties, negatively impacting both materially and non-materially. So in the future, there needs to be firm action against perpetrators of law violations. In addition, the support and participation of the Local Government in the conflict mediation process must be based on the agreement of the parties. In addition, it is necessary to conduct research on the role of the parties in optimizing cooperation in building a framework for implementing social forestry.

Oktoni Eryanto   Retna Astuti Kuswardani   Zulheri Noer   and Muhammad Reza Aulia   

This research examines the influence of agricultural extension agents on pest management and farmer capability in Asahan Regency. The study highlights the importance of extension workers in developing agricultural culture and improving the welfare of farmers. By aligning with local indigenous cultures, extension workers can effectively engage with the community and facilitate two-way knowledge exchange. The study uses primary data obtained from direct surveys and secondary data as supporting data using the Stratified Proportional Random Sampling method. The respondents were farmers from 3 sub-districts: Rawang Panca Arga, Sei Kepayang, and Meranti districts. Partial Least Square (PLS) is used for data analysis. The research contributes to the field by emphasizing the role of agricultural extension agents in empowering farmers and enhancing their pest management capabilities. While the research provides valuable insights into the influence of extension activities, it is important to acknowledge its limitations. The study focuses on a specific region, Asahan Regency, and may not capture the diversity of challenges faced by farmers in other areas. However, the findings have practical implications for agricultural development, offering guidance on how extension workers can effectively support farmers and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the vital role of agricultural extension agents in pest management and farmer capability. By implementing extension activities and fostering collaboration between farmers and extension workers, it is possible to enhance productivity, overcome challenges, and improve the overall welfare of farmers in Asahan Regency and beyond.

Maria Cristina V. David   

This study investigated the environmental and agronomic factors that influence rice crop yields in Pampanga River basin in Central Luzon Philippines. Specifically, this study examined the influence of fifteen (15) environmental and agronomic factors, to enumerate some: rainfall, temperature, wind speed, humidity, solar radiation, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) classification, storms, tropical cyclones, rice crop yield (RCY), type of irrigation or water source; the data collected and investigated covered the years 2009 to 2018. Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to identify trends and patterns to identify significant environmental and agronomic variables that possibly affects rice crop yields. RCY was predicted using machine learning algorithms that include Linear Regression (LR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF); these models were evaluated using MSE (Mean Squared Error), MAE (Mean Absolute Error), and R² (Coefficient of Determination) metrics. Findings indicate that Correlation and PCA analysis identified average monthly rainfall (Rain-Ave) (0.387), total monthly rainfall (Rain-Total) (0.376), pressure at station (P-station) (0.388), and wind speed (Wind) (0.351) as among the environmental and agronomic factors that relatively have high loadings in the PCA analysis. Further, findings on the machine learning (ML) algorithms showed that RF model consistently performs across all evaluation methods, with lower MAE, MSE, and RMSE scores and higher R² scores compared to the other models; the LR model also showed reasonably good performance in MAE and RMSE metrics, although it lagged behind the RF model; surprisingly the ANN model performed poorly despite it being the best performer during the model training phase. This study noted that overfitting is a major concern, and recommended that if a study has a limited data, other ML algorithms should be used instead of ANN (extensive data is required) as it could lead to overfitting, unsatisfactory results, poor generalization and performance on unseen data among other issues.

A. Haitami   Munif Ghulamahdi   Didy Sopandie   Anas Dinurrohman Susila   and Yulin Lestari   

Pyrite is a major problem in agricultural cultivation in tidal swamp land, so special technology is needed to obtain optimal agricultural yields, especially shallots. The aims of this study were: 1) To determine shallot varieties that are tolerant to water saturation cultivation with various depths of the water table on growth percentage, shoot age, plant height, number of leaves, dry weight, and productivity, 2) To find and determine the depth of the water table soil suitable for shallots with water-saturated cultivation technology in tidal land for Fe and Al stresses. The materials used were six shallot varieties of Bima Brebes, Bauji, Manjung, Tajuk, SS Sakato, and Batu Ijo, chicken manure, Dolomite, Urea Fertilizer, ZA, TSP, and KCl. A split plot research design was used with a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The first factor was the depth of the groundwater table as the main plot, which consisted of 3 treatment levels, namely 10, 20, and 30 cm. The second factor was shallot varieties as subplots consisting of 6: Bima Brebes, Bauji, Manjung, Tajuk, SS Sakato, and Batu Ijo. The results showed that the appropriate water level for shallot cultivation with water-saturated cultivation on tidal land was 20 cm. Adaptive varieties are Bima Brebes, medium Batu Ijo, and sensitive SS, Sakato. The highest productivity was the Bima Brebes variety and SS Sakato variety which was sensitive to Fe and Al poisoning. The Bima Brebes variety is a tidal-tolerant variety with water-saturated cultivation technology on tidal land.

Bagus Putu Yudhia Kurniawan   Irma Wardati   and Nurcahyono   

Productivity continues to be an issue faced by farmers, including coffee farmers in Jember. The productivity problem of coffee farmers can be reduced through a comprehensive study of the factors that influence it. This study aims to explain the influence of individual characteristics, external support, the role of extension workers on the capacity and participation of farmers and their influence on the institutional capacity of coffee farmer groups. This research is a survey research in Jember Regency, Indonesia. Respondents in the Jember Regency are coffee farmers using a disproportionate stratified sampling approach. Research data was obtained through questionnaires (interviews), observation, and documentation of respondents. The research instrument used a questionnaire aimed at coffee farmers, while the analysis of research data implemented Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). This research revealed that personal traits, external assistance, and extension agents' involvement influenced farmers' capacity and engagement. Also, farmers' capacity and engagement affected coffee farmer groups' institutional capacity. Farmers actively participated in regional agricultural and environmental initiatives to promote the long-term sustainability of farming enterprises, fostering cooperative and respectful social connections. The role of extension workers is crucial in enhancing the capacity and engagement of farmers, thereby contributing to the improvement of institutional capacity within farmer groups. This research provides an overview and reference for increasing the role of farmer groups and increasing the institutionalization of farmer groups in Indonesia and abroad who have the same problems.

P. Wattanakeeboot   U. Chanasut   and P. Chaiprasart   

Marian plum or Ma-yong-chid has gained lots of attention in the export market recently. Marian plum cultivar Thun Klao is the most popular cultivar due to its large size, huge flesh and beautiful peel color. Marian plum is a short-harvested period fruit and it has a shorter storage period of 3-5 days due to wilting. The main problem occurred inside the marian plum fruit as the pulp shows jelly texture around the seed, resulting in the quality reduced accordingly and not accepted by consumers. The results showed that the shelf-life of marian plum harvested at 75, 85 and 95 days after full bloom (DAFB) were 8, 6 and 4 days, respectively when stored at 25℃, 80 %RH. The fruits harvested at 85 and 95 DAFB had the highest quality changes during storage at 25℃. Fruits rapidly lost firmness, electrolyte leakage, water soluble pectin (WSP), polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities increased. The 85 and 95 DAFB fruit had jelly seed symptom after storage at 25℃ for 4 and 2 days, respectively. The symptom also increased when the storage period extended. The intensity of jelly seed symptom was related with harvesting date (95 and 85 DAFB respectively) and storage period at 25℃. The occurrence of jelly seed symptom was related with PG activity, EL and WSP content. The cell walls of parenchyma cells collapsed and the middle lamella greatly decayed.

Gavharhon Shokirova   Zuhriddin Juraev   and Mutabar Mirzayeva   

The cotton bollworm is a significant threat to cotton cultivation worldwide, including in Uzbekistan's Fergana province. This study aims to discover new ways to combat bollworm infestations and contribute to the global understanding of integrated pest management strategies. This research examines the effectiveness of an integrated protection system that aims to reduce reliance on chemical interventions and improve overall efficacy through a thorough analysis of existing literature and on-site observations. The findings highlight the complex life cycle of the bollworm across multiple generations, its harmful effects on various crops, and the need to implement artificial biological control methods and precise insecticide applications. The study emphasizes the importance of adopting internationally recognized integrated pest management practices to achieve sustainable and environmentally friendly pest control solutions. The findings highlight the importance of collaboration among researchers, cultivators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, in addition to its scientific significance. This integrated approach enables the development and implementation of advanced control strategies that align with current demands. By combining various methodologies and incorporating the latest scientific advancements, this study provides a practical roadmap for effectively reducing bollworm infestations. Comprehensive control strategies not only protect agricultural productivity but also reduce environmental risks. This research aims to achieve a balance between protecting crops and maintaining ecological integrity, providing valuable guidance in the process.

Shih Hao Tony Peng   Kheng Hoy Chee   Halimi Mohd Saud   Mohd Rafii Yusop   and Geok Hun Tan   

The standard practice application (SPA) of fertilizer is now thought of as Malaysia's most cost-effective fertilization technique when comparing total expenses per hectare of palm oil plants and fertilizer costs. There is also a strategy to reduce the cost of labour and fertilizer per acre to make it more cost-effective. Under a field plot experimental study conducted in Telang oil palm plantation, Kuala Lipis (Pahang), the present study aimed to compare five essential elements (chloride (CI), copper (Cu), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and Iron (Fe)) in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)'s leaflets between Universiti Putra Malaysia biochemical fertilizer (UPMBF) and SPA. Based on the established guideline proposed by Fairhurst and Mutert (1999), overall, three elements in both UPMBF and SPA showed the ‘Optimum' category for CI, Cu, and Zn. However, only S levels are categorized as ‘Deficiency', while the Fe guideline has not been established yet. All the five essential elements in UPMBF are not significantly different (P> 0.05) from those in SPA based on the three statistical analyses namely cluster analysis, correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis. Therefore, they are comparable to each other. With lower costs using UPMBF, the UPMBF could be employed as a cost-effective and novel fertilization application for immature oil palm in Malaysia.

Erlyna Wida Riptanti   Heru Irianto   and Mujiyo   

Wonogiri Regency is one of the porang tuber-producing areas in Central Java, Indonesia, but the porang processing industry has not developed in the area. Various obstacles are the factors causing the underdeveloped porang processing industry so that the added value of processed porang is not enjoyed by the farmers. These various obstacles need to be studied more thoroughly to determine the solutions. The empirical research study was carried out in Wonogiri Regency. The research respondents were porang farmers, traders, processing industries inside and outside Wonogiri Regency, and government officials. Data were analyzed using a fishbone approach. This study has identified five challenges: market, production, technology, human resources, and government policy. The most significant obstacle is the monopsony market, which is difficult for farmers to penetrate. Limited access to market and price information makes it safer for farmers to sell porang in tuber form. The uninterrupted availability of porang tubers and limited supply from other regions have prevented the processing industry from achieving an economic production scale. Porang contains oxalic acid, which has to be removed with a particular technology. The technology for separating glucomannan contained in porang tubers has not been mastered by farmers, even though this glucomannan has a high economic value. On the other hand, porang tuber is not a strategic food priority so local government policies do not prioritize developing the porang processing industry.

Tri Ratna Saridewi   Wahyu Trisnasari   and Harniati   

The potential for hydroponic development in Indonesia is high due to the increasing demand for quality vegetable products. To date, the majority of hydroponic products are produced by small-scale companies. These players should be prioritized to be given business development assistance according to their individual needs and capabilities. This study aimed to analyze the influence and dependence of key variables on the development of a sustainable hydroponic business. The method used was a descriptive analysis of the key variables using MICMAC Analysis. The data was obtained from a focus group discussion involving 30 respondents consisting of farmers, researchers, and lecturers from West Java, Indonesia. The FGD yielded ten key variables for sustainable hydroponic business development: 1) markets, 2) locations, 3) human resources, 4) SOP, 5) prices, 6) branding, 7) installation systems, (8) distributions, 9) consumer preference, and 10) promotions. The human resource (HR) variable was a key driver in sustainable hydroponic development because it held the strongest direct influence on other key variables. The markets, consumer preferences, and prices affected sustainability, but they depended on other variables. Branding, SOP, business locations, distributions, and promotions carried a minor influence and high dependence on other variables. The efforts to develop hydroponic farming in the future needed to focus on promoting the advantages and benefits and improving the distribution mechanism.

Neni Musyarofah   Lukman Effendy   and Hania Puadah   

One of the reasons for the decline in shallot productivity is the attack of onion caterpillar pests (Spodoptera exigua), which can cause up to 100% yield loss. The present study responds to these problems with the objectives of 1) describing the level of sex pheromone adoption in onion caterpillar control, 2) analyzing the factors influencing adoption, and 3) formulating a strategy to increase the adoption of sex pheromone technology. The study was carried out for 3 months (March - June 2022) in Tarogong Kaler District, Garut, Indonesia with a population of 127 farmers. The determination of the sample used the Slovin formula with a gallate of 10%, leading to a sample of 60 people. The approach used is in the form of quantitative research supported by qualitative data. Data analysis used descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis with Covid-19 as a dummy variable. The study results showed that most of the respondents (65%) stated that adopting sex pheromones was in the moderate category. Factors influencing adoption are learning class, production unit, compatibility, trialability, observability, and extension activities. The strategy to increase adoption is carried out by maximizing the factors that influence adoption, one of which is through extension activities related to sex pheromone technology material, group administration, information sources, and presentation of the results of pilot plots which are strengthened by extension methods and media.

Syahrul Kurniawan   Novalia Kusumarini   Devanda Ayu L.P Putri   Haidar Ilham Al Farisy   Gabryna Auliya Nugroho   Nur Azizah   and Anita Dwy Fitria   

Coffee fruit husk, one of the residues in coffee agroforestry systems, is potentially managed into organic fertilizer to improve soil fertility and plant production. The study aimed to assess the compost quality from coffee fruit husk (i.e., fine and granular) and its impact on soil fertility and the production of radish. The research was conducted in 3 steps, including 1) compost preparation, 2) incubation research, and 3) field experiment for the application of coffee fruit husk compost on radish cultivation, starting from May 2018 to September 2019. The incubation and field research were designed with 9 treatments and 3 replications, including control, fine and granular compost of coffee fruit husk forms with four different application doses for each form. The result showed that granular compost was slowly decomposed, and consequently, the nutrient released was longer than fine compost. This was proven by the soil pH, soil organic C and soil exchangeable K were 5% to 63% lower in the application of granular compost than in the application of fine compost during 8 weeks incubation. Furthermore, in the field research, the application of 2.7 kg granular compost/plot (~ 9 tons/ha) increased 91% and 65% to 84% of radish production as compared to control and application of all doses of fine compost at 12 weeks after application.

Iffah Hazirah Mohd Nawi   Nor Idzwana Mohd Idris   Aidilla Mubarak   Norhidayah Che Soh   Husni Hayati Mohd Rafdi   Wan Zawiah Wan Abdullah   and Fauziah Tufail Ahmad   

Agricultural activities are one of the most important economic generating activities for the people of Kuala Terengganu. However, good agricultural practices that are introduced by the government are less implemented among farmers, despite the expected improvements in the quality of production, economic development, environmental and social well-being. The study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and practice of farmers that have Malaysian Good Agricultural Practices (MyGAP) certificate. In this study, a total of 30 farmers from 33 who have obtained MyGAP certificates were interviewed by using closed-ended questionnaires. The participants were selected based on the recommendation by Kuala Terengganu Agriculture Officer. The results of this study show that these MyGAP certificate holders did have knowledge and managed to apply the GAP in their farms. This finding is important because with a good knowledge of GAP, the farmers can continuously apply GAP. This finding may be a result of the role played by the extension officer as well as the nature of the farmers themselves. Nevertheless, improvements need to be made from time to time so that the production of agricultural products will be at the optimum level in terms of quality and quantity.

Lukman Effendy   Arini Husna Rohmatika   and Neni Musyarofah   

The current phenomenon is the need for farmer regeneration involving the younger generation due to a decrease in human resources in the agricultural sector. The current younger generation is not interested in agricultural activities because of the unfavorable perception of the world of agriculture. In line with these problems, this study aims to: (1) describe the level of interest of students in agriculture, (2) analyze the factors that influence students' interest in agriculture, and (3) formulate strategies to increase students' interest in agriculture as an effort to regenerate farmer. This quantitative descriptive research was carried out from March to June 2022 in Tarogong Kidul District, involving 80 students as the sample from a population of 335 people. The Slovin formula with a 10 percent gallate is used to determine the sample. Data collection uses a questionnaire containing closed questions according to the parameters of the research variables and indicators. Before being used as a data collection tool, the questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was carried out in two ways, namely descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that most of the students (76.25%) considered that they were not fully interested in agriculture. Factors that influence students' interest (α 0.01) are the role of parents, while knowledge of agriculture, motivation, and the role of friends have a significant effect on α 0.05. The strategy to increase students' interest in agriculture is to involve parents and friends to guide and encourage students in agricultural activities so that they have knowledge and are motivated in agriculture.

Christian Kareh   and Nabil Nemer   

The sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the most destructive widespread polyphagous insects attacking more than 900 plant species. This research aims to compare the effects of pyrifluquinazon and cyantraniliprole insecticides against whiteflies under greenhouse conditions and study their impacts on the yield of eggplants. Two greenhouses divided into three compartments each, were used for this study. Five consecutive treatments were conducted in the two greenhouses at 10-15 day intervals, and 8 pickings were also performed. The first compartment in both greenhouses was treated with pyrifluquinazon, the second with cyantraniliprole, and the third received 5 different conventional insecticides and served as a positive control. Pyrifluquinazon demonstrated statistically high efficacy against eggs and nymphs compared to all other insecticides including cyantraniliprole. The corrected percentage reduction in the whiteflies' egg population was above 99% in both greenhouses and the percentage reduction in the nymph population was above 97% in the compartments treated with pyrifluquinazon alone. Cyantraniliprole showed better results relative to spiromesifen, spirotetramat, tolfenpyrad, sulfoxaflor, and flupyradifurone treated plots. After the fifth application, cyantraniliprole was able to reduce the whiteflies eggs' populations by 23.69% and 42.47% in greenhouses 1 and 2, respectively; whereas whiteflies nymphs' populations were reduced by 76.25% in greenhouse 1. The pyrifluquinazon-treated compartments recorded the highest yield (3.9 Kg/plant) followed by cyantraniliprole-treated compartments (2.2 Kg/plant). The appropriate use of pyrifluquinazon in an integrated pest management program for whiteflies control should be highlighted to prevent a resistance buildup.

Slameto   Indri Fariroh   Kacung Hariyono   and Kyung-Min Kim   

Many farmers continue using nitrogen fertilizers excessively and they must adhere to the appropriate dose recommended by the relevant agencies. The use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers also continues to increase. The problem is that fertilizers are quite expensive, and the excessive use of these fertilizers can harm both the environment and human health. This study aimed to examine the effect of nitrogen dose reduction on the growth, yield, seed quality, physiochemical content, and secondary metabolites of the rice varieties 'Way Apo Buru' and 'Inpari 33'. The results analysis showed that differences in rice varieties had a significant effect on plant height. Treatment with nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on the total of panicle length and number of filled grains. Weight of 1000-grains was not affected by rice varieties and nitrogen application. The application of a dose of 40% 250 kg N on the 'Inpari 33' variety resulted in the highest content of flavonoids (28.49 mg g^−1), antioxidant activity (45.25%), and secondary metabolites content (3.70 mg g^−1). The 'Inpari 33' variety can be used as a food source with high antioxidant content, as it is not affected by free radicals and is tolerant to nitrogen deficiency. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis identified four characteristic compounds from the six samples, namely, 2-monoolein; hexadecanoic acid, methyl acid; 9, 12 octadecadienoic acid; and 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. The reduction in nitrogen doses results in slower growth of crop yields and increased stress-related chemicals. The content of secondary metabolites varies, but secondary metabolite compounds are consistently produced at all nitrogen dose levels. The results imply that reducing the nitrogen dose is not advised, even though the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers might produce residual content from the previous planting season.

Mohammad Alhawatema   

This study analyzes the genomes of ten Fusarium species using RepeatMasker software to identify complete Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and interspersed repeats. Genome size and GC content among the ten species were clearly varied based on the comparative analysis of genomic features. The different levels of repetitive DNA among the species are partly responsible for the variations in genome size and the frequency of other genomic elements, such as retrotransposons and transposons, also differs dramatically among the species. The high frequency of simple repeats occurs often in F. aywerte and F. falciforme, indicating that their genomes are relatively unstable and susceptible to mutations and genetic variation. The findings show that there are more tri- and tetra-repeats than mono- and di-repeats, and that the number of repeats tends to rise with the size of the repeat unit. The tri-repeat is the most common repeat type, followed by hexa-repeats and penta-repeats. It is crucial to look at repeat number variation at both the species and repeat type levels because the number of repeats might vary greatly within a single species. The findings also show that some species clearly favor particular repeat forms. The understanding of the genetic variety and evolution of Fusarium species, as well as the making of successful management methods, are significantly impacted by these results. The presence of repeat type preferences may indicate to the potential functions that these repeats in the genome may play. The future research will be focused on these Fusarium species for controlling repeat expansion and contraction regarding of the variations in repeat numbers within each species. This study analysis sheds light on the relative density of SSRs in various Fusarium species.

Philip Jimia Kamanda   Masa Veronicah Motaung   and Ernest Laryea Okorley   

This study on the influence of the socio-demographic characteristics of smallholder farmers on their competencies in rice post-harvest value addition was done in the Southern region of Sierra Leone. The study aimed at developing an extension training model to improve the capacity of smallholder farmers in rice post-harvest value addition with the view of identifying their required competencies. In addition, the farmers' competencies for rice post-harvest value addition technologies were also assessed. A quantitative approach with the use of an interview schedule was used to generate data. Four hundred smallholder farmers were selected by using Yamane's (1973) formula followed by a multi-stage proportional sampling technique. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple regression analysis was used to analyse data. Results show that the OLS model predicted R-square value r=0.125 (12.5%) from the main source of labour, alternative livelihood, the key source of information, and main source of income as the best socio-demographic predictors of smallholder farmers' competencies in rice post-harvest value addition at p<0.05. Harvesting paddy with a knife (Mean=3.95), heaping paddy on tarpaulin (Mean=3.49), use of basket to transport paddy by humans (Mean=4.13) are some of the technologies where farmers acknowledged high competencies. The study, therefore, identifies that smallholder farmers in the study area have limited competencies in rice post-harvest value addition as they majorly rely on traditional technologies to manually harvest and process their rice after harvest. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security in Sierra Leone should therefore emphasise packaging, marketing, milling, and drying to promote rice post-harvest value addition among smallholder farmers.

Daimon Syukri   and Kohei Nakano   

Freshness marker identification is an effort to create a simple system to indicate the freshness level of fresh produces. Freshness is generally related to the degree of senescence that reflects the membrane's lipid turnover, such as phospholipids and fatty acids in the fresh produces. In this study, a targeted analysis of phospholipids and fatty acids in stored cabbage for different duration was conducted by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the purpose of identifying the freshness marker metabolites. Cabbage was used due to the specific characteristic as a multy-layer vegetable. Cabbage samples were freshly harvested and immediately stored for 2 and 4 days at 20℃. Lipids for the first layer of cabbage were extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether and subsequently transferred to a LC-MS/MS triple quadrupole linear ion trap system. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) program for 240 phospholipids and fatty acids was prepared and utilized for a highly sensitive detection of lipids. Peak area of MRM chromatogram for each detected lipid was calculated statistically analyzed using principal component analysis. The distributions of lipids were separated clearly according to storage duration where phophatidyletanolamines were decreased and accumulation of fatty acid 18:1 was significantly observed during storage. Further study is needed to confirm the accumulation of fatty acid 18:1 could be a potential freshness marker metabolite of stored cabbage through the quantitative determination. Moreover, the selection of another type of fresh produce as the sample is needed to enrich the data for discovery universal freshness marker.

Abdoulaye SidibĂ©   Rehema Ndeda   Evan Murimi   Urbanus N. Mutwiwa   Lukas Simon Kriem   Marc Beckett   and Peter Fischer   

The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is one of the most commonly used types of hydroponic systems due to its high yield of the crop and suitability for industrial scale. However, NFT systems require electrical power to ensure the continuous flow of the nutrient solution through the system. This study presents an energy-efficient method which is suitable for solar-powered NFT hydroponic for the growth of collard greens. The system comprised of two tanks as nutrient reservoirs. A 40 L tank was placed above the 70 L tank at a height of 90 cm. From the upper reservoir, the nutrient solution flowed through a solenoid valve into the system by gravity at a maximum flow rate of 4 L/min which continuously decreased during the emptying phase. Float switches were used to monitor the level of the nutrient in the upper tank for automatic refilling. The pumping system composed of a solenoid valve and a pump was considered as the largest energy-consuming part. Reducing the operation time of the pump and valve enabled the overall system to save 66% of the total energy consumed by the conventional NFT.

Allan B. Del Rosario   Elaida R. Fiegalan   Marita S. Labe   and Luis L. Calama   

This study aimed to conduct a morphometric analysis on the Coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabidae) across the Philippines. O. rhinoceros is a major insect pest of coconut (Coccus nucifera L.) and other palms worldwide. In the Philippines, morphometric analysis of the insect pest has yet to be undertaken. Conducting such a study on the insect pest could help in crafting better-integrated pest management (IPM) schemes/programs. Morphometric analysis is a tool that can help in determining the existence of a cryptic species, biotypes, or subspecies among the CRB population that could be more damaging or resilient to control tactics. In the conduct of the study, 35 male and 35 female adult CRBs were collected from the provinces of Aurora, Quezon, Marinduque, Palawan, Camarines Sur, Negros Oriental, and Davao Del Sur. Each of the CRB specimens collected was subjected to morphological measurements using the 25 morphological characters set by the study. To determine if a morphological variation exists among the CRBs, the morphometric measurements of the 25 morphological characters were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) as well as descriptive discriminant analysis (DDA). In the MANOVA, 23 out of 25 morphological characters were found to significantly vary among seven coconut provinces. In the DDA, the Palawan group of CRBs was discriminated from the rest of the groups. The morphological characters associated with this discrimination were elytron length (EL), hindwing length (W₃l), hindwing width (W₃w), body width (BW), hind leg tibia length (L₃Tbl), and antennal club length (Acll). From these morphological characters, the only characters that significantly varied concerning the Palawan group of CRBs were the BW and L₃Tbl. The beetles that originated from Palawan had the significantly smallest body width and longest hind leg tibia. These results indicate that there exists a morphological variation in BW and L₃Tbl between the Palawan group of CRBs and those from other coconut areas in the Philippines. However, further study should be conducted, either through morphological or genetic analysis, to validate these results.

Bambang Budi Santoso   and Jayaputra   

Currently, Moringa oleifera multipurpose plant has become an important crop in the agro-industrial sector. In nursery propagation, suitable environmental conditions such as irradiation is needed for the growth of seedlings. Modifying the sunlight intensity through setting the shade is an important thing that must be considered. This study consisted of three experiments. The first and the second were carried out using black paranet shading, e.g. 90% shading (105.13 lux) using three layers of paranet, 65% shading (387.61 lux) using two layers of paranet, 35% shading (787.96 lux) using one layer of paranet, and without paranet shading (1,479.23 lux); the seed viability was tested with five replications, and each replication consisted of 100 seeds; the seedlings growth was tested with five replications, and each replication consisted of 15 seedlings series. The third was to test the adaptability of seedlings from the second experiment to the production field, through the grid system planting method which was repeated three times and each replication consisted of 10 seedlings. The results showed that the level of shade had a significant effect on seed viability, seedling growth, and early adaptability of seedlings in the production field. The best quality M. oleifera seedlings could be obtained by application of artificial shade using one layer of black paranet with a shade level of 35% (787.96 lux).

Yartiwi   Munif Ghulamahdi   Eko Sulistyono   Iskandar Lubis   and Yudi Sastro   

Pyrite is a major problem in tidal swamps cultivation, so a specific technology is needed to get optimal agricultural yields, especially for food crops. The objectives of this research are: 1) to determine the effect of water management and application of ameliorants on paddy and their interactions on growth, plant biomass, soil pH, plant NPK nutrient content in plant tissue, soil Fe content, and paddy yields; and 2) to find out and determine a good combination of water management and types of ameliorants that increased paddy yields. The research design was a split-split plot using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The first factor was the water management system as the main plot consisting of four levels. The second factor was variety as a subplot consisting of two levels. The third factor was the types of ameliorant as a sub-subplot consisting of four levels. The water management system stationary SSC + peat humic acid is the best combination, as indicated by the number of tillers, root wet weight, root dry weight, increased soil pH, decreased Fe in the soil, and the highest productivity of 6.61 t ha^-1. Paddy varieties IR64 that are sensitive to Fe poisoning can grow and produce like varieties Inpara 4 that are tolerant in tidal swamps with water management systems and ameliorant applications.

Vargas-Madriz Haidel   Alatorre-Rosas Raquel   Cid Del Prado-Vera Ignacio   Silva-Rojas Hilda Victoria   Patricia S. Stock   HernĂĄndez-Rosas Francisco   Azuara-DomĂ­nguez Ausencio   and Grifaldo-AlcĂĄntara Pedro Fabian   

A new species of Steinernema collected in sugarcane crops in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, is described. This species is characterized by presenting infective juveniles (JI) with "horned" labial papillae, a trait shared with the species of phylogenetic group IV (S. bicornutum-S. ceratophorum-S. riobrave). The body length of the JI is 498 ”m, and a width of 27 ”m. The cuticle presents transverse striae throughout the entire body, lateral field with a maximum number of 8 incisures. A characteristic that separates this species from the group IV species is the presence of small anastomoses located after the excretory pore until before the beginning of the anus, in the ventral region of the body. First generation males have a body length of 1392 ”m; a tail with 11 pairs of genital papillae and 1 independent pre-cloacal papillae, as well as a single ventral papillae anterior to the cloaca. A characteristic for the second generation males is the presence of a caudal spine in the terminal part. The tail of the first generation females has a mucron and a body length of 6954 ”m with the vulva located at 60%. Among the biological data of this species, the presence of a single generation of adults stands out when the nematodes are reared in vivo between 30-35℃. In addition, the JI presents an emergency six days after infection at this same temperature. Nematodes produce two generations of adults when reared in vivo at temperatures ranging from 22 to 25℃. The emergence of the JI at this same temperature occurs 11 days after infection. This nematode can be separated from other species described by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal genes ITS and 28S, continuously with a mitochondrial gene (12S), awarding this nematode as a new species and as a member of group IV and close to the species S. riobrave.

Ahmad Suhaimi   Misransyah   Heldawati   Muhammad Solekhan   and Dewi Susanti   

Stunting in toddlers is a major public health concern that can have lifelong consequences. It is often linked to inadequate food security within households, which can result from issues with food availability, access, and diversity, and is in turn influenced by ecosystem conditions. This study aims to investigate the association between household food security, including food availability, access, and diversity, and the incidence of stunting in the lowland ecosystem of South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. A total of 90 stunting toddlers were sampled using observation, interviews, recording, and 24-hour food recall. Data analysis involved 24-hour food recall analysis, the US-HFSSM, the Desirable Dietary Pattern analysis, and bivariate analysis with Pearson Product Moment. The results showed that the average energy consumption for stunted toddlers was 1073.9 kcal/cap/day, with a DDP score of 67.7. Household food security status revealed that 2.2% of households were in the food insecure category without hunger, 80% in the food insecure category with moderate hunger, and 17.8% in the food insecure category with severe hunger. Bivariate analysis showed that only food access was moderately correlated (r=0.499) and substantially related to the incidence of stunting in lowland ecosystems, while food availability (r=0.222) and food diversity (r=0.338) were weakly correlated. These findings suggest that food access is an essential factor in addressing stunting in the lowland ecosystem of South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.

Oruk Ohon Egbai   Peter Ereh Oko   Brian Usibe   Ikpi Abam Arikpo   Victor Atah Abanyam   Sylvanus Iwora Ozoh   Benjamin Ayua Ambe   and Love Joseph Asor   

The study on resilience potentials of indigenous vegetable crops was conducted between April and June, 2021 and was repeated in 2022. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the tolerance ability of some indigenous vegetable crops viz, pumpkin, waterleaf and sweet potato to erosion perturbation. Soil was manually cleared to make crop planting possible. Waterleaf, and sweet potato, were cut 45 cm and planted 2/3 cm deep, at planting distances of 2 cm for waterleaf and 1m for potato in three layouts. While pumpkin was planted one seed per hole at 4 cm depth, 1m apart in slopes of 2% and 3%. A control plot was located on flat land. Data collection began after three weeks. Survival rates of crops from the slope were compared with the control plot. Fifteen 6mm rods calibrated from (0-20 cm) were driven into the soil across the 3 plots, deposition into soil was measured on the length of the rod covered by the cascaded soil materials. The plant population of waterleaf stands started decreasing after 3 weeks, while that of pumpkin started decreasing after 6-week across-blocks. At 8^th-week, potato had only one-death plant. Results showed that waterleaf plots witnessed a total of 94 Cumulative Plant Loss (CPL), pumpkin 6.0CPL, potato 0.3CPL on 2% slope and 3% while the control plot did not record any loss. The volume of soil deposited at 30-, 60- and 90-day intervals proved that soil was loss across the various plots. Deposition peaked in potato plot at 30 days and 60 days on 3% slope with no effect. Increased soil deposition affected crop production on slopes. Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) withstood soil wash and deposition than pumpkins, Talinum triangulare and waterleaf, Telfairia occidentalis. Ipomoea batatas should be cultivated in the coastal plain soil with variable slopes to reduce soil wash and ensure continuous vegetable production.

Sumardi Hadi Sumarlan   Christoffer Ndaru Pradawan   Aprilia Damayanti   Lailatul Maghfiroh   Mochamad Bagus Hermanto   Hammam   Beta Shulton Romadhan   Fajar Bagus Kurniawan   and Kurnia Ramadhan   

Kailan is a vegetable that belongs to the cabbage family, originating from China. The development of science and technology has had an impact on the development of agricultural engineering, for example, the hydroponic system as an alternative to plant cultivation without a large area of land and the use of LED lamps (Light Emitting Diode) as a medium for adding light other than sunlight to optimize the process of plant photosynthesis. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of variations in power and distance of LED bulb lamps on the growth and production results of the kailan plant. This research was carried out by experimental research methods in the field. The method used is with a Randomized Design Group with two factors: the power of LED (10, 20, 30, and 40 watts) and the distance (60 and 80 cm) from the light source to the plant. The data that has been obtained is analyzed using the Duncan Multiple Range Test method with a Confidence Level of 5%. The results of the research showed that the best variation for the growth and production of kailan plants is a variation in the power of 10 watts with 60 cm.

M I Ashadi   S Bulkis   M H Jamil   and Rahmadani   

As the fourth largest coffee-exporting country in the world, Indonesia needs to help increase its long-term coffee production. The high data on Indonesian coffee exports differ from the low national coffee productivity. The determining factors for coffee farmers' low adoption rate of innovative technology are the social capital and information networks they need to utilize adequately. This study aims to determine the role played by social capital and sources of information on coffee farmers' adoption of innovative technology. This research method is a quantitative study using Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM PLS) analysis. Evaluation using SEM PLS includes evaluation of measurement models, structural models, and goodness-of-fit or goodness-of-fit models. The results obtained from a sample of 347 farmers using the SEM-PLS analysis show that, first, formal and informal information sources influence innovation adoption due to the direct interaction of farmers. However, informal information sources have little influence, and capital mediation is still required. Second, social capital mediates farmers' innovation adoption. The adoption of innovation will be effective in the utilization of information sources.

Siti Salwa Abd Gani   Ezzah Abd Manan   Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan   and Mohd Izuan Effendi Helmi   

The flesh of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) was extracted using water and was evaluated for nutritional value, chemical constituents and potential metal toxicity. Nutritional value and chemical constituents were determined using proximate analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) while potential metal toxicity was evaluated using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay (BSLB). Results of proximate analysis showed that extract had 0.67±0.02 g/100 g ash, 1.39±0.01 g/100g crude protein, 1.82±0.06 g/100 g crude fiber, 87.52±0.07 g/100 g moisture and pH value of 4.7. No fat constituent was detected. Content of macro essential elements namely calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in extract was 0.278 ± 1.5, 0.197 ± 0.01, 4.884 ± 0.3 and 59.629 ± 3.12 mg/L, respectively. Chemical constituents of extract were dominated by products of sugar degradation and Maillard reactions. For metal and heavy metal content, data obtained were compared with the highest desirable and recommended permissible concentrations of chemical in drinking water by World Health Organization (WHO) and all elements investigated were below the acceptable limit suggesting that the fruit is non-toxic. The extract also displayed zero percent mortality rate of brine shrimp at different concentrations indicating no toxicity activity. This result establishes the fact that red pitayas are safe for consumption. In addition, water also can be a nutritionally relevant extraction solvent and environmental-friendly.

Ram Al Jaffri Saad   Mohamad Faridthul Azhar Mohd Noor   Mohd Ashraf Zainol Abidin   and Mohd Dino Khairri Sharifuddin   

Fertigation is now widely used by Chilies and Rock Melon commercial growers. There are numerous advantages that fertigation can provide, such as increased production and lower costs. On the other hand, the effectiveness of fertigation is concerned with the influence of other factors. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of various factors such as technology, knowledge, and MyGAP on the efficacy of fertigation. The perception of adoption as a moderator between the factors listed and the efficacy of fertigation has also been investigated. An empirical survey was conducted with 80 local farmers who used fertigation on their farms. The findings indicate that technology and MyGAP implementation significantly influence fertility, whereas knowledge does not affect its effectiveness. MyGAP's influence on fertigation can only be moderated by fertigation perception, and it does not affect fertigation technology or knowledge. More research is needed to investigate additional factors that can improve the effectiveness of fertigation.

Jennifer Madonna G. Dait   

Rice output in the Philippines appears to be influenced by a wide variety of factors. Apart from considerations related to production, the variable nature of the environment may have started to make inroads into the relatively poor performance of the rice sector. This is concerning given that the rice industry is an economic driver of the many provinces across the country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the catalytic influence that climate variables and selected economic variables have on rice production in the six rice-producing areas of the Philippines from 2006 to 2019 by utilizing panel data estimates and the augmented Cobb-Douglas Production function. The effects of each explanatory variable on the dependent variable were empirically verified using OLS, Fixed, and Random Effect Regression methods. Fixed effect regression is determined to be the most suitable estimation method for the study among the three. For irrigated farms across regions in the Philippines, regression results showed that an increase in Land Area (LA) and application of Urea (Ur) would increase Rice production. Subsequently, a decrease in rice production is obtained when Average amount of Rainfall (ARF) increases and Minimum Temperature (Tmn). The application of Complete (Ct) as fertilizer has negligible effects on production. For rainfed areas, Land Area (LA), the application of Urea (Ur), and Complete (Ct) fertilizers exhibited an increase in rice production; whereas Average Amount of Rainfall (ARF) exhibited negative effects on rice production in the Philippines. Results would show us that in order to maintain the country's access to rice security, a long-term agricultural strategy should be institutionalized to increase land area devoted to rice production, irrigation and use of other inputs aside from inorganic fertilizers. Aside from this, proactive climate variability adaption measures are required to mitigate the long-term effects of changes in temperature and rainfall on rice production in the Philippines.

Nixia Tenriawaru   Muslim Salam   Muhammad Ridwan   Sitti Nurani Sirajuddin   Abdel Razzaq M. Al -Tawaha   and Siti Hardiyanti Syam   

Using local and superior rice seed varieties is one of the factors in increasing farmers' production and income. Therefore, in making decisions, farmers need to choose which seed varieties are the most profitable and high quality. This study compared the use of local and superior rice varieties on terraced land and its implications for farmers' income from both varieties. The samples of this study were 30 farmers using local rice seed varieties and 30 farmers using superior varieties. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, R/C ratio analysis, and independent sample t-test analysis. The results showed that in terms of consumers, rice derived from local rice varieties is more desirable, although it is sold at a relatively higher price than superior varieties. As consumer demand is relatively high, farmers as producers tend to plant local varieties even though superior varieties are more efficient and there is seed assistance (subsidy) from the government. The independent sample t-test analysis showed a significant difference between farmers' income using local and superior rice varieties (0.000<0.005), with an R/C ratio value of local varieties 3.46 and superior varieties 2.71.

Hilda Anugrah P.   Joko Sutrisno   Sri Marwanti   Amalia Nadifta U.   and Indah N.   

Rice is the primary food of Indonesians, playing a vital part in strengthening food resilience. Rice supply has become essential in food resilience, so good supply chain management is required to solve the rice problem. In addition, the strategy taken by the government to fulfill the rice supply is to hold PUPM (Community-Based Food Business Development) program through Toko Tani Indonesia (TTI or Indonesian Farming Store). This study aims to analyze the effect of Supply Chain Management practices on the performance and sustainability of the TTI program. The method used was a descriptive quantitative one. The research respondents consisted of 100 samples from 3 (three) different regions in Central Java Province. The respondents involved Food Resilience Service offices (Province, Semarang City, Sukoharjo Regency, and Grobogan Regency), Farmer Group Association, and TTI. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and PLS (Partial Least Square) statistic methods with SMART-PLS 3.0 software help. The study results stated that supply chain management practices have a positive and significant effect with a coefficient of parameters on the performance and sustainability of TTI in Central Java. Meanwhile, TTI's performance positively and significantly affects sustainability. So that the government can obtain an evaluation and continue this food security program by monitoring and increasing supervision by city or district offices.

Georgieva Rumyana   Delibaltova Vanya   and Kirchev Hristofor   

The performance and management of agriculture are affected by the climate uncertainty. The right choice of hybrid is among the potential adaptation options in agriculture to climate change. The aim of the present study was to define the productivity of five maize hybrids under non-irrigation and to establish the influence of the factor hybrid in accordance with the specific climatic conditions of the year on the grain yield, as well as on some qualitative and quantitative traits. The field trial was carried out on the territory of the village of Trapishte, region Razgrad with five corn hybrids- DKC4949 (FAO 390); DKC5031 (FAO 430); DKC4590 (FAO 370); P8523 (FAO 260) and P9537 (FAO 390). The following characteristics were reported: grain yield (GY); mass of grain per cob (MGC); cob weight (CW); number of grains per row (NGR); number of rows per cob (NRC); cob length (CL); test weight (TW); 1000 grains weight (TGW) and crude protein (CP). Hybrid DKC5031 is distinguished with the highest values of the crude protein. The largest cob weight and mass of grains per cob by hybrid P8523 were the prerequisite for the formation of the highest grain yields. Grain yield and the crude protein content were negatively related. In contrast to the other indices, the number of rows per cob and the cob length were not affected by the conditions of the year and it could be concluded that these components were influenced only by the hybrid.

Abda Emam   Abeer Kinawy   Maha Hadid   and Egbal Elmasaad   

The study mainly aimed to explore the effects of key determinants on Saudi date export quantities from 1985 to 2020. The results of co-integration test disclose that KSA date export value, world export value, world price, date export quantities, and KSA production quantities were integrated into the long run. The result of Error Correction Model showed that the coefficient of adjustment parameter for KSA export value showed negative and significant (-1.950), meaning that the model was able to correct its past time disequilibrium. Using the impulse test, the Saudi date export value variables documented a positive long run response to one standard deviation impulse to the majority of other study variables, concluding that Saudi date export value variables may be deliberate chief variables. In reference to the Granger causality test, there is a unidirectional between some variables under study. A multiple regression test was run and tested its robustness; the result showed that date world price and Saudi date production quantities (independent variables) influence the Saudi export quantities (dependent variable). The study recommends encouraging Saudi date export quantities by increasing Saudi date production quantities.

Md. Kabirul Islam Khan   Jannatul Ferdous   Md. Moksedul Momin   and Jannatara Khatun   

The selection index is the best method to select the best individual to be a parent to the next generation and is important for the improvement of a trait. It's a weighted linear function of each trait's selection criteria and breeding values. For estimating the breeding value for a trait heritability, genetic, and phenotypic correlations of the trait are necessary. And the genotypic and phenotypic correlations have great importance in indirect selection. Furthermore, the crossbred produced by the reciprocal crossing of Hilly and Fayoumi (Fay) has not been evaluated elsewhere. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the Hilly, Fay and their reciprocal crossbred chickens under both intensive and semi-intensive production systems and estimate the genetic correlation between age at first egg and egg quality traits from July 2017 to June 2020. The Hilly and Fay chickens were collected and quarantined for 15 days. Then each genotype was transferred into the rearing shed for random mating at a ratio of 1:8 (male: female). Egg production, egg weight, and survivability of the base and reciprocal crossbreds were recorded from the start of laying up to 365 days. Eggs were hatched by an electric incubator, and the hatched chicks were weighed and their fortnightly live weight up to mature age was taken and recorded. The fertility and hatchability of different genotypes were recorded accordingly. Egg quality traits and daily feed intake were observed and recorded. The breeding values and genetic correlations of each trait were estimated using AIREML software following an individual animal model. Results show the mature live weight of Hilly chickens was higher than Fay and other reciprocal crossbreds. In the case of crossbreds, Fay male × Hilly female crossbreds showed less survivability than Hilly male × Fay female crossbreds. Higher-weighed eggs were observed in Hilly than in other chicken genotypes. A significant difference between genotypes and production systems was also observed for the external and internal egg quality traits. The genotypic correlations between age at sexual maturity and egg weight were found positive, however, some traits showed negative correlations. This studied genetic correlation can be used in selection indices for selecting the best individual for the genetic improvement of these traits.

Chotimatul Azmi   Astiti Rahayu   Imas Rita Saadah   Hadis Jayanti   Yadi Suryadi   Rafika Yuniawati   Karden Mulya   Nurjaya   Kristina Dwiatmini   and Dwi Ningsih Susilowati   

The use of biostimulants from endophytic bacteria enriched with seaweed is still rarely used in shallot plants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of reducing NPK chemical fertilizers and adding biostimulants to shallot plants in the highlands. The research was conducted in Lembang, Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute, Indonesia (IVEGRI) from January to July 2021. A two-factor Randomized Complete Block Design used two types of biostimulant formulation (biostimulant A, and biostimulant B), and the chemical fertilizer dose factors (7 levels with 3 replications. The observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, clump fresh weight and dry weight of bulbs per sample and per hectare, as well as the Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE). The results showed that the application of 75% NPK plus biostimulant at a dose of 3ml/L applied as much as 5X gave the same RAE value as NPK 100%.

Bambang Suharto   Akhmad Adi Sulianto   and Naufal Abiyasa Pratama   

Maize hybrid seed production cultivation area often has less pollen available than in regular commercial maize because of detasseling to eliminate self-pollination. There are also concerns regarding the increasing intensity of extreme weather following climate change, on top of inherent maize sensitivity to water stress in the flowering period. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between rainfall, reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and maize hybrid seed yield in two locations using simple regression analysis. Four years of historical weather and harvest data of one type of parental maize line were obtained from Talangsuko, Malang Regency, and Sukoreno, Jember Regency. In conclusion, there was a strong linear and negative relationship between rainfall and the yield of hybrid maize seeds in Talangsuko (R₂=0.60), while in Sukoreno, the relationship was in the form of a quadratic curve (R₂=0.61). In Talangsuko, there was a strong relationship between rainfall in the flowering period and maize yields (R₂=0.60), meanwhile, in Sukoreno, only a few samples experienced rain during the flowering period and consecutive rain so the relationship with maize yields could not be concluded (R₂=0.09 and 0.18). There was no relationship between ETo FAO-56 PM and hybrid maize seed yield (R₂=0.04 and 0.06).

Sumardi Hadi Sumarlan   Aprilia Damayanti   Christoffer Ndaru Pradawan   Lailatul Maghfiroh   Mochamad Bagus Hermanto   Hammam   Abdul Mulukul Ikrom   Beta Shulton Romadhan   and Fajar Bagus Kurniawan   

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a plant that really needs water to support its growth. In addition, in order to get the maximum growth, lettuce requires irradiation for 14-16 hours daily. Sufficient irradiation can help lettuce to support the process of photosynthesis and plant growth. Engineering that can be done to optimize plant growth includes the use of hydroponic systems and the addition of artificial light (LED). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the difference in the color of LED lamp light and the duration of irradiation on the growth and production results of the lettuce. The method used in this study was a 2-factorial Group Randomized Design, namely the color of the LED lights (red 100%, blue 100%, white 100% and a combination (red 75%, blue 10% and white 15%)) and the duration of irradiation (3 hours and 12 hours) then continued with the LSD (Least Significance Different) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) tests at a confidence level of 5%. The results showed that the lamp addition treatment using red color and the duration of additional irradiation for 3 hours had the best results.

Denisova Elena V.   and Silova Viktoriya A.   

Mapping of the agrolandscape survey site within the boundaries of Frolovsky district of the Volgograd region is aimed at determining its geomorphometric characteristics, specifying the area and boundaries, as well as assessing environmental stability and integrity. The agrolandscape studied is agricultural with an area of plowing more than 70%, and the share of forest strips is minimal, accounting for 1,8%. A quarter of the agrolandscape is covered by the slopes and the beams which amount to 25%. Based on the digital relief model, the geographic coordinates of the analyzed polygon were obtained, and the maximum and minimal elevations and exposure of slopes were determined. The boundaries of 20 arable land plots with a total area of 2070,88 hectares were specified. The main types of the slopes are highlighted: flat surfaces (steepness up to 1^o) – 30,0%; very gentle (steepness 1-2^o) – 55,0%; gentle (steepness 2-3^o) – 15.0%. The stability of the agrolandscape was assessed by a number of indicators. Low degree of protection by forest plantations (K_{field-protective forestation} = 2,5), high degree of area ploughing (K _{index of ploughing} = 72,8), lack of species diversity of agroecosystem (J_p = 3,9), increased roughness and articulation by beams and ravines (K_articulation = 0,38) indicate that this agrolandscape is ecologically unstable (K_{ecological stability} = 0,14). All these factors result in decreasing the ability of the agrolandscape to reproduce, to self-preserve and to restore the potential of soil productivity. The novelty of the research lies in the creation of a local geoinformation system of regional agro-landscape complexes and the identification of priority areas for agricultural production.

Ahmad Doli Kurnia Tandjung   Ujang Maman   Liana Afriyanti   Salman Maggalatung   Fokky Fuad   Yusup Hidayat   Dundin Zaenuddin   and Nindyantoro   

The fair policy of staple food provision is a necessity to sustain food supply for people. However, this policy in Indonesia is still borne to the individual farmers' land. Based on the Law Number 41/2009, The Regional Government in determining the regional spatial planning has to allocate land for food agriculture that is prohibited from being converted, which is called a sustainable food agriculture area (SFAA), although the land belongs to individual farmers. This planning, unfortunately, does not go well. The experience of four districts on the north coast (Pantura) of West Java, Indonesia shows that the SFAA has not yet been formed. Therefore, this study aims to reformulate this policy model, which is easily applicable in Indonesia as well as in other developing countries which have similar socioeconomic conditions to Indonesia. For this purpose, this research explores the secondary data about the planning of SFAA formation in four regions of Pantura, West Java; identifies the farmers' response to this planning; and performs an in-depth discussion to determine an appropriate policy model. Based on one hundred samples determined by Slovin Formula with 10 percent of error probability, taken by stratified random sampling technique in Indramayu Regency, Pantura of West Java, and by adopting chi-square test, the highly educated land owners tend to reject the SFAA planning; and the alternative SFAA model is strongly valuable, which is not the burden of the individual land owners. This study was conducted within the period from October to December 2022. In conclusion, the SFAA formation should optimize state-owned land with the concept of integrated farming and optimizing partnership patterns with the farmers, while the formation of SFAA on individual farmer-owned land is optional depending on the wishes and willingness of farmers.

Dwi Sutiningsih   Eka Faizah   and Nur Azizah Azzahra   

To increase chicken meat production, farmers add antibiotics oxytetracycline to prevent secondary infectious diseases due to viruses and feed additives and prevent bacterial diseases. This study aims to find an overview of the oxytetracycline antibiotic residues in broiler chicken meat sold in traditional markets and modern markets in Semarang City, Indonesia. The study is descriptive research, a survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The samples were broiler chicken meat with a total of 47 samples, consisting of 33 from traditional and 14 from modern markets. Sample examination was carried out by the Bioassay method to determine the oxytetracycline residue in the sample and with the HPLC method to determine its content. The results showed as many as three samples of broiler chicken meat containing oxytetracycline which is 0.1 ppm residue out of 47 samples. The three samples were from traditional markets in Semarang City, with the content of each residue namely 0.869 (Johar Market), 0.271 (Sampangan Market), and 0.366 (Damar Market). Meanwhile, the samples from the modern market did not contain oxytetracycline residue. Therefore, relevant agencies should regularly monitor antibiotic residues in Animal Source Foods, especially broiler chicken meat, both in traditional and modern markets.

P. Suwannasopon   V. Changrue   and K. Katsri   

Due to the time consuming of conventional method in plant-based total protein determination in soybeans, this research aims to find an alternative shorter time technique using fluorescent technique. The first experiment was finding optimum conditions of sodium hydroxide concentration and time on protein extraction in extraction process. In the second experiment, the solution from the best conditions of the first experiment will be added by Coomassie brilliant blue G-250. The complete reaction time will be recorded. In the last step of this study, the fluorescent will be applied to find the responded wavelength of protein-dye-complex. Then, the prediction of overall protein content will be summarized. The results of the studies revealed that optimum of sodium hydroxide concentration was 0.8 % and extraction time was 120 min. In terms of the reaction time of amino with Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 was used completely for 5 min. A modification of the Bradford method revealed a protein-dye-complex at a wavelength of 702.95 nm. The total protein content (y) prediction equation was y = 9.4325x-1.6175, where x value represented the degree of fluorescence intensity. The analysis period of total protein determination using fluorescent technique was 3.5 hours.

Erni Sofia Murtini   and Dina Wahidah Islamiyah   

Black powdered colorant from carbonized merang can be used as a ready-to-use colorant in making traditional product ireng-ireng. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various black powdered colorant concentrations as well as to obtain the optimum concentration of the colorant on the physical properties of ireng-ireng product, such as lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and texture profile (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness) The research used one factor completely randomized design (CRD). The factor used was colorant concentration (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% (w/v)). Each treatment level was repeated three times to obtain 12 experimental units. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with a 95% confidence interval and continued by Tukey's HSD test of 5%. Ireng-ireng from the optimum concentration (addition of 7% colorant) based on Multiple Attribute Zeleny had lightness (L*) 23.02 ± 0.61, redness (a*) -0.97 ± 0.06, yellowness (b*) 5.05 ± 0.18, hardness 43.6 ± 7.19, cohesiveness 0.85 ± 0.07, springiness 8.9 ± 0.31, gumminess 36.70 ± 3.96, and chewiness 327.86 ± 40.97.

Koulnodji Elysee   Rehema Ndeda   Urbanus N. Mutwiwa   and Shohei Aoki   

Weather extremes caused by climatic change considerably affect crops growth. Extreme temperature change and low water availability represent undesirable conditions for the growth of amaranth. This study aims to develop a greenhouse equipped with an automatic control system for water, humidity, and temperature control of Amaranth Blitum. Temperature, humidity, and soil moisture were monitored and maintained within a specific range. A microcontroller was used to activate a solenoid for irrigation-based sensor feedback, an exhaust fan, a cooling fan, and a heater to regulate humidity, and temperature respectively. The study was done in the month of July and December 2022. Efficient temperature and humidity control were demonstrated. The increase in plant height and diameter was higher for higher moisture content, a temperature within the 21 - 35°C range, and humidity within 45-95%. This work demonstrated the utility of sensor-based approach for monitoring and controlling of growth of Amaranth under greenhouse cultivation by applying a rule-based algorithm. The results of this research could be implemented to reduce plant damage while increasing yield productivity.

Akhrif Fatima Zahra   El Qadmi Ilham   Abid Nagla   Ibriz Mohammed   Ziri Rabea   and Brhadda Najiba   

This study was carried out to compare germination rates, rooting, and growth of three varieties of Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. namely Rio Grande, Campbell 33 and Assala under different growing conditions (greenhouse, petri dish and in vitro culture), as well as a study of the influence of growing medium, light, activated carbon and pH. The seeds were disinfected before being grown under different conditions. For greenhouse cultivation, a sand/peat mixture (50/50) was used. The germinated seeds were monitored regularly under controlled conditions. For the petri dish culture, seeds were germinated on moistened sterile filter paper. As for the in vitro culture, the seeds were grown on MS and 1/2 MS medium. Activated carbon was added in order to study its effect on germination at a concentration of 5g/L. They were then incubated in the absence or presence of light. Concerning the effect of pH, five values were tested (4,2 -5-5,8-7-10). The analysis of the quantitative data revealed that the variety Rio Grande has a high germination capacity compared to Campbell 33 and Assala. Regarding the cultivation conditions, the results showed that in vitro cultivation gave the best germination rate (79.66%). In this case, incubation in the dark was considered more effective than light as it ensured a higher rate (76.99%). In addition, 1/2 MS medium promoted the root system of the seedlings by accelerating the speed of appearance of adventitious roots and their number compared to the MS medium. This same effect was also observed in the presence of activated carbon. The results also indicated a direct effect of the pH of the medium on germination. Indeed, pH 5.8 was advantageous for the Rio Grande and Assala (95.99% and 75% respectively). For the Campbell 33, pH 7 was more suitable than the other pH tested (81.66%). This work suggests that in vitro culture is a promising tool for improving the yield of this plant and the resulting in vitro plants can be used as source material for molecular biology.

Akhwan Ali   Darmawan Salman   Andi Agustang   Jamaluddin Ahmad   Syafiuddin Saleh   and Syamsu A. Kamaruddin   

Sustainable development through community empowerment requires the role of social capital. This research aims to find out the role of essential social capital and supporting social capital in empowering organic farmers toward sustainable agricultural development. The research method used is a qualitative method with Nvivo-12 plus tools. Researchers become the main instrument with data collection techniques using observation and in-depth interviews. The results of the study show that there are two main actors in empowering organic farmers, namely bureaucratic actors and entrepreneurial actors. Both actors recognize the essential role of utilized social capital in bonding and linking, while the support role of utilized social capital is in the form of linking. Bonding social capital is strengthened by the interaction of knowledge and work motivation; bridging social capital is determined by consistency and solutions to agricultural problems, and social linking capital is determined by price certainty and agricultural product certification. Bonding, bridging, and linking social capital empower communities toward sustainable agricultural development. The implication is that social capital has an essential role and a driving role in empowering organic farmers toward sustainable agricultural development.

Lalitha Soumya   G. Prakash Williams   D. Naveen Chandra   and Soonu   

Coffee processing units generate a huge amount of solid waste such as coffee husk and coffee pulp. Waste disposal is a major concern in coffee producing countries. The easiest way is to keep it as landfill. But this leads to leaching of phytotoxic chemicals like caffeine, tannins, and polyphenols. These chemicals will contaminate the soil, reduce the population of useful microorganism and cause ecotoxicological problems. Therefore, we prepared vermicompost using this waste. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficiency of the vermicompost on the growth of coffee seedlings. The seedlings were grown on different concentrations of vermicompost and their growth rates were measured at 3 months intervals continuously for a period of 2 years. The phytotoxic chemicals present in the coffee waste were decreased significantly after vermicomposting. We tested different concentrations of vermicompost mixed with conventional potting mixture and the seedlings were grown. Seedlings grown on soil contaminated with raw coffee waste were taken as control. One of the prominent growth characteristics, the shoot length was taken as a criterion for morphological studies. The result showed that 40% of the vermicompost amendment gave significant growth in seedlings compared to those grown in the presence of the conventional potting mixture. Molecular studies including transcriptome sequencing were done to check the genes involved in the enhanced growth of the coffee seedling. Seedlings, which are grown on conventional potting mixture, were taken as a control and those grown at 40% vermicompost were taken as a test. The vermicompost-treated sample had a 20-fold increase in the genetic level expression of several proteins, including DNA replication licensing factors and minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) according to the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment pathway. MCM proteins are essential for DNA replication. Seedlings grown in the presence of soil contaminated with raw coffee waste exhibited senescence. So we concluded that instead of keeping the coffee waste as landfills, recycling it as vermicompost and amending it as potting mixture for the growth of coffee seedlings is a novel idea.

Hidayu Suhaimi   Jeffrey Lee Kat Choy   Amirah Yuslan   Aslina Nasir   Aizee Reduan   Nur Aidya Hanum Aizam   Aidilla Mubarak   and Nadiah W. Rasdi   

The importance of live feed as a beginning diet in marine shrimp farming (Penaeus sp.) is largely dependent on careful management during the early stages of larval growth. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacts Malaysian aquaculture, which is critical for seafood supply and security. Cladocerans are an alternative live feed species that outperform Artemia nauplii in terms of nutritional value, economic value, availability, and reproduction rate. In terms of supplying live feed for commercial aquaculture, cladoceran culture and cultivation can therefore be an economically viable, sustainable, and desirable live feed species. The purpose of this study is to collect information on low-cost live feed for marine shrimp used in aquaculture and how COVID-19 affects the sector. Thus, a survey was conducted at a private hatchery and farm in Pekan and Badong, Pahang, Malaysia to investigate the importance of low-cost live feed culture technology to the marine shrimp industry during COVID-19. A total of 20 respondents took part in the survey. During the COVID-19 period in Malaysia, data were gathered using a questionnaire that was planned to be completed via an online form from August 2020 through December 2020. The software utilised was a Google application (Google Form). The data gathered revealed the importance of utilising live feed for maintaining shrimp larvae production in the sector. The current data are critical for developing policy actions to support seafood industries affected by the pandemic at both the national and international levels.

M. Idris   Imam Hartono Bangun   Armansyah   and Dermawan Hutagaol   

Water conservation as an effort to efficiently use water is the main goal in overcoming drought/water scarcity for agriculture. One solution to overcome this condition is to use the Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD) technique, namely water application to some of the root zones. This study aimed to obtain the effective frequency of watering, the best tomato variety, and the combination of watering and the best variety for growth and production due to the application of partial root-zone drying. The research uses factorial RBD, which consists of factor I, namely the PRD technique, and factor II, namely variation. There were 12 treatment combinations, the number of replications was 3, the number of plants/plots = 9, and the total number of plants was 324. The results showed that: The PRD method was similar to applying water to the entire root zone comparison. Varieties affect crop production but do not affect vegetative growth and nutrient uptake of tomato plants as well as combinations of several varieties and watering techniques, either by giving water to the entire root area or by the PRD method.

Nor Akaliah Shaharudin   Syariza Abdul Rahman   Aida Mauziah Benjamin   Mohd Faizal Omar   and Mustafa Man   

Meliponiculture is an activity of raising stingless bees to obtain bee products, mainly honey. Honey production by bees varies depending on various factors which also affect its amount and quality. Meliponiculturists practiced beekeeping in many ways to maximise honey production and its quality such as by considering location of beekeeping, apiary, flowers and plants. Nevertheless, there are many criteria that should be considered in meliponicultures in analysing its importance in producing good quality and quantity of honey. As it involves multiple conflicting criteria, different multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques can be effectively applied to solve such type of problem. Thus, this paper applied MCDM techniques namely as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Weighted Sum Method (WSM) to rank the criteria. A set of questionnaires with nine criteria is distributed to meliponiculturists. The criteria were selected based on previous studies of apiculture and opinions from meliponiculture experts from Mardi Alor Setar. The criteria are (1) flowers and plants, (2) water and hydrology, (3) land features, (4) apiary, (5) human activities, (6) pest, (7) wind and humidity, (8) road network, and (9) temperature. The results were analysed based on individual and group ranking. Both individual and group results provide a slightly different ranking by using the MCDM techniques. This study provides an insight on the factors which affect the honey production and its quality in meliponiculture industry which could help optimizing the honey production.

Agung Prabowo   Sukono   and Mustafa Mamat   

Insurance contract, including agricultural/crop insurance, involves premium payment by the insured and compensation payment by the insurer on the claim filed by the insured. The agricultural insurance premium in this research was calculated using Cash-or-nothing put option equation, while the amount of compensation was determined using the historical burn analysis (HBA) method, at different percentiles. This research was conducted using secondary data in the form of four-year daily rainfall, shallot production volume, and risk-free interest rate from Bank Indonesia. Primary data needed in this research were the cost for shallot planting per hectare per planting season of IDR 46,110,735. The research results with a percentile of 5% generate a premium of IDR 8,246,571. The rainfall calculation results in a window period from March to June with a window index in the form of total average dasarian (ten-day) adjusted rainfall in ascending order at an interval of 36.08 – 49.33 mm. Based on HBA method, full compensation of planting cost is given to farmers if rainfall is lower than or equal to the exit value of 36.08 mm in each percentile used. Meanwhile, partial compensation differs depending on percentile value. When percentile of 5% is used, then the compensation will be higher than the premium if rainfall is at an interval of 36.080 – 36.500 mm and lower if rainfall is at an interval of 36.500 – 36.743 mm. If rainfall is above 36.743 mm, there is no indemnity to be paid. At percentile 5%, rainfall 36.743 mm is the Trigger Value.

Leilidyn Y. Zurbano   Mary Blaze Theres D. Merjudio   Diana Mitchel D. Alcantara   Sarah Jane Remando   and Heindrix Arela   

The nutrients coming from Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and rice water are known for improving the growth and characteristics of the plant. The objective of the study was to ascertain the impact of various FFJ concentrations in rice water on sunflower growth, flowering efficiency, and seed yield. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used to plan the experiment, which consisted of five treatments and six replications. The treatments were as follows: T1 – Chemical fertilizer (Control); T2 – 15 mL FFJ; T3 – 30 mL FFJ; T4 – 60 mL FFJ and T5 – 90 mL FFJ. All of the FFJ treatments were diluted in 1 liter of rice water. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Findings showed that there are significant differences in the sunflower's height among 5 treatments in which 30 ml of FFJ with rice water produced the tallest crop, biggest flower head (11 cm), the highest number (370.17pcs) and weight (22.67g) of sunflower seeds that led to higher Return on Investment (95.84%). While, in terms of flowering activity, sunflower applied with 60 mL of FFJ with rice water was the fastest to bear flowers.

Roshan Raj Bhujel   and Harisha G. Joshi   

Organic agriculture has gained significant attention as a potential solution to India's food security challenges. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on organic farming in India and to identify avenues for future research. This study aimed to examine the connection between organic farming practices and increased crop yields and agricultural output and assess the potential impact of organic agriculture on food security in India. The methodology involved a thorough review of relevant literature. The results of this study showed that organic agriculture has the potential to improve food security in India. However, further research is needed to understand this impact fully. The conclusions highlight the importance of long-term evaluations of the viability and scalability of organic farming as a solution to food security in India, as well as research on the economic and social variables impacting the acceptance and effectiveness of organic agricultural practices. This study also emphasizes the need for further studies comparing the outcomes of organic and conventional farming practices. The contribution of this study to the field is that it provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of organic farming in India and identifies areas for future research. The research limitations and implications and the practical and social implications of organic agriculture are also discussed. The limitation of this review is that the availability of data and information on the topic of organic agriculture in India might be limited, which can impact the comprehensiveness of the review and the ability to synthesize the existing literature fully.

Rudy M. Camay   

Curcumin is an active ingredient in turmeric known to serve as an antioxidant, anti-mutagen, and anti-carcinogen. A hundred broiler chickens were subjected to a feeding experiment subdivided into five treatments (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 grams of turmeric rhizome powder per kilogram of basal diet) at four replications in a randomized complete block design and brooded at 15 days and 30 days under the feed trial to determine the effect of turmeric rhizome powder (TRP) on the visceral organs of broiler chickens. TRP increased the small intestinal length as well as the weight of the Fabricius bursa and liver (p < 0.05). TRP significantly reduced abdominal fat and small intestinal weight (p < 0.05). TRP administration did not alter the weight of the pancreas, heart, spleen, and gallbladder (p > 0.05). It is suggested that increased intestinal length improve water and nutrient absorption, whereas increased weight in the liver and bursa of Fabricius indicates an improved immune system in broiler chickens. More research into the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase parameter in the blood to check the health state of the liver, as well as a confirmatory investigation on the influence of TRP on the heart's properties, is recommended.

Jean Marie Vianney Niyoyankunze   Aggrey Bernard Nyende   Martina Kyallo   Anaclet Nibasumba   Gilbert Nduwayo   and Oluwaseyi Shorinola   

Coffee is the most important export commodity that contributes significantly to the national economy and supports the livelihood of millions of people in Burundi. The lack of information on the diversity of the existing pool of advanced breeding materials and introduced accessions of Arabica coffee in Burundi has been a key limitation for coffee improvement and sustainable conservation. To address this limitation, DArTseq Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was used to document the genetic diversity of the Arabica coffee collection in Burundi. We analyzed 255 Coffea arabica germplasm composed of hybrid, commercial varieties, and landraces. A total of 4036 SNPs were identified and 3488 of those were found to be anchored to the C. arabica chromosomes. After quality filtering, 3070 highly informative SNPs were used for Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) pruning leading to 1874 LD-pruned markers employed for further genetic diversity analyses. A complementary approach involving distance-based (hierarchical clustering and Principal Coordinate Analysis) and model-based (ADMIXTURE and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Component) methods congruently stratified these 255 Coffea arabica germplasm into four genetic clusters. The group membership of the clusters identified throughout the two methods was comparable. Admixture between coffee accessions was evaluated using ADMIXTURE, and the best-fit number of populations (clusters) based on cross-validation estimates was K = 4. Based on genetic diversity parameters including Polymorphism Information Content, heterozygosity, and overall minor allele frequency, a relatively low genetic diversity was observed between and within the genetics groups. The analysis of the coffee genetic variation through Principal Coordinate analysis indicated a low variation of 22.1% among the existing coffee genotypes. This study documents genetic diversity presented of the C. arabica genetic resources in Burundi. These findings can be used in selecting and introducing parents for breeding in this low-diversity collection to set up effective strategies for Arabica coffee improvement and conservation in Burundi.

Chatarina Lilis Suryani   Ichlasia Ainul Fitri   Elvanita Evlin   Norfakdah   and FX. Suwarta   

This research aimed to produce sambiloto simplicia which is rich in chlorophyll and Zn through the process of forming metallochlorophyll by blanching either fresh or dry leaves. Sambiloto simplicia powder is produced through several stages including sorting, boiling in Zn acetate medium (0, 300, 400, 500 ppm), draining, drying, and grinding. The types of materials used are dry and fresh leaves material. The sambiloto simplicia powder was analyzed for chlorophyll content, bound Zn content, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). Analysis of the antioxidant activity of sambiloto simplicia powder included lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI) activity and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. The results show that the greater Zn acetate concentration, the green color intensity, chlorophyll content, bound Zn content, and total phenolic and flavonoid content of sambiloto simplicia powder increased, but at concentrations more than 300 ppm in dry leaves and more than 400 ppm in fresh leaves it decreased again. Simplicia powder from dry leaves by blanching at a concentration of 300 ppm and fresh leaves material at a concentration of 400 ppm had the highest contents of chlorophyll, TPC, TFC, and the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. At a concentration of Zn acetate of 300 ppm, the simplicia powder from the dry leaves had a higher RSA and LPI than the fresh leaves, but at a concentration of 400 ppm, the LPI from the fresh leaves was higher. The sambiloto simplicia powder could be a natural source of antioxidants as it is high in zinc.

Wanwipha Lao-arun   Apichart Jai-aree   and Prasong Tanpichai   

The purposes of the research were to analyze the potential and factors affecting the organic agriculture potential of farmers in Phra Thaen subdistrict municipality, Tha Maka district, Kanchanaburi province. The data were collected from 389 persons of organic farmers, community leaders, community development officers, technical officers, and officers of the public and private sectors. The research used mixed methods, consisting of quantitative research combined with qualitative data, quantitative data analysis by descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression, and content analysis for qualitative data. The results found that the potential of organic agriculture of Phra Thaen Subdistrict Municipality in overall and individual aspects was at a high level, consisting of the potential of infrastructure, society and culture, economy, natural resources, and human resources, consistent with SWOT analysis. It found that the apparent potential of organic agriculture was the organic agriculture market for farmers in the community. The community was the way to the regional and national market; the irrigation system covered all areas; local scholars had knowledge and ability in organic agriculture, and community leaders focused on organic agriculture, including establishing an organic agriculture group, Phra Thaen Model Organic Agriculture. Factors affecting the organic agriculture potential of farmers in Phra Thaen subdistrict municipality were found that seven variables were leadership (X₅), grouping (X₆), agricultural area (X₇), farming experience (X₁₂), working capital (X₄), expenditure (X₃), and income (X₂). It could explain the potential of organic agriculture at 77.9% with the multiple correlation coefficients (R) = 0.882, which can be written as a standard score equation: = 0.427Z_x5 + 0.251Z_x6 - 0.159Z_x7 + 0.157Z_x12 + 0.173Z_x4 - 0.124Z_x3 + 0.777Z_x2 (1)

Agus Purwoko   Kansih Sri Hartini   Mohammad Basyuni   and Marsonang Daud Situmorang   

The mangrove ecosystem with its uniqueness is a natural resource that has the potential to be used as a tourist destination. Kampung Nipah Mangrove Beach in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, is community-based tourism that has been managed sustainably and has the potential to become a source of prosperity for the community. This study aimed to analyze visitor assessments, the economic value of the existence of tourist objects, the intensity of visits, and factors that affect the intensity of visits at The Mangrove Beach of Kampung Nipah. Through this research, ratings were generated on various aspects of the management of tourist objects according to visitor assessments (such as natural beauty, security, spatial planning, facilities, and accessibility). The economic value of the existence of ecosystem-based tourism objects is obtained with the travel cost method (TCM) approach. The magnitude of the economic value illustrates the extent to which community-based mangrove tourism objects create spending from visitors, most of which becomes income for the communities involved. This study also produced information on the intensity of visits and factors influencing the intensity of visitors to travel. The results of this study are an important reference for managers and related stakeholders to improve services, attractiveness, and development of tourism object management.

Jukkaphong Poung-namchuen   and Tonglian Buwjoom   

Smog problem from maize stubble burning was severe impact to the people in Northern Thailand. Planting other crops instead of maize such as hemp, might be a good way to reduced smog problem. Thus, this study attempted to synthesize the feasibility for growing hemp instead of maize by focusing on analysis of community context, farmers' knowledge, readiness, opinion, risk perception, needs, and factor relating needs for hemp growing instead of maize. Interview schedule with informal discussion technique including review related literature were employed for data collection from 185 maize farmers in 42 districts of 7 provinces and 15 representatives of the community organization, and public sector. Obtained quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, and Analysis of Moment Structure, while semantics content analysis was applied for qualitative data analysis. The results reveal that in the past, hemp has been cultivated in 7 provinces of Northern Thailand among Hmong people by primitive way for cremation ceremony. Most of the farmers had rather high knowledge of growing hemp with readiness of pest management. They had favorable level of opinion, high level of risk perception and need of growing hemp. Finally, there is a high feasibility of growing hemp instead of maize to reduce smog problem for farmers. However, farmers' mindset and attitude adjustment of growing hemp should be concerned.

Oleg Kuzyk   

Modern technologies have expanded into all spheres of the human activity, including a marketing one. As for the marketing sphere, it especially concerns promotion policies and marketing communications. The Internet allowed a lot of companies and business to get closer to their clients regardless of their location and their language. Because of the Internet advertising and its type, the companies got an opportunity to send messages to the strictly defined target audience and the consumers can sift them out and select only those of a special interest at a particular moment. Many technologies capable of boosting the effectiveness of the marketing communications requests have recently emerged, which determines the relevance of the study. Thus, the use of Google Ads, SEO promotion, and social media permits to analyse accurately the communications campaign results and establish strong feedback with a potential client. The aim of the study - the analysis of the spread of the Internet and social networks in Ukraine agribusiness, which testifies - considerable prospects of the Internet advertising and the Internet communications usage by agro-industries and companies. Despite the noteworthy advantages of these tools, the volumes and the level of their use by Ukrainian agribusiness are not sufficient neither in the B2C marketing nor in the B2B one. On the one hand, it is attributed to the focus of many agribusinesses on the external market. On the other hand, it is caused by the deficient understanding of marketing and its tools by companies. The coronavirus crisis with its restrictions proved the necessity to apply different Internet tools in all businesses in Ukraine, particularly in the agro-industries. The war made it difficult to use internet tools and forced us to adapt quickly to new realities. As a result of this article, an algorithm for positive marketing communication campaigns during the war was developed, it was concluded that they should employ modern means of communications with the target audience, resort to experience in other spheres, introduce marketing tools into their activities and cultivate an efficient marketing communication policy.

Lukman Effendy   Detia Tri Yunandar   Ismaya Parawansa   Agusabti   Sujarwo   and Ume Humaeda   

The performance of agricultural extension institutions is thought to have contributed to the increase in rice production which has an impact on food security, therefore research was conducted in several sub-districts of Karawang, Cianjur, Sumedang and Tasik Regencies as rice production centers in West Java. This study aims to: (1) describe the performance of agricultural extension institutions at the sub-district level in increasing production and food security, (2) analyze the factors that influence performance, and (3) find strategies to increase performance. Determination of respondents was carried out in stages starting with the sub-district extension coordinator, sub-district extension officers, and 225 farmers assisted by extension workers. Data collection was carried out through direct interviews using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The research results found; (1) institutional performance directly affects the increase in rice production, besides being influenced by extension technical competence and organizational commitment; institutional performance in Karawang Regency by most respondents was considered unsatisfactory with an average score of 2.663, so it still needs to be improved to increase rice production, (2) agricultural extension institutional performance (Y1) is determined by the availability of agricultural development programs (X6) and achievements (X5); and (3) The strategy for increasing institutional performance in increasing rice production can be started by running available development programs, at the same time encouraging agencies to continue to achieve achievements.

Yoyon Haryanto   Rudi Hartono   and Haris Tri Wibowo   

There was a prolonged decline in soil quality due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and the lack of empowerment of farmers about these hazards. Meanwhile, the potential to restore soil fertility was very open, one of which is rice straw compost. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of farmer characteristics and government support on the empowerment of rural community through the utilization of straw as compost in lowland rice plants. The research activity was carried out for three months (April - July 2020). This study was a survey research with a quantitative assessment approach supported by qualitative data and information. A total of 80 respondents selected from 256 were determined by the Slovin formula. Data were collected through direct interview using a closed-ended questionnaire, which had been tested for its validity and reliability. Data were analyzed in two ways, namely: with descriptive statistics to explain the performance of the research variables, and linear regression analysis to determine the factors that influence community empowerment. The result of the study showed that the farmer characteristic and government support had a significant effect on the empowerment. Factors that affect the empowerment of farmers were the characteristics of farmers including; age, education, and farming experience; and government supporting factors consisting of; the role of extension workers, the availability of facilities and infrastructure, as well as the availability of information sources. Therefore, a strategy that can be implemented to optimize community empowerment in the utilization of rice straw for compost is to increase external support to foster farmers either through counseling or other activities.

Khaifah Asgaf   Sitti Nurani Sirajuddin   Syahdar Baba   and Abdul Razak Munir   

Cattle business insurance or AUTS is one of the government programs through the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, with the aim of protecting cattle farmers so that they can continue to breed cattle if field conditions do not support it, such as an accident, death due to illness, being stolen by irresponsible people. The AUTS program is a form of the government's seriousness and concern for cattle farmers so that carrying out cattle farming can be sustainable. The purpose of this study was to get an overview of the strategy for implementing the successful implementation of cattle business insurance or AUTS based on social capital. The research was conducted in Barru Regency with respondents who came from cattle breeders who took part in AUTS. The research method used in this study is to collect data using questionnaires and conduct surveys and focused group discussions. The data that has been collected is processed using SWOT data analysis. The research output is to get an overview of the AUTS implementation strategy. The results of the research based on SWOT and QSPM analysis indicate that it needs to be continued and maintained because the successful implementation strategy of AUTS implementation is in the growth and aggressive quadrant with IFES and EFAS coordinates, namely X: Y = (X = 0.90: Y = 1.08). The QSPM strategy is 2.62 regulatory support, 1.09 government premium assistance, and 1.90 livestock service support.

Syamsafitri   Nurhayati   Rahmat Prihatin Kesuma   and Sri Susanti Ningsih   

This study was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of North Sumatra, Jalan Karya Wisata, Gedung Johor Village, Medan Johor Sub-district, Medan City, North Sumatra Province at an altitude of ± 25 meters above sea level, with Inceptisol soil type. This study was conducted from March 2021 to May 2021. This study aims to determine the compost type that could increase the production of shallots (Allium cepa var ascalonicum L.) in Inceptisol soil. The study used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 5 treatments, namely compost type with five replications (25 experimental plots), including P₁ = Liquid Organic Pineapple Fertilizer of 4.5 ml/liter of water/polybag, P₂ = straw compost of 20 tons/ha (1 kg/polybag), P₃ = rice husk charcoal compost of 10 tons/ha (1.5 kg/polybag), P₄ = market waste compost of 10 tons/ha (2 kg/polybag), P₅ = market waste compost enriched with trichoderma of 10 tons/ha (2 kg/polybag). Parameters observed were the number of tubers per plant, the number of tubers per plot, the weight of the tubers per plant, the weight of the tubers per plot, and the size of the tubers. The results show that the type of compost treatment had a significant effect on the production of shallots. Market waste compost enriched with trichoderma (P₅) resulted in the highest production.

Jibsam F. Andres   

The existence of irrigation canals in the Philippines for a decade was purposely constructed for agricultural use only. Because of the energy shortage, which was noted through the frequent power interruption in Palawan, Philippines, this study determines the possibility of utilizing existing agricultural irrigation canals as a source of electrical energy specifically in Malatgao, Batang-Batang Irrigation System (MBBRIS) of the National Irrigation Administration. MBBRIS covers irrigation canals of Batang-Batang, Malatgao North, Malatgao South, Manaile and Tigman which are located in the municipalities of Aborlan and Narra, Palawan, Philippines. The irrigation waters of these five (5) canals were characterized by its water power capacity considering the past twelve (12) years available irrigations heads and the 40% of time the diverted water discharge equaled or exceeded. Results show that Batang-Batang irrigation canal has a power capacity of 297.49 kW, Malatgao North irrigation canal of 53.59 kW, Malatgao South irrigation canal of 55.05 kW, Manaile irrigation canal of 27.13 kW and Tigman irrigation canal of 6.89 kW. Of the five (5) irrigation canals, Manaile Irrigation is located closest to consumers as its main canal is located next to the village. Though the considered area of the study shows mostly less than a hundred kW, this study recommends an installation of turbines applicable for small-scale generation of energy, which could be installed in series or in parallel along irrigation canals. This system could increase the irrigation canals’ power capacity without requiring either additional water head or water discharge.

Muhammad Akmal Mohd Zawawi   Marinah Muhammad   Nurul Syaza Abdul Latif   Laila Naher   and Mohd Fauzie Jusoh   

Soilborne Fusarium wilt disease is a disastrous constraint that has a detrimental effect on banana agronomic performance. Climates and soil characteristics play significant roles in the occurrence and severity of Fusarium wilt disease in bananas. This study aimed to present statistical tools for direct and reflective information on the Fusarium wilt disease occurrence by including the soil environmental factors such as moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity. There are numerous opinions regarding the interaction between soil attributes and Fusarium wilt disease in bananas. Yet, the knowledge of how soil properties influence Fusarium wilt occurrence in bananas and otherwise remains unresolved. Therefore, this study was conducted by including different statistical tools such as t-test, MANOVA and binary logistic regression to explore the potential relationship between Fusarium wilt disease incidence and soil properties. The present study also consists of a reversed interaction of soil attributes and Fusarium wilt disease incidence. Though not all soil attributes were included, the preliminary findings revealed that soil moisture and soil pH have relationship with the development of Fusarium wilt disease in banana plantation. Although this statistical analysis does not prove the existence of genuine biological interaction between characteristics, it significantly suggests its possibility. Therefore, more experimental and statistical data are needed to document the right direction of the critical elements for the Fusarium wilt disease incidence.

Nurul Syaza Abdul Latif   Nur Hamizah Abdul Ghani   Laila Naher   Chanakarn Kiataramkul   and Aiman Din Yati   

The oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus), also known as the grey oyster mushroom, is currently one of the popular edible wood mushrooms consumed by people in Malaysia. Under Malaysia’s National Agro-Food Policy (2011-2020), mushrooms have been identified as high-value commodities. Mushroom cultivation has become an immense potential agriculture activity in Malaysia, where oyster mushrooms are looked at as highly valued crops with low-cost technology that can bring high returns within a short time. Commonly, mushroom cultivation uses sawdust as oyster mushroom media. However, due to the increasing price of the commercial substrate of sawdust, growers are looking for a low-cost alternative substrate. Currently, researchers are looking at the potential of agriculture waste as an alternative medium for mushroom cultivation. For example, agriculture waste of empty oil palm fruit bunch and rice straw as a substrate for oyster mushrooms. Using Microsoft Excel Solver, the linear programming method was used to represent the substrate formulation. The results from this model produced an optimum 1 kg substrate formulation at a minimum cost of RM0.56 per kg. This proposed formulation satisfied the minimum and maximum nutrient requirements for oyster mushroom growth.

Helda Syahfari   A. Syamad Ramayana   Ahmad Suhaimi   Nur Hafizah   and M. Taufan Tirkaamiana   

This research aims to determine the influence of climate in West Kutai, Indonesia on the intensity of disease attack Upas Fungus (Corticium sp.) pathogen on 4-year-old and 7-year-old rubber plants. The study began in 2015, with a 4-year-old rubber plant and continues in 2018 with a 7-year-old rubber plant. The methodology is to inventory 500 rubber plants in two neighboring locations to determine the incidence and severity of disease caused by Upas Fungus in 2015. The results indicated that an invasion of pathogenic Upas Fungus attacked rubber plants starting at the age of 4 years in 2 places and the age of 4 years in another location. Symptoms included substantial eruptions of tree trunks that finally dried up. The inventory and calculation results indicate that the attack frequency at position 1 is 1.20 % with an attack intensity of 0.90 %, and the attack frequency at location 2 is 2.40 % with an attack intensity of 1.80 %. The correlation test revealed an inverse (negative) relationship between temperature and attack intensity, with a coefficient value of 0.721, and a directly proportional (positive) relationship between humidity and intensity, with a coefficient value of 0.754 and vice versa, between rainfall and intensity there is an inverse (negative) relationship that is not significant with a coefficient value of 0.199 and vice versa.

Siti Azizah   Salsa Insanu Latifah   Irfan H. Djunaidi   Anif Mukaromah Wati   and Dede Apryliasari   

The purpose of this research was to determine the allocation of women's working time in a beef cattle business with a profit-sharing system and to analyze the influence of socio-economic factors on peasant women's working time in a profit-sharing beef cattle business in Sidomulyo Hamlet, Sumberwaru Village, Baluran National Park. The study was conducted in July 2022. The respondents in this study were married female cattle farmers in Dusun Sidomulyo village. The survey techniques and quota sampling were used to select 50 peasant women respondents for the study. Data analysis used a regression test with socio-economic factors as X variables (age, education level, farming experience, employment status, number of family dependents, income level, number of livestock, land area, livestock rearing pattern, cattle owner profile, and the women's role) and peasant women's working time as a Y variable. The results showed that all factors of production simultaneously had a significant effect on the women's working time. Meanwhile, the number of cattle and the role of women both had an impact on women's working hours. This research shows that the research variables influence 52.7% of women's working time.

Rd. Selvy Handayani   Nur Aini   Dewi Sartika Aryani   and Ismadi   

Gayo shallot (Allium cepa L.) is a local shallot cultivar from Central Aceh province that has just received a national superior shallot variety certificate. The objective of this study was to scientifically determine the superiority of Gayo shallots compared to other national superior varieties based on morphological characters, production, and quality of tubers. The study was conducted from July to December 2020. The field study was carried out in Lut Tawar Sub-district, Central Aceh Regency, while laboratory analysis was conducted at the Agroecotechnology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Malikussaleh. This research used a single-factor randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatments consisted of three varieties: local shallots Gayo, Batu Ijo, and Tajuk. Each unit treatment consisted of 5 plants, resulting in a total of 165 plants. The results showed that Gayo shallots' growth and performance differed from Batu Ijo and Tajuk. The height and number of leaves per clump of Gayo and Tajuk shallot plants were not significantly different. Gayo shallot plant height was 28.50 cm and Tajuk was 28.30 cm, and the number of leaves per Gayo shallot’s clump reached 17.80 and Tajuk 15.50, while Batu Ijo’s height was 36.05 cm and the number of leaves per clump was 28.10 at 8 weeks after planting (WAP). Batu Ijo had better growth and yield of tubers than Gayo and Tajuk shallots. Regarding similarity, the physical appearance of plants and tuber yields from Gayo was more similar to Tajuk (67%) compared to Batu Ijo (57%).

Joni Kusnadi   and Sinta Harfiyanti   

Food adulteration cases continue to increase in line with the increasing public need for food. Multiplex PCR is one type of PCR method that is often used to detect adulteration in food. This study aims to confirm the performance of primers that have been designed based on the CO1 gene that specifically amplifies chicken DNA by a primer specificity and sensitivity test using single and multiplex PCR method. The results showed that the primer had specific properties because it is capable of amplifying the target DNA according to its size. The sensitivity test showed that the CO1 primers for chicken have a sensitivity of up to 10^-3 ng/”l similar to the pig's D-loop primers, while the CO1 primers for horses have a sensitivity of up to 10^-2 ng/ l similar to the Cyt b for dogs. Sampling test using five types of meatballs by the multiplex PCR method showed that the samples detected animal DNA that matched the respective raw materials for making it, while sampling using commercial meatballs showed that only three samples contained bovine DNA and it could be concluded that the other two samples had been adulterated with chicken meat.

Wahyu Santoso   Akhmad Fauzi   Hamidah Hendrarini   and Indra Tjahaja Amir   

The research has fresh ideas through activities to explore farmer knowledge management to find out the application of Indo-Good Agricultural Practices as a reflection of the behavior of producing fruits to obtain Prima Certification, and is developed into a knowledge management system with an Android-based application. The purpose of the study was to analyze the level of knowledge management of farmers in implementing Indo-Good Agricultural Practices to support the sustainability of Prima certified fruit production in East Java. Purposive sampling was used to select up to 15 fruit farmers for a total of 45 samples. With true or false assertions, the Guttman Scale measured knowledge creation, sharing, and implementation. Then, each dimension's proportion of knowledge was calculated. Mango Farmers in Pasuruan Regency have good knowledge of knowledge creating, knowledge sharing, and knowledge implementation. Different results are seen among Kediri Regency pineapple growers, who had the lowest level of knowledge sharing understanding since Prima certified producers find it difficult to understand good agriculture practise criteria. The highest level of knowledge formed by starfruit farmers is the Knowledge Sharing dimension, it can be concluded that there is a strong social relationship when a farmer is aware of Indo-Good Agricultural and willing to share knowledge or mutual welfare and reduce harmful mistakes.

Indranil Sarkar   Sunil Karforma   Priyanka Bhattacharya   Rajesh Bose   and Sandip Roy   

The growth of the entire population in the entire world and scarcity of food crops are the most challenging concept nowadays and for solving these challenges, new mechanization like artificial intelligence, Internet of Things and the mobile internet are used for solving this above-mentioned real- life problem. From 2019 onwards, a current perspective regarding Intelligent Agronomy has been focused on. For this smart system, Internet of Thing (IoT) is the column pillar because sensor devices are being connected to perform various basic tasks. Different sensors are used in the smart irrigation system which is based on smart controllers and detectors for vigilance of water line, watering efficacy and environment. Automatic leaf disease detection is also a very important concept for monitoring the growth of food crops and other plant leaves with medicinal value. This system also detects the symptoms of the disease in the plant leaves automatically. In the proposed decision- making system the authors have collected a set of betel leaf images and have utilized image content characterization and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Different stages like initialization, bifurcation, eradication of characteristics and orderly arrangement have been involved in image processing mechanisms for analyzing decisions. At the time of processing, an input image is being rescaled as per requirement. Authors of this research paper have eliminated color and surface characteristics from input image sets for classification and training. The proposed system will be able to analyze the test images automatically for making decisions about the leaf whether it is abnormal or good.

Sammed Abhinandan Upadhye   Maneetkumar Rangnath Dhanvijay   and Sudhir Madhav Patil   

Agriculture produce especially sugarcane crop is no exception to diseases as compared to the other crops. Sugarcane diseases can be mitigated more successfully if they are identified properly and in the early stages of the diseases. Disease prone sugarcane crop directly affects the production quality and quantity. Sugarcane infections are a cause of worry for the farmers because they can wipe out the entire crop field, causing financial loss. Researchers are working on applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, like Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), to analyse the agricultural data (yield prediction, selling price forecasting, climate, and soil quality etc.) and prevent crop damage due to various reasons, diseases being one of them. Sugarcane producing farmers are required to be enriched with real-time data analysis using various computational techniques along with managing huge datasets. Deep neural network which includes Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a modern technique for agricultural disease detection. Hence, this paper presents the feasibility study and the effectiveness of DL based CNN algorithm in the disease detection of crops with special reference to selective four diseases of sugarcane crop in India. The study was prompted by the rapid evolution of sugarcane disease classes and farmers' lack of disease diagnostic and recognition skills. To solve this challenge, deep learning and computer vision are adopted. By categorizing sugarcane images into two groups: healthy and unhealthy/diseased (with disease type), the trained model is able to fulfill its goal. Using a simple CNN with four discrete classes, the analysis shows an accuracy of 98.69% for sugarcane disease detection. Further to guide the farmers, a web-based application is developed for sugarcane crop disease detection and implemented to fetch and monitor the data about the diseases. The paper also puts forth a few future research areas such as: (i) the user can enter the feedback which can be tuned with the model for accurately predicting the sugarcane crop diseases and dynamic database update; (ii) the effect of disease detection can be combined with agricultural productivity enhancement and price forecasting using AI tools and techniques, thereby aiding the farmers in effective decision making.

Arief Setyanto   Tri Djoko Lelono   Gatut Bintoro   Fuad   and Cahya Ajinugraha   

The lobster life phase is eggs, phyllosoma, puerulus, juvenile, and young lobster. The metamorphose coincides with its inshore movement and ends up into adult lobsters that inhabit the continental shelf area. The wild population of lobsters is determined by the survival rate of the puerulus. Fish larvae aggregating devices have been given significant results as a shelter or refuge area for several fish species. This device is then referred to as the Larva Shelter Device (LSD). The question is whether there is a preference for lobster larvae on attractor or shelter materials. The innovation of shelter materials in LSD is cement sack paper, waring nets and gunny sacks. The number of lobster larvae in different materials was analyzed. The research was carried out in February-May 2021 at Mutiara Beach Karanggongso of Prigi Bay, Tasikmadu, Watulimo, Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia. The identification method of puerulus species is based on taxonomic and morphological characteristics. Initial identification is done by recording and photographing species, then adjusting to the experiences of fishermen compared to Jones and Dao 2010. The study found there were 3 types of puerulus species collected including puerulus of Panulirus ornatus, P. homarus, and P. versicolor. The highest species presentation in the three shelter materials was P. homarus. The data indicate that different shelter materials had no significant effect on the species composition of the spiny lobster puerulus.

Heru Irianto   Erlyna Wida Riptanti   Emi Widiyanti   Refa'ul Khairiyakh   Agung Prasetyo   and Mujiyo   

Go Organic was launched by the Indonesian Government in 2010; nevertheless, its progress has encountered issues and constraints. Farming products, especially organic paddy, have been unable to satisfy export demand since organically certified agricultural land has not yet reached its goal. This study aims to investigate the sustainability strategy of organic paddy farming in the global market. The exploratory investigation was undertaken in Ngawi Regency of East Java. The study surveyed 90 organic/converted rice producers as respondents. Data analysis was performed by Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS), which was followed by Network Process Analysis (NPA). MDS was utilized to assess the sustainability of the five dimensions: environmental, economic, social, institutional, and technological. Meanwhile, NPA was conducted based on the MDS analysis findings to identify the essential methods for sustainability improvement. The research unveiled that the environmental, economic, social, and institutional dimensions were quite sustainable. However, the technological dimension was less sustainable. Multidimensionally, organic paddy farming was quite sustainable. Based on the identified priority strategy, increasing the availability of organic matter and organisms in the soil would improve the sustainability of organic paddy farming. It was accomplished by incorporating straw, livestock manure, fermented farming waste, azolla, earthworms, eels, and organic pesticides into the soil, increasing the long-term quality and quantity of organic paddy farming.

Susinggih Wijana   Aji Sutrisno   and Indra S. Kurniawan   

The main objective of this research was to characterize the galactomannan from Nipa palm fruit. The galactomannan, a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide was extracted from nipa palm fruit with the different condition. Different condition referred to used nipa palm fruit without drying as fresh nipa palm fruit (GalFN) and nipa palm which is done by drying as dry nipa palm fruit (GalDN). Extraction method used is aqueous extraction followed by precipitation with ethanol. Polysaccharide was studied in detail for its chemical and functional characterization. The result suggests that the different condition of nipa palm fruit (GalFN and GalDN) does not have a significant impact (p>0.05) on the extraction yield, solubility (25°C and 80°C) and oil-holding capacity (OHC), yet it has a significant effect (p<0.05) on the whiteness degree and water-holding capacity (WHC). The physicochemical properties of GalFN and GalDN obtained respectively are as follows: extraction yield (6.34% and 6.13%), whiteness degree (78.20 and 70.10), solubility (34.93% and 35.73%) at 25°C (71.13% and 72.73%) at 80°C, WHC (295.03 and 316.97 g water/100 g gum), OHC (81.70 and 86.20 g oil/100 g gum). It was concluded that between GalFN and GalDN there were significantly differences in whiteness degree, water holding capacity, viscosity on Concentration of Nypa gum 1% and 2%.

Yelyzaveta Synetska   and Daniela HupkovĂĄ   

The purpose of the publication is to determine the influence of meteorological factors on the yield of grain crops in different regions of Ukraine, as well as to study the correlation dependence of grain yield on meteorological factors. The research methodology is represented by general scientific and special methods (use of satellite information, climate models, data from long-term agrotechnical experiments, and statistical information). Empirical-theoretical (heuristic analysis and generalization), system methods, modeling, and formalization methods should be distinguished among the methods; economic and mathematical methods and methods of statistical analysis. The results of the research can be used as a basis for the formation of new strategies for adaptation to climate change in the fields of agriculture, namely crop production. And also, to take into account changes in the planning of grain crops and the organization of the appropriate infrastructure for their cultivation, storage, and sale. This research indicates noticeable climate changes in different regions of Ukraine over the past 24 years in the direction of significant warming, which is accompanied by a decrease in precipitation. These changes directly affect changes in grain crop yields. Originality / scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of this research is in linking meteorological factors, such as average monthly temperature and monthly precipitations with values of grain yield in the regions of Ukraine. Furthermore, this research studies the dependence of grain yields on meteorological factors. Practical value/implications. The results of the research can be used as a base for formulating new strategies regarding adaptation to climate change in the fields of agriculture, namely crop production. As well as for considering changes when planning grain crops and organizing appropriate infrastructure for their cultivation, storage, and sale.

Sellami Wafae   Abderrazzak Bendidi   Khalid Daoui   Nabloussi Abdelghani   El Houssain Bouichou   Chams Doha Khalfi   and Mohammed Ibriz   

Morocco is facing a significant threat to food grain production due to climate change, with an important incline in temperature and a decline in precipitation. Conservation agriculture (CA) is an important tool to confront soil fertility depletion and the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this work was to compare and evaluate the impact of four cultivation techniques (no-till: NT, minimum till: MT, chisel ploughing: CP and deep ploughing: DP) on certain physiological and agronomic parameters of bread wheat. In this context, an experiment was fielded at the experimental station of Douyet of the National Institute of Agronomic Research of Meknes, Morocco during the 2019-2021 cropping seasons. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with three replications. Results showed that the stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content revealed a significant effect in the end of flowering stage but no significant effect showed in the heading stage. NT showed the highest grain yield compared with other practices (DP, CP and MT). The decrease in grain yield registered in the first year was related to late sowing and to the drought stress caused by a low rainfall (135 mm) compared to the second year (377 mm). Moreover, the WUE in the NT obtained a higher value (6.36 kg ha^-1 mm^-1) followed by CP (5.14 kg ha^-1 mm^-1), DP (4.99 kg ha^-1 mm^-1) and MT (4.89 kg ha^-1 mm^-1). While in the second year, the NT registered a higher WUE (10.05 kg ha^-1 mm^-1) than other cultivation practices DP (8.72 kg ha^-1 mm^-1), MT (8.41 kg ha^-1 mm^-1) and CP (8.31 kg ha^-1 mm^-1).

Nguyen Tran Tuan   

Economic efficiency is a concept showing a concentration of development in depth, reflecting the exploitation of financial resources and the cost of resources in the production process. The study was conducted in Ha Tinh province, Vietnam, to evaluate the economic efficiency of agricultural production in low-lying areas. The research results of the topic are based on data collected from 80 agricultural households of 3 livelihood models (specialising fish, rice–fish, and rice–fish–duck). The results show that the specialising fish model gives the most extensive production value and requires the highest initial investment costs, followed by the rice–fish–duck model and the rice–fish model. However, considering the production efficiency indicators, the rice–fish–duck model has the highest economic efficiency, then the specialised fish model and the rice–fish model. The study also pointed out some limitations of livelihood models and farmer households, such as land size, technical system, and seed source. Therefore, if these shortcomings are solved, the economic efficiency of farmers will be improved.

Marlina Marlina   Muhammad Sayuthi   Islah Hayati   Mapegau Mapegau   Radian Radian   and Addion Nizori   

Saturated soil culture in tidal land could be an alternative measure for achieving sufficient soybean production to meet demand and reduce the current 56% dependence on imports. Therefore, this study aims to investigate disease development and the nitrogen fixation rate of soybean in water-saturated cultivation on tidal land. It was conducted in Simpang Village, Berbak District, East Tanjung Jabung, Jambi Province, Indonesia, and subjected to a randomized block design as an environmental design. The treatment consisted of 3 water inundation levels in the trench, namely, 15, 20, and 25 cm from the soil surface. The results showed that the height of standing water in a water-saturated cultivation system affected the soil moisture. Furthermore, high soil moisture results in a high anthracnose disease in soybean caused by the fungus Colletotrichumdematinum var. truncatum. The disease attack rate reached 15.7% with 72% soil moisture at a depth of 15 cm below the soil surface. There was also an attack rate of 16.3%, with soil moisture of 70.5% at a depth of 20 cm from the soil surface. The highest percentage of fallen pods in the treatment plots was up to 15cm and 20 cm in standing water, which was 17.3% and 16.7%, respectively. The root nodules' weight decreased in height by 25 cm from the soil surface. Furthermore, the rate of nitrogen fixation decreased, as indicated by a reduction in the activity of the root nodules' acetylene, which decreased at the height of the waterlogging 25 cm from the soil surface. Soybean crop yield was affected by the height of standing water in the trench. The numbers of filled pods, the weight of dry seeds per plant, and the weight of 100 seeds were lower at the height of water 25 cm from the soil surface. Additionally, disease severity was strongly correlated with root nodules and seed/plant dry weight. Increased disease severity significantly contributed to the decline in dry weight of root nodules, very strongly to dry seed/plant weight and moderately to acetylene-reducing activity.

Nurul Faesol   Setiyono   Sholeh Avivi   Kacung Hariyono   M. Ubaidillah   and Sri Hartatik   

Bululawang (BL) has been cultivated annually under the increasing environmental pressure caused by global climate change. This condition often decreases the genetic ability and yields of agricultural products. Meanwhile, point 2.4 SDGs, specifically in sugarcane, can be achieved through a breeding program to improve and increase the genetic quality of several varieties of the plant in Indonesia. Mutation breeding to produce superior species has also been carried out by the Plant Breeding Laboratory, University of Jember, and this helped to increase the national sugarcane production. Therefore, this study aims to obtain new high-yielding varieties using the BL as the parent plant. The mutation breeding was carried out using the EMS mutagen, and this led to the production of three selected genotypes, namely M1.4, M2.4, and M3.4, which were further developed and tested for multilocation. The three selected locations for this study include Sukorambi-Jember, Arjasa-Jember, and Pakem-Bondowoso Districts. Based on the LSI test, M1.4, M2.4, and M3.4 showed the highest agronomic performance and yield in all locations compared to BL. M1.4 and M3.4 were identified to have high yield stability in the multi-location trials, hence, they were recommended as new stable superior genotypes. Therefore, M3.4 was declared as a site-specific adaptive species, which can be planted in the Arjasa and Sukorambi areas, based on the stability tests of Finlay and Wikinson, Eberhart, Russell, and AMMI.

Kanita Thanacharoenchnaphas   Parwat Wijarat   Orose Rugchati   and Tanyaluck Chansombat   

This research aimed to examine the effects of combining increased temperature and carbon dioxide (CO₂) under RCP 4.5 scenarios on yield and seed chemical composition of Thai rice cultivars; Chinat1, Phathumthani1, and Phitsanulok2. The field warming experiment was conducted at Phitsanulok from 2018 to 2020. Sixteen field-open top chambers (OTCs) were applied to simulate the expected future climate situation under RCP 4.5 (the elevated temperature at 2℃ and CO₂ up to 800 ppm, respectively). The results revealed that the single factor of elevated temperature at 2℃ led to statistically significant grain size reductions of 2 rice cultivars; Chinat1 and Phitsanulok2. We also found that the combination of elevated temperature and CO₂ induced a significant grain yield loss (ton.ha-1) by 68% in Phitsanulok2 but an increase of 38% appeared in Chainat1. Considering results in seed chemicals, the statistically significant decrease trends in Amylose and Brix values were shown in 3 cultivars. These results suggest that elevated temperature and CO₂ caused the imbalance in seed nutrient contents and an increase in yield loss in some Thai rice cultivars.

Uun Yanuhar   Muhammad Musa   Herly Evanuarini   Dyah Kinasih Wuragil   and Fajar Shodiq Permata   

Water is the most precious natural resource and its quality must be checked before use. Water sources should be monitored regularly to determine whether they are in good condition or not. The poor water quality is not only an indicator of environmental degradation but also a threat to ecosystems, including aquaculture activities. The success of koi fish farming is generally determined by an understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of water. It is necessary to research water quality analysis to determine the environmental condition through a comparison of two different types of ponds (traditional and filter). The research method is descriptive. Water quality analysis in each pond includes parameters of temperature, pH, water brightness (cm), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Organic Matter (TOM), Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Orthophosphate, Ammonia, Nitrate, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). This research activity was carried out as a community service, related to monitoring the water quality of koi fish farming ponds in the Nglegok sub-district, Blitar Regency, East Java. The results of temperature in traditional ponds were lower than in filter ponds. Meanwhile, CO₂ and ammonia levels in traditional ponds and filter ponds exceed the optimal quality standard for the koi fish viability. However, other parameters are quite good for koi fish cultivation. In cultivation activities, three important components are interconnected and affect each other, the environment, the host, and the pathogen. Optimization of water quality management can be applied by using aeration or filtration, calculating feed conversion to reduce organic material residues, and regularly changing the water.

Elpiniki Skoufogianni   Aikaterini Molla   Anastasia Angelaki   and Evangelia E. Golia   

Sage (Salvia officinalis L) is a widespread aromatic and medicinal plant with various positive affects in human diet and health. In order to investigate the interaction among bio-fertilization, plant density and irrigation regimes, in Salvia officinalis cultivation, an experimental field was established at the University Farm of Thessaly, in Velestino (Greece). The transplant was carried out in October 2016 and the experiment data concern the plant height, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Chlorophyll content and dry biomass of the 3^rd and 4^th growing years. A split-split-plot experimental design was used, including two irrigation regimes (IR0: no irrigation and IR1: irrigation), three bio - nitrogen fertilization systems (N0: 0 kg ha^-1, N1: 40 kg ha^-1, N2: 80 kg ha^-1) and two different plant density (D1: 10.000 and D2: 20.000 plants ha^-1). The use of the drip irrigation system ameliorated the plant height, the dry leaves yield and the LAI. The dry leaves yield in 3^rd year was ranged between 166.3 – 522 kg ha^-1 and 101.67 – 359 kg ha^-1 in May and August, respectively. As it concerns the Chlorophyll index (CCI), the bio - nitrogen fertilization and the irrigation had provoked an increase to its amount during the studied growing year. Therefore, Salvia officinalis can be a promising perennial crop, cultivated under the Greek climatic conditions.

Ghada Alkhaldi   Abda Emam   and Ezzeddine Mosbah   

The study mainly aimed to discover the factors impacting the production and profits of date palm farmers in Al Ahsa Oasis in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for seasons 2020/2021. The study's secondary goals are represented in studying the social characteristics of date palm farmers, and the most important factors impacting the production and profits of date palm farmers in Ah Ahsa Oasis, in addition to identifying the obstacles faced by farmers. The study relied mainly on the preliminary information collected through questionnaires, and secondary information collected from different sources relevant to the research subject. Data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics for economic and social variables, regression analysis, and Likert scale. Study results showed that farmers aged from 51 to 61 are the majority with 37%, most of whom are married with 95.4%. They have more than 10 years of experience with 81.82%, and their income is around 10000 riyals as those represent a percentage of 48.86%. The regression analysis has also showed that the production cost and the farm's area have a positive and significant effect on production quantities. The most important obstacles faced by farmers are the low productivity, the increase of damage date percentage, and low prices. The study recommends using modern technologies, hiring skilled labor that may increase profits, and encouraging exportation in order to raise local prices.

Mohamed Haziq   Wai Leong Pang   Kah Yoong Chan   It Ee Lee   Gwo Chin Chung   and Sew Kin Wong   

The world's population increased exponentially and more food is required to support the growing population. However, the existing agriculture solutions are too costly for small-scale farmers. This has motivated us to design a Smart IoT Agriculture System (SIAS) to monitor and control the soil's moisture and fertility levels. SIAS is a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) solution that used an online app to monitor and control water consumption and the soil's fertility level. ESP8266 microcontroller is used in SIAS to automatically control the irrigation system that consists of a soil moisture sensor, thermal probe, and water pump. The pH sensor is used to monitor the soil's fertility level. The data collected from the IoT sensors are uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud database through WiFi. Blynk app is used to control the SIAS on the smartphone. The prototype development, implementation details and the optimal operation condition of SIAS are reported in this paper. SIAS with a total cost of USD46 is proven to have lower water consumption (85% lower), real-time monitoring of the soil's fertility and a better crop growth rate compared to the existing conventional watering timer system.

Lalitha Soumya   Kurian Raphael Poovathingal   G. Prakash Williams   and Soonu Vadakke Kunnummal   

Earthworms are considered as biological indicators of soil fertility and are the major macro fauna of soil. DNA tags are done to identify individuals belonging to the same species, as well as to distinguish between individuals from different species. In the present work, the earthworm fauna was investigated from three Taluks namely, Somvarpet, Virajpet and Madikeri of Coorg, a district situated in the south western part of Karnataka, India. This is the first scientific report on the earthworm species of Coorg and the physio-chemical properties of their soil. The physio-chemical characteristics of the soil were examined and DNA barcoding technology was used to identify the taxonomic status of earthworms. A total of 38 earthworm samples were collected, 30 of which were amplified using mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit1 (CO1) gene specific primers. The sequencing data were deposited into Genbank and assigned to accession numbers (30 Accessions). The maximum likelihood technique was used to create the phylogenetic tree. Kimura's two-parameter model was used to calculate pairwise genetic distance. DNA barcoding results showed that Pontoscolex corethrurus was the most common earthworm species in Coorg. Progizzardus varadiamensis, Glyphidrilus annandalei, Amythas sp., Metaphire megascolidioides, Dichogaster bolaui and Acanthodrilidae sp were also observed. From the findings, it is observed that the mean pH of Coorg soil was found to be 6.2 with an electrical conductivity of 0.28 dS/m. Coorg soil contains a moderate level of Organic Carbon (O.C) content with an average of 1.74%. Thus, the study included extensive descriptions of earthworm species, as well as their DNA barcodes and the physio-chemical characteristics of their habitat, which help with future species identification.

Mesak Iek   and Marsi Adi Purwadi   

The objectives of conducting research on the acceleration of the development of superior agricultural commodities are to make an inventory and a map of the leading commodities in the agricultural sector in Maybrat Regency, West Papua, Indonesia, as well as designing and formulating a model for accelerating the development of superior agricultural commodities by taking into account the criteria for leading commodities. The analysis tool is the Model Composite Performance Index (CPI). From the results of the analysis, it was found that the commodities analyzed are commodities that farmers have cultivated for a long time, but some commodities are introduced by outsiders in Maybrat Regency, West Papua, Indonesia. In addition, it was found that the five main aspects of developing superior agricultural commodities in Maybrat are: increasing local government interventions, improvement of production facilities and infrastructure, increasing market opportunities, encouraging an increase in business capital, and production continuity improvement. The low application of agricultural zone development programs, the lack of implementation efforts to produce fresh competition, and the implementation of harmonious agricultural zone industrial ties hinder the development of agricultural zones. So that the role of the government in accelerating the development of superior commodities in the agricultural sector becomes important and strategic; without government intervention, efforts to accelerate the development of superior commodities will run in place. However, it should also be understood that farmers/breeders/fishermen as business actors in the agricultural sector also have a strategic role in the intended acceleration effort.

Lalitha Soumya   Kurian Raphael Poovathingal   G. Prakash Williams   Naveen Chandra D.   and Soonu Vadakke Kunnummal   

Coorg, a district in the Indian state of Karnataka, is well known for producing and exporting coffee and is also known as the "Coffee Land of India". Industries that process coffee produce enormous amounts of waste, including coffee husk and pulp. The disposal of this waste is a significant problem. The simplest method of waste disposal is tossing it into landfills, resulting in serious eco-toxicological issues such as the leaching of phytotoxic chemicals such as caffeine, tannins, and polyphenols. Additionally, the microbial load of the plant growth-promoting microorganisms in the contaminated soil gets diminished due to these toxic substances. The current study aimed to determine the feasibility of reducing the phytotoxic chemicals in the soil contaminated with coffee processing waste by generating compost and vermicompost. This study analyzed three treatments of soil: first treatment comprised soil polluted with coffee processing waste; in the second treatment the soil polluted with coffee processing waste was treated with cow dung, weeds and chopped banana leaves, native soil in the ratio 6;2;1;1 and the natural compost was generated. Treatment 3 was prepared by keeping treatment 2 for 15 days for pretreatment and it was inoculated with adult earthworm Eudrilus eugiensis and vermicompost was prepared. All treatments were kept for 90 days. The concentration of phytotoxic compounds such as caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and tannins in three treatments was examined, every 15 days over the course of 90 days. Triplicates of the measurements were done and the average values were taken for conclusions. It was found that the concentration of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and tannins dramatically decreased from 1.25, 0.66, and 0.35 mg/gm to 0.05, 0.0523, and 0.02 mg/gm respectively after vermicomposting. Also, the treatment was found to have a gradual increase in the microbial load of plant growth-promoting microorganisms, including Pseudomonas, nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, starch hydrolyzing microorganisms, pectinolytic and chitinolytic microorganisms. Thus, the research proved that composting and vermicomposting are the best options for recycling coffee processing waste.

Mawardati   Jullimursyida   Suryadi   Emmia Tambarta Kembaren   and Irada Sinta   

This study discusses commodities of oil palm and coconut plantation in North Aceh Regency. This study aims to analyze the prospect for the development of oil palm and coconut commodities using cost and profit analysis methods and financial feasibility analysis. The results of the analysis show that the production cost of oil palm plantations is higher than that of coconut commodities. This is due to differences in garden maintenance costs. Coconut farmers almost never maintain the plantation, while oil palm farmers maintain their plantation even though it is not recommended. The results of the profit analysis show that both businesses provide profits to farmers. Furthermore, the results of the feasibility analysis show that both businesses are feasible, as indicated by the value of NPV > 0, Net B/C > 1 and IRR > of the prevailing interest rate and the BEP is still in the economic life of the plant. However, overall oil palm plantations are more profitable than coconut plantations. In addition to having considerable potential, oil palm and coconut plantations contribute to regional economic development by increasing farmers’ incomes and providing employment and business opportunities for the majority of the local community. Therefore, oil palm and coconut plantations have great prospects to be developed in North Aceh Regency.

Sunil Kumar Jha   Virupakshagouda C. Patil   Rekha B.U   Shyamal S. Virnodkar   Sergey A. Bartalev   Dmitry Plotnikov   Evgeniya Elkina   and Nilanchal Patel   

The integration of remote sensing (RS) technology with machine learning (ML) algorithms can facilitate accurate prediction of sugarcane yield. This paper presents an assessment of the random forest (RF)-based prediction model and second-degree polynomial regression models for sugarcane yield prediction. The models are developed utilizing vegetation indices (VIs) computed from the Sentinel-2 satellite and sugarcane yield data. The sugarcane yield data were acquired from sugarcane fields around the Godavari Bio-refineries Limited (GBL) factory in Karnataka, India, during the 2017–2018 sugarcane growing season. A dataset detailing agronomic information and VIs was prepared for yield prediction. The study area comprises seven sugarcane growing talukas. The second-degree polynomial regression was used for predicting the sugarcane yield as it had the best fit for the distribution of variables. The green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) recorded the highest R2, i.e., 0.71 during November month with a coefficient of variance of 0.83, with all other indices characterized by R2 values ranging from 0.42(modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index) to 0.69 (normalized difference red edge), suggesting the GNDVI’s potential for sugarcane yield prediction. Comparing the actual yield with the predicted yield, the RF prediction and second-degree polynomial regression model exhibited accuracies of 90.42% and 88%, respectively. This indicates that the models are sufficiently accurate and beneficial in decision-making for sugar mill operational planning.

Muhammad Alif   Sumardjo   Sarwititi Sarwoprasodjo   and Anna Fatchiya   

In many studies, communication and social cognitive theories have been used to investigate people’s behaviors toward agricultural insurance programs resulting in varied conclusions on how and why people react to such programs. However, few of them have explicitly investigated the role of social cognitive theory in escalating insurance literacy levels on agriculture and cultural factors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the behavioral factors of tidal swampland farmers in Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan province, towards agricultural insurance in the perspective of analyzing farmers' knowledge of agricultural insurance products and determinants of community behavior. Under the instrumental case-study research design, the data were collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) with 35 informants, consisting of the Head of the South Kalimantan Provincial Agriculture Service and the Barito Kuala District Agriculture Service, opinion leaders, academics, representatives of farmer groups, and farmers. Documentation data related to the implementation of the agricultural insurance program were used to complete the interview and FGDs data. The results of this study indicate that tidal swampland farmers are trapped in hoax information or negative issues related to Agricultural Insurance which makes them reluctant to participate in agricultural insurance. Farmers prefer to be resigned and surrender to the state of their agricultural land than to participate in agricultural insurance. Besides, farmers feel there is no point in participating in agricultural insurance, especially those who think the registration and insurance claim process is convoluted. Low insurance literacy is a key problem of the misinformation that is formed.

Surya Darma   and Fahrunsyah Fahrunsyah   

Currently, land use is considered intensive for various purposes that affect the soil as the main series of land and the environment. The other side of the soil in Kalimantan is naturally formed from material that is poor in nutrients so it is not fertile and acidic. This study attempted to evaluate the status of soil damage to the carrying capacity for biomass production in Tanjung Selor District. The overlay analysis of land slope, rainfall, soil type and land cover in the form of a map produces indicative areas of low, medium and high damage. High damage indicative areas were selected for verification, observation and soil sampling to obtain soil damage parameter data, carried out in March 2020. Analysis of the relative frequency score of the damaged parameters aims to determine the status of carrying capacity and soil damage. The results of the study based on 10 soil damage parameters obtained a score of 6 with the status of lightly damaged soil damage, the main factor being soil acidity (R.I-a) with a high carrying capacity of 1,684 ha. The acidity factor with a pH of <4.5 (very acidic) has the most effect, 80% is damaged, but is relatively easy to repair. Efforts to improve cultivated plants are stressed by soil acidity by using soil amendments to raise the pH above the minimum range that is more suitable to increase biomass production and carrying capacity, namely agricultural lime and compost followed by N, P and K fertilization as needed.

Muazu Issifu   Edinah K. Songoro   Samuel Niyomukiza   Elijah Miinda Ateka   Justus Onguso   and Victoria Wambui Ngumi   

The rhizosphere is a rich environment for microbial communities and plays a crucial role in many plant-microbe interactions. This research aimed to isolate, identify, and in vitro characterize plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas species from the rhizosphere of field-grown tomato plants. Twenty-five soil samples were taken from tomato plants grown under various management conditions, isolated with population densities greater than 104 cells g-1 and obtained from N-free semisolid media. Important plant growth-promoting processes in vitro were identified and defined in the ten bacterial strains, which were then phylogenetically classed. Screening for their PGP properties revealed that seven (18%) isolates exhibited nitrogen-fixing ability in solid medium, nine (24%) isolates were able to solubilize phosphate, and five (13%) isolates were able to produce hydrogen cyanide. Only one isolate (3%) was capable of synthesizing IAA. The maximum potassium solubilization was achieved in KCl (16%) and K₂SO₄ (13%). The isolates showed more comprehensive levels of tolerance to pH (5 to 9), temperature (20℃ to 40℃), and salt (0% to 15%). Based on this, rhizobacterial isolates with numerous plant growth-promoting potentials were discovered based on their 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates was evaluated, and all selected isolates as being similar to members of the genus Pseudomonas spp. Therefore, based on the plant growth-promoting properties assessed in vitro, the selected bacterial isolates have the potential to boost plant growth and biofertilizer production.

Basyaruddin   and Khusrizal   

A field trial has been carried out in order to study the use of Earthworm Manure (EWM) and NPK fertilizer to improve the quality of Acid Sulphate Soil (ASS) as a sweet corn (Zea mays L) cultivation land in North Sumatra. The experiment was a Factorial Randomized Block Design. Factors studied were Earthworm Manure (EWM) and NPK fertilizer. The EWM treatment was arranged in 4 doses consisting of: Control (0 kg EWM / plot), 0.4 kg EWM / plot; 0.8 kg EWM / plot; and 1.2 kg EWM/plot. NPK treatment was given in 4 doses consisting of: control (0 kg NPK / plot); 5 g NPK / plot; 10 g NPK / plot; and 15 g NPK / plot. The treatment of EWM material was applied by mixing EWM with topsoil of ASS at a depth of about 5 cm evenly in each trial plot when it was 1 week before sweet corn plant was planted. While NPK fertilizer treatment was given between the rows of plants when the plants are 2 weeks old. Each treatment was given in each trial plot with a size of 100 cm x 100 cm and was repeated 3 times. The plant spacing was set at 60 cm x 70 cm, the distance between replications was 50 cm, and the distance between treatment plots was 30 cm. Variables observed include some soil properties, growth and crop yields. Soil properties were measured consisting of: pH (H₂O), total N (Kjeldahl), P (Bray II), Exchangeable-K (K-ex) (NH₄OAc pH 7.0). Growth and yield of plants were also determined including: plant height, stem diameter, and crop yield. The results obtained showed that the application of EWM could improve the quality of ASS properties shown by the increase in the total N content, available P, exchangeable-K, and ASS pH and plant growth based on stem diameter growth. NPK application increases total N content, available P, and K-ex, but does not increase growth in height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and crop yields. Application of EWM increases pH, whereas NPK has no effect on ASS pH. The effects of EWM and NPK interact positively on total N content where the application of EWM increases the effect of NPK on total N content; the effect of EWM was better in improving the chemical properties (N, P, K, and pH) of ASS and plant stem diameter growth compared with NPK application. EWM can be used to improve the quality of chemical properties (N, P, K, and pH) and partially or completely substitute NPK sweet corn plants in ASS so as to save on the use of NPK fertilizer. Therefore, EWM has the potential as an alternative agrobiotechnology product that has the opportunity to be used to overcome the problem of ASS as agricultural land.

Kiagus Muhammad Zain Basriwijaya   Dwi Sunarti   Titik Ekowati   and Wulan Sumekar   

The purpose of this research is to create a model to enable traditional duck farmers to increase their income. The data in this study consisted of primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire about farmers attitude toward livestock business and income of the business of Pitalah ducks. Secondary data were collected from libraries and official sources related to the research. Respondents were 180 Pitalah duck breeders from 7 sub-districts. The research data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression after a Classic Assumption Test was performed to meet the criteria of BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimator). The lowest revenue received from the business is Rp.10,647,082 while the highest revenue received is Rp. 24,852,811. This range of revenue is due to differences in the revenue received from the sale of eggs (including those consumed) and the final value they have. Real revenue is received from selling Pitalah Ducks eggs. The results of the regression analysis showed that X₁ (knowledge) and X₂ (attitude) did not affect the level of income. The value of X₃ affected the level of income because of the efforts to increase the income of the farmers, to select the seeds produced, to provide feed and drink, to be responsive whenever there is sick cattle, and to accept new technology in order to increase the income of farmers.

Tetiana Shmatkovska   Hanna Muterko   Andrii Bilochenko   Olha Shulha   Olha Kuznietsova   and Mykola Dziamulych   

In the article we proved that, in the modern conditions of doing business in Ukraine, there is a high specific weight of operating non-current assets in the non-current assets of agricultural enterprises, which is caused by their production direction and sale of products in wholesale lots. In order to study the formed trend, the polynomial trend line of the specific weight of operating non-current assets in the composition of non-current assets of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine is displayed. The features of non-current asset management in agriculture are determined by certain features regarding their use, which include the slowness of capital movement, uneven loading, the irrationality of formation, and low liquidity. In the article, we established that the value of long-term biological assets of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine increased during the research period. However, at the same time, there was a simultaneous reduction in the specific weight of these assets, both as part of the total assets of enterprises and as part of non-current assets. That is, it can be concluded that the increase in the value of biological assets in agricultural enterprises is caused solely by the increase in prices for finished products and an increase in their cost price. Based on the results of the study, it was established that during the analyzed period, investments in the agricultural sector had a growing trend for a long time. Drop in investments that occurred in 2020-2021 was due to the crisis impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in a general reduction in investment activity in the markets. According to the results of the analysis of the relationship between the size of capital investments and the level of profitability of enterprises in the agrarian sector of Ukraine, such interdependence was found in the studied period for medium-sized and small agricultural enterprises. According to the results of our research, cartograms of the grouping of regions of Ukraine by the specific weight of capital investments in tangible and intangible non-current assets of the agricultural industry of Ukraine in January-December 2020 were built, which allows realizing the visualization of the presentation of the obtained scientific results. In addition, from the research results we obtained, we can draw a conclusion about the high attractiveness of medium-sized enterprises in the agrarian sector as an object for capital investment.

Mridula Devi   and Konita Basumatary   

This paper aims to analyze the economy of reelers, spinners, and weavers who are an integral part of the silk industry. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data has been collected from 572 respondents from five (5) major handloom-producing districts namely Kamrup Rural, Nalbari, Dhemaji, Kokrajhar, and Udalguri districts of Assam. The income determination of different groups of workers is analyzed by taking the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) method. The study found differences in income among reeler and spinner, reeling and spinning in the machine and traditional device. Income of the reeler is also found to have negatively increased by age whereas experience is found to influence the income positively. In the case of spinner education, age, and experience are not found to influence their income. The study also shows differences in income among Muga weavers and Eri weavers, and on the basis of different products. Education and training are found to be insignificant and have no role in the determination of the income of weavers. Age is found to be negatively significant, indicating an increase in income at a diminishing rate. The results also show the income of the weaver to be determined positively by design since the wage rate for products with design is higher.

Uzairu Muhammad Gwadabe   Nalini Arumugam   and Noor Aina Amirah   

The current global food challenge necessitates the need to increase agricultural production. Farmers' innovative mindset is unavoidable for successful and sustainable agriculture. Precision agriculture, through novel technology like big data, is an effective solution that can exponentially increase agricultural productivity and quality. Innovativeness among food growers is a significant determinant for adopting new technologies. For this reason, the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) technique was used in this research to construct a reliable and valid instrument that measures innovativeness. Data was collected from small-scale farmers in Terengganu, Malaysia. The questionnaire was developed on a scale of one to ten. With the help of IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0, the EFA was carried out using the principal component extraction method with Varimax Rotation. The study assessed Bartlett's Test of Sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) to determine the adequacy of the sample. Bartlett's test revealed a significant result (0.000), and the KMO value was excellent (0.726). The findings of the EFA revealed two components and eight items with Cronbach's Alpha values of more than 0.7, all of which were found to be significant. As a result, the results demonstrated the instrument's accuracy and dependability. This research contributes to developing items that assess innovativeness in the context of small farming in Malaysia.

Christiana Ogonna Igberi   Sikiru Ibrahim-Olesin   Chinyere Philis Nnorom   Anthony Oko-Isu   Micheal Olatunji Olaolu   Patricia Ngozi Egwu   Chidiebere Prince Osuji Emeka   and Emeka Emmanuel Osuji   

Crop rotation has been identified as a practice that enhances soil fertility and healthy foods, but its awareness and adoption among rural farmers of Ebonyi State, who need the knowledge of best agronomic practices owing to the high cost of fertilizer, remain unknown. To bridge this gap, 180 rural farmers were selected for this study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data for the study was obtained using a structured interview schedule, and was analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics, chi-square, and probit regression. The results showed that the mean age of the farmers was 55, and the majority of them (72.22%) were males. However, the majority (87.78%) of the rural farmers were not aware of crop rotation and diversity practices, and a significant difference existed in the average mean annual income of the same land size for adopters (N886, 848.68) and non-adopters (N455, 055.60). The probit regression result showed that marital status, educational level, farm size, cropping system practiced, and access to extension services by the respondents increased the likelihood of farmers' adoption of crop rotation and diversity practices. Intercropping was used more by farmers, and it was found that more extension support and access to education, among other things, would make it more likely that rural farmers would use the method.

Client William M. Malinao   

Rural development requires harnessing existing community assets and expanding local economies while pushing local capabilities to be more efficient and innovative. The current conditions and external factors affecting local coffee producers in Lagawe, Ifugao were investigated as a foundation for a comprehensive framework for a sustainable rural development strategy. A multi-method in a convergent parallel research design with a participatory rural approach was employed to address the research objectives. Data were collected from registered local coffee producers through purposeful-criterion sampling approach, local government unit officials, and government agency representatives through key informant interviews and researcher-made questionnaire administration. Using frequency counts, percentage distribution, and mean, and careful analysis, findings revealed that products produced by local producers are in a good state in terms of the One Town One Product criteria. Coffee producers can access technology, market, and social infrastructures from different government agencies. Areas for improvement were identified based on the OTOP criteria. Finally, a comprehensive framework was proposed to establish sustainable coffee industry viable business for rural development.

Srimathi Ravichandran   Moorthi Mahaly   Balasubaramaniam Selvaraj   Abbiramy K. Senthilkumar   Chitrapriya kaliyaperumal   Pichai Serfoji   and Senthil Kumar Arumugam   

Thanjavur is known as granary of Tamil Nadu; Paddy is the major crop of this district. Its productivity is influenced by the soil characteristics and irrigation system. Our human society solely depends on the soil for food production. The fundamental data of soil fertility and crop production is very limited in paddy fields at Thanjavur District. The aim of the study is to assess the correlation between the physico- chemical properties in paddy cultivation field at Thirupananthal Taluk, Thanjavur District. The study period is from January 2020 to December 2020. In this study, soil samples were taken using systematic random sampling method and regular soil digging (0-30 cm) (25 x 25 x 30 cm) and hand sorting method. Physical and chemical properties of soil were analyzed using standard methods. Among the 14 parameters analyzed, seven parameters were significantly higher in high cultivation area than that in the low cultivation area. Among the 13 soil parameters, 28 combinations of soil parameter were positively affected or relative with each other of high significance. Similarly, 25 combinations in soil parameters had significantly negative relation with the one other. Correlation between the analytical parameters shows the significant relationship with one another. Usage of pesticides in the paddy cultivation field can also influence the soil quality.

Maroeto   Akhmad Fauzi   Wahyu Santoso   Siswanto   M. Idhom   and Rossyda Priyadharsini   

Plantation land expansion in forest areas has been a problem for some time as an effort to meet rising food demands, so land suitability measures are required. The development of the Analythical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) combination has been found to be effective in determining land suitability, but still rarely to determining plantation crops in forest areas. The study's goal was to integrate AHP and GIS methods to evaluate the land suitability class for plantation crops in the Wonosalam forest area. The findings revealed that the land suitability class assessment obtained S3 results, or results that were slightly in accordance with the erosion hazard constraint, to potentially S2 results, or results that were quite in accordance with many constraints such as retention factors, nutrients, erosion hazard, and land preparation. Furthermore, the expert decision-making hierarchy concluded that topography, climate, soil physical properties, and nutrient retention can consistently influence the direction of land suitability assessment policies for durian, clove, and coffee species. Rainfall, altitude, land preparation, and c-organic content are all important priority parameters in determining land suitability for durian plants. In contrast to cloves, temperature, surface rock, erosion, and pH are known to be important factors in determining land suitability. Experts also consider humidity, altitude, land preparation, and C-Organic as a land suitability assessment for the different types of coffee plants in the Wonosalam Forest Area.

Leilidyn Y. Zurbano   Jessa B. Cabanela   Nesza P. Orijuela   and Jhomari B. Villanueva   

Vigna unguiculata subsp sesquipedalis L. also known as string beans/pole sitao is one of the major vegetable crop produced in the Philippines all year round because of its adaptability to all types of soils except for saline soil. Thus, its response to saline soil amended with vermicompost was determined. Growth and yield of pole sitao in saline soil applied with varying amount of vermicompost was obtained. Level of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and pH were also tested before and after vermicompost application. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, composed of 5 treatments and replicated 4 times. The treatments were: T1-100% Garden soil, T2-100% Saline soil, T3-75% Saline soil and 25% Vermicompost, T4-50% Saline soil and 50% Vermicompost, and T5-75% Vermicompost and 25% Saline soil. All the data gathered were analyzed using T-test and ANOVA. Generally, vermicompost helps in decreasing soil salinity, increasing potassium content of the soil and increasing root length. To increase pole sitao's yield and biomass, addition of 75% vermicompost to 25% saline soil is recommended.

Tahir Dalorima   Siti Zaharah Sakimin   Rudiyanto   and Ramisah Binti Mohd Shah   

Increased crop yields and higher soil quality can be achieved by using the appropriate amount of fertiliser at the right time. A study on optimal poultry fertiliser rates for watermelon development on nutrient deficient soil, contributes to the current knowledge base. Thus, this paper intends to ascertain the effect of different application rates of poultry fertilizer on growth and yield properties of two cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) on soil with marginal nutrients. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu's research farm at Bukit Kor (Marang) to compare the effects of various application rates (T1: 0T/Ha, T2: 10T/Ha, T3: 20T/Ha, T4: 30T/Ha) of poultry manure on the performance of two watermelon varieties (V1:yellow variety (golden delight) and V2:red variety (new dragon)). Several growth and yield parameters were determined, of which the treatments on the red variety at 20THa^-1 and 30THa^-1 produced the significant higher results for vine length (189.38 & 189.43cm), number of leaves (61 & 63), number of lateral branches (2.5 & 2.33), leaf area index (0.12 & 0.13), chlorophyll content SPAD (36.32 & 37.03), fruit weight (10.23 & 9.84THa^-1) and number of flowers (8.33 & 11.7). The present research, therefore, contributes to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the red variety of watermelon treated with 20THa^-1 or 30THa^-1 presented the best results.

Adi Ardiansyah   Sumardi Hadi Sumarlan   Sandra Malin Sutan   Dimas Firmanda Al Riza   and Hammam   

Food products that are extensively distributed in the community, notably in traditional markets, and often consumed by the public, such as tofu, are frequently discovered to contain formaldehyde, according to BPOM laboratory tests in 2020. In reality, the usage of these materials is quite hazardous. As a result, a more accurate and cost-effective detector for detecting formaldehyde is required. Therefore, the authors of this study intended to create a formaldehyde detector based on a gas sensor. The purpose of this research was to design a formaldehyde detector utilizing a gas sensor and to identify a gas sensor that can detect formaldehyde. The gas sensors that were utilized in this research were MQ-2, MQ-4, MQ-5, MQ-6, and MQ-9 gas sensors. The test was carried out on a specific sort of pure formaldehyde solution with a determined concentration. There were five replications of each treatment: 0 ppm, 100 ppm, and 200 ppm formaldehyde solutions. Based on the results of the study, the gas sensor with an adequate response to detect formaldehyde is MQ-2 at concentrations of 0 ppm, 100 ppm, and 200 ppm. Conversely, MQ-4, MQ-5, MQ-6, and MQ-9 gas sensors were less accurate to formaldehyde compounds.

Nurliana Harahap   Elrisa Rahmadani   Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar   Yusra Muharami Lestari   and Novitasari Napitupulu   

This study examines farmers' interest in implementing Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Northern Sumatra. Climate change is one of the environmental factors that can have a negative impact on lowland rice productivity due to several abiotic factors such as rainfall, drought, flooding, temperature and solar radiation that affect rice production. The aim of this study is to examine the level of interest of lowland rice farmers in implementing CSA and to examine the factors that influence the interest of lowland rice farmers in implementing CSA in Northern Sumatra. This type of research is descriptive quantitative by testing 5 variables X (education, farming experience, characteristics of innovation, the role of government, and role extension) and Variable Y (Farmers interest). Respondents were 44 farmers and the sampling technique was Non Probability Random Sampling. Data were analyzed by Multiple Linear Regression. The result of the analysis is that the influence of variable X simultaneously is 62.3% on variable Y (farmers' interest). The influences of partial variables are X1 (14.7%), X2 (33.5%), X3 (40.6%), X4 (35.5%) and X5 (2.7%). The level of interest of farmers to the application of CSA in increasing rice production in the sub-district is 76.3% or in high category.

Eddy Triharyanto   Desy Setyaningrum   and Daffa Maulana Muhammad   

Continuous intensification of agriculture with inorganic fertilizers causes a decrease in soil quality; grumusol soil has high clay content and low organic matter. This study aims to examine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on flowering, shallot yield, and the ability to improve soil quality. The research used a completely randomized block design with one factor, namely fertilization with six levels: 100% inorganic fertilizer; 75% inorganic fertilizer and 25% liquid organic fertilizer; 50% inorganic fertilizer and 50% liquid organic fertilizer; 25% inorganic fertilizer and 75% liquid organic fertilizer; 100% liquid organic fertilizer; 100% solid organic fertilizer. Repeat three times. Fertilization has a significant effect on the flowering of shallots. Liquid organic fertilizer can support shallot flowering with the highest number of flowers, namely 8 flowers. However, fertilization did not affect the yield of shallots. Liquid organic fertilizer can increase carbon organic and soil organic matter, exchangeable potassium content, exchangeable sodium content, and the number of bacteria. The highest number of fungi was fertilized with 50% inorganic fertilizer, and 50% liquid organic fertilizer, namely 2.0.105 cfu/gr. Substitution of inorganic fertilizers with liquid organic fertilizers can support soil nutrients so that liquid organic fertilizers have the potential to replace inorganic fertilizers to stimulate flowering and increase the growth and yield of shallots.

Labode Hospice Naitchede   Steven Runo   and Aggrey Bernard Nyende   

Bitter melon is a traditional therapeutic vegetable in tropical and subtropical countries due to its carotenoid content, which provides health advantages. However, the production is significantly impacted by the poor seed germination rate and variability of progenies associated with the cultivation of this plant. Clonal propagation would increase the yield and usefulness of bitter melon. Momordica charantia was micropropagated using nodal explants in a modified MS medium containing vitamins (Glycine, myo-inositol, nicotinic acid pyridoxine HCl). Nodal explants were obtained from in vivo seedlings grown for 30 days in a greenhouse and then cultured on MS media with a range of BAP or KIN concentrations (0.50 - 2.5 mg/L), either alone or in combination. Shoots were induced within a minimum (6.33±0.58) day when 0.5 mg/L BAP was coupled with 0.50 mg/L KIN, resulting in the maximum shoot induction frequency (72.17±2.83%), 4.40±0.17 shoots/explant and 4.13±0.98 cm shoot length. Then, shoots were inoculated on 1/2 strength MS media either without growth regulator or with a supplement of IBA, NAA, and IAA in various concentrations (0.5 - 1.5 mg/L) to promote root induction. MS medium without growth regulator induced maximum rooting rates (93.33±2.66%) with 12.33 roots/shoot and 23.33 cm of root length. Rooted plantlets were successfully established in greenhouses after undergoing a hardening period in a regulated environment. The combination of BAP and KIN (0.50 mg/L and 0.50 mg/L) was most suitable for bitter melon shoot formation, whereas MS medium without growth regulator was optimal for rooting. This reproducible protocol for the regeneration of bitter melon plantlets would allow for rapid mass multiplication, conservation, and genetic manipulation for its agronomic improvement.

Ioana Grozea   and Maria A. Costea   

In managing the corn crop, European farmers frequently face the presence of the pest Diabrotica v. virgifera, which has a negative impact on production. Since 1992, various attempts have been made to limit its expansion and multiplication. In recent years, with the elimination of the most used chemical insecticides, farmers had to resort to non-aggressive and less polluting methods. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt was made to find a solution available to anyone to reduce the adult population level in maize crops. Knowing that adults are responsible for long-distance movements, it was deemed appropriate to focus on the use of both colored and pheromone traps for detection, monitoring and capture. The testing of the traps was carried out in 2020 and 2021, between June and September in two culture systems, organic and classic, belonging to an agricultural company from an area of interest in Western Romania. Following these studies, it was found that in the ecological culture, corn catches were 1.8 times higher than in the classic culture. Dual-attractant (color and sex pheromone) pheromone traps were the most effective in both crop types, with a capture efficiency of 90.65% of capacity, while in colored traps without sex pheromone it was only 60.0%. Pheromone-only traps had intermediate efficiency, with a capture capacity of 72.68%. In conclusion, traps with double attractiveness, both in color and in the presence of pheromone, are a viable solution in managing the pest.

Kailashkumar B   S. S. Sivakumar   J. John Gunasekar   P. K. Padmanathan   V. Alex Albert   and R. Ravikumar   

Chemicals are used to improve the quality and productivity of crops. Contrarily, it can cause severe ecological and civic well-being difficulties owing to spray drift. The drift can be reduced by choosing a nozzle that yields the largest droplet dimension, and providing acceptable coverage at the anticipated claim rate and pressure. Droplet dimension distribution depended on nozzle type, which confirmed the potential of these factors for reducing spray drift. As a consequence of spray drift, residents, livestock, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem may get exposed to toxic elements. On the other hand, aerial spraying has its advantages like greater efficiency, mobility, and more extensive area coverage in less time. An experimental setup was framed to select a nozzle suitable for UAV spraying in coconut palms, and a series of experiments were conducted to identify better deposition and droplet density of spray liquids at different operating pressures. The setup consists of a spray lance with a universal connector to attach the selected nozzle and a stand to hold the nozzle orientation, height, angle, and direction of the spray. The experiments were conducted with combinations of different levels of variables. For all the combinations of variables, samples were drawn to quantify the effect of selected variables on the droplet size generated. The selected nozzle's discharge rate gradually increases with increasing pressure. ImageJ is a Java-based image handling publicly accessible software developed by the US Institutes of Health (NIH) and the DepositScan provides a wide range of attributes of droplets, such as the number of droplets, equivalent diameter, droplet area, etc., measured by using the program. The pre-determined area for determination of the size of droplets was selected, copied, and pasted into a new file, then the image was binarized. The best treatment result was observed in hollow cone nozzle and NTM nozzle, which is suitable for UAV coconut sprayer based on the deposition and droplet density.

Allen Johnny Borlay   Cecilia Mbithe Mweu   Steven Ger Nyanjom   and Kevin Mbogo Omolo   

There is an increasing concern over global warming, which has changed climate and weather patterns resulting in adverse abiotic situations such as drought stress to crop plants and the general vegetation area. This has posed a threat to food security and ecosystem structure, thus it's needed to identify resistant cultivars that can survive the propagation stress. Three (3) varieties (H1, H2, and H3) of Doum palms were subjected to water regimes: sufficiently irrigated, moderate, and severe water shortage conditions for 65 days to assess the drought adaptation ability. Findings revealed that the water status of the plant was noticeably affected by water shortage in all the studied genotypes. Drought stress imposed for 65 days significantly reduced (P ≀0.05) the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the experimental Doum plant, such as relative leaf water content (RLWC), membrane stability index (MSI), starch content, and a relative decrease in chlorophyll content. Water stress induced a significant (P ≀0.05) increase in leaf proline, total soluble sugar (TSS), total free amino acid (TFAA), and glycine betaine. The findings, therefore, present the first step in understanding how doum palms react to harsh water conditions. Physiological and biochemical characteristics such as RLWC, MSI, leaf proline, TSS, TFAA, glycine betaine, and starch content are indicators when prospecting for drought tolerance doum palms.

Shashank Chaudhary   and Upendra kumar   

Rice is a major crop and the increased production is pertinent to ensure our food security. Modern techniques and advancements are required in agriculture to enable us to improve productivity and environment-friendliness as well as improve their farming conditions. Automatic disease detection techniques can help in identifying the various rice plant diseases. In agriculture, image processing is commonly used to obtain valuable information about crops. Images are often considered a source of information and data. Machine learning (ML) is a promising modern technique for image processing, and it has been successfully used in various areas such as agriculture. This paper aims to study the various research efforts that are focused on this technology in the field of agriculture. One particular class of ML that is commonly used in this work is convolutional neural networks. Here convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been developed over the support vector machine (SVM) techniques to identify rice diseases (Brown spot) and measure their accuracy. Their potential applications include the development of screening tools and solutions for agricultural production. This paper presents an overview and research outcomes using SVM and CNN techniques in the study of agricultural problems. This study includes a dataset of 1488 healthy leaves and 523 brown spot leaf data samples. The research outcomes are based on studies and development using SVM and CNN. ML techniques give 82% accuracy using the SVM classification method, while the CNN method gives 95% accuracy.

Ujang Maman   Abuddin Nata   Djawahir Hejazziey   Yusron Razak   Asep Usman Ismail   Armaeni Dwi Humaerah   Muksin   Irwa Rochimah Zarkasi   and Bambang Eko Samiono   

Agricultural development in Indonesia still depends on ideas and practices taken from outside or international agency. By the less successful integrated pest management in Indonesia encouraged by FAO, and the imperfection of organic rice farming (ORF) is still one stretch and has the same water flow with the conventional farming, it could be probably contaminated by chemical residue, and therefore, the agricultural development based on local wisdom can be a valuable alternative. Pleasantly, Indonesia is rich with farming local wisdom, and the research about this local practice is frequently conducted. But, unfortunately, this research is merely to describe it case by case in local context and does not yet become a systematic planning for agricultural development. Therefore, the aim of this research is not only to explore farmer local wisdom in mitigating risk of organic rice farming especially in pre-planting period, but to formulate the items of this mitigation into a planning which could gradually be implemented as the first & second priority, the items that have been completely implemented, and as the aspects of mitigation which are not important to develop. By in-depth interview with the prominent farmer, this research finds five items of local wisdom to mitigate the risk of organic rice farming, in which part of them are making a filter tub upstream into organic rice fields, topped with water hyacinth (eceng gondok); providing rice seeds by themselves; and the seed to be planted should come from organic seedbeds. Adopting the Importance Performance Analysis to the 109 samples in Tasikmalaya, West java -- which the sample size is determined by Slovin formula with below 7% of error probability and adopts stratified proportional random sampling -- this research which proves eceng gondok planting in the upstream is one of the local wisdom that is usually practiced to mitigate ORF, and it should be maintained. Another action that should be maintained is the awareness that the seeds should come from organic seedbeds. While, the agreement that farmer group association should provide rice seeds themselves is one of local wisdom that should be prioritized in agricultural extension. Based on this research, the model of agricultural development could be on the basis of local practices, and it could be implemented in Indonesia as well as in other countries that have local wisdom.

Pakwan Riyapan   and Muhammad-Alawee Buku   

Sunflower is a major oilseed crop in the world. Its seeds are applied to extract oil which gives high nutritional value and can be kept longer than other vegetable oils. In this article, we focus on Aquara-6 sunflower in order to study the way for generating volume of seeds on each head. The distinctive features for this type of sunflower are high yield and large flowers. The aims of this study are to present five ways to calculate the volumes of Aquara-6 sunflower seeds for each head and to compare these methods to volume measurement by replacing them with water of all seeds. This is collected from the physical grain, including width, length, and thickness, of each sunflower head in order to prepare data for calculating volumes of five methods. After that they are estimated via five methods from three regions on sunflower heads and on the whole heads. Moreover, we analyze the comparison between the estimated volumes and the actual volumes of fifteen sunflower heads. The results show that the best way to approximate the volume of seeds on each head is the square pyramid's formular and the second way is the circular cylinder's formular. These methods can be alternative ways to generate the volume of sunflower seeds in the future. In addition, this can be helpful to study the moisture content, especially in the drying process.

Abdalla Mohamed Hussein   

Nitrogen is the most important nutrient to the plant, and its dose depends on the amount, availability to the plant and the plant density. This study was conducted in 20 September 2021 to the end of the year, to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and plant spacing on Okra Abelmoschus esculanntus (L.) Moennch vegetative growth and pod characters. The treatments were laid out as factorial arrangement in a Split Randomized Blocked Design, and replicated four times. Four nitrogen doses: N₀; 0, N₁; 119, N₂; 238 and N₃; 357 Kg ha^-1 and three plant spacing: S₁; 30, S₂; 40 and S₃; 50 cm plant apart, were examined. The analyses of variance reflected that the growth parameters significantly increased with increased plant spacing, while pod attributes were not affected except pod dry weight, which is weighty in middle plant spacing. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer increased plant fresh and dry weight, while decreasing nitrogen increased plant and pod dry weight and pod dry matter, moreover the middle dose of nitrogen gave the heavies pod fresh weight, while pod length and girth were not affected. The combination between higher dose of nitrogen and plant spacing donates the heaviest plant fresh and dry weight, while the higher plant dry matter is presented by the lower dose of nitrogen with higher plant spacing, which also increased plant dry weight. Overall plant spacing, the minimum fertilizer dose maximized plant dry matter, while this dose with both narrowest plant spacing gave the heaviest pod dry weight and widest pod girth, pod girth is also the biggest with the narrowest plant spacing having no fertilizer. Lowering plant spacing received nitrogen in a middle amount increased pod length. It could be concluded that optimum green pod quality of pod fresh weight may be considered with interaction effects of higher density with middle dose of nitrogen. The lower and middle densities with minimum dose of nitrogen may be considered optimal for the heaviest pod dry weight and widest pod girth. Regardless of plant density, the lower dose of nitrogen is optimal for the pod dry matter.

Nitin Kumar Sharma   SachinKumar   Pradeep Kumar Yadav   and Ekata   

Observing the huge requirements of water and energy for traditional irrigation and contracting resources, the utility of a smart irrigation system has become necessary. A system that is capable of saving water depends on renewable energy resources for power requirements and runs automatically. Water-saving automatic irrigation systems powered by renewable energy could be a solution to India's rising demand for energy and water. In the current paper, the author has proposed an analysis of a standalone smart irrigation system for its reliability and functional behaviour under various operational events of failures and repairs. The authors have implemented an intelligent computational method because of the increased degradation in system function due to the complex structure of the proposed irrigation system. The system's mathematical formulation is stated in terms of neural networks, and a back propagation neural network technique is applied for fast and comparatively better outcomes. The author has determined state probabilities and other reliability parameters by means of neural networks in the proposed smart irrigation system. To improve the accuracy and consistency of reliability parameters, a Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) is applied. FFBPNN's learning mechanism can optimize the values of parameters by modifying neural weights. The MATLAB codes are used by the authors to demonstrate the numerical examples, and iterations are repeated until the precision in error tends to 0.0001. The sensitivity and cost of the system are also analyzed, which can help in managing the real-time operations of the system.

Jennifer Madonna G. Dait   

Climate change impact is particularly severe in developing countries like the Philippines mainly because of low incomes, geographic state or condition, dependence on climate-sensitive sectors and inadequate capability to adapt to global warming. This paper aimed at analyzing the risk posed by climate change using climatic variables on Philippine agriculture. Likewise, it focused on the empirical measurement of the hypothesized relationship between agricultural output and the condition or predicted economic variables. This paper employed not only the Cobb-Douglas production function using time series data from 1980 to 2014 but also the modeling techniques - Cointegration and Granger causality to simulate the impact of changes of the aforementioned variables on output of Philippine agriculture. Results show that only three variables indicated considerable significance on agricultural production in the Philippines based on their respective t-ratios: Agricultural Employment (EA), temperature (TEMP), and La Nina (D1). Other things equally, a 1% rise in agricultural employment paves a 0.2% increase in agricultural production. On the other hand, a 1% increase in temperature, cet. par., decreases agricultural production by 0.08%. Correspondingly, the incidence of El Nino, other things equally, deceases agricultural output by 0.02%. The other variables are not statistically significant but are interpreted in the same way. With this, government expenditure should be redirected toward R&D in agriculture to improve resilience, competence and sustainability of the agriculture sector.

Aimmatuz Zakiyyah   Zainuri Hanif   Dina Wahyu Indriani   Zaqlul Iqbal   Retno Damayanti   and Dimas Firmanda Al Riza   

Citrus reticulata var. Keprok Batu 55 is one of the superior varieties of citrus originating from Batu City, East Java, which has a slightly sour-sweet taste with a sweetness level of 10-12^obrix. Prediction of citrus maturity as a monitoring activity for pre- and post-harvest quality management is still done manually, whereas human judgment of the maturity level is subjective. One alternative to increase the monitoring productivity is the development of a portable system with image processing and destructive measurements of physico-chemical properties such as hardness, brix, and pH. This study aims to develop an image-based classification model and characterize the quality parameters of citrus. Measurement of maturity on Citrus reticulata var. Keprok Batu 55 has been carried out for image analysis with color index (RGB, L*a*b. and HSV). The image of citrus will be taken with the camera, which will later be taken partially (cropping) on the skin, which will then extract the color characteristics and calculate the level of color content from RGB and then converted it to HSV. A sufficient number of images with various conditions are needed to train the artificial intelligent model so that it can perform segmentation, calculation, and grade classification. A prediction model then was developed using color features and several machine learning modeling approaches.

Titisari E.Y.   Azizah S.   Kurniawan S.   Ridjal A.   and Yuniarti R.   

To increase the economic resilience due to the Covid-19 pandemic and raise the environmental quality, it is important to conduct a community-based development program based on an integrated strategy. This study aimed to formulate Kampung Baran Edu-tourism strategies, Kampung Baran was one of Madura Pendalungan's urban-periphery settlements in Malang City. First, the (local) characteristics based on terraphilia paradigms were identified. The characteristics contain local potentials and their problems. At the second stage, we used SWOT analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and formulate strategies to develop Baran edu-tourism. The organic Integrated Farming concept was chosen as the development model. It started from organic-fertilizer production through organic waste bio-conversion (we chose vermicompost and liquid organic fertilizer). The implementation of organic-waste bio-conversion should be conducted through mentoring, counseling, innovators coaching, and FGDs to enrich local people's knowledge about modern organic farming, and strengthen social participation, socio-economic institutions, and networks.

Lina Asmara Wati   and Qori Nurul Aini   

The growth of fisheries' Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2019 increased from the previous year, with most of it met through export activities, one of which was the export of shrimp commodities. One of the export markets for Indonesian shrimp commodities is Japan. From 2010 to 2019, the value of Indonesia's shrimp commodity exports to Japan fluctuated, so an analysis was needed to investigate how the competitiveness of Indonesian shrimp exports to Japan in 2010-2019 using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method was and what was the position or performance of commodity exports. Indonesian shrimp exports to Japan in 2010-2019 used the Export Product Dynamic (EPD) method. The analysis results show that the average RCA value of Indonesian shrimp commodities is 4.54; the results indicated that the export of Indonesian shrimp commodities to Japan has a comparative advantage and strong competitiveness. While the results of the analysis using the EPD method obtained that Indonesia's shrimp commodity exports to Japan were in a falling star position. This position shows that Indonesia's shrimp commodity exports have a competitive advantage but weak competitiveness because the export growth of Indonesia's shrimp commodities tends to stagnate. It does hope that there will be an increase in the quality and quantity of Indonesia's shrimp commodity exports to reach the "rising star" position and diversify Indonesian shrimp export products, especially processed shrimp.

Asep A. Prihanto   Rahmi Nurdiani   Muhamad Firdaus   Hidayatun Muyasyaroh   Royani L. Hayati   Ahmad Solah   and Soegeng Soebijanto   

Exploration of natural resources from the Lake of Ranu Grati was carried out on Lempuk fish (Gobiepterus sp). This study aimed to investigate the nutritional value of Lempuk fish (Gobiepterus sp.) consisting of proximate content, amino acids, and fatty acids. The fish sample was collected in July 2021. Standard proxymate analysis was used for protein, fat, moisture, and ash. The results showed that Lempuk fish had relatively similar proximate content to other freshwater fish and seawater fish. The proximate content of the fish is protein (14 %), lipid (7.08 %), moisture (79.27%), and dry base ash (10.67%). Glutamic acid in Lempuk fish is high. It is a medium-fat fish. Fatty acid results showed that Lempuk fish contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Hence, it is suitable for food and also reduces human cardiovascular diseases. This study concludes that the Lempuk fish (Gobiepterus sp.) has good nutritional value and is ideal for human consumption.

Royani Liza Hayati   Luchman Hakim   Asep Awaludin Prihanto   and Nurjannah   

The need for protein or the amount of protein needed by the fish sector in Indonesia has never been recorded and known. Although the demand for protein in aquatic feeds is very high, data related to protein requirements for fish feed in Indonesia need to be known for determining the urgency of providing protein substitutes in feed. So, it is necessary to predict feed and protein demand based on a series of fish production data. This study predicted the protein demand for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three exponential smoothing approaches, namely, single, double, and triple exponential smoothing, were applied to obtain the best model for production estimation. The protein demand was analyzed based on feed conversion ratio and standard protein content in the Nile feed by knowing the production. Production decreased dramatically in 2020. The best approach for predicting is triple exponential smoothing, which predicted a gradual increase of Nile production in 2021. The protein demand for the next five years (2025) is about 345,331.50 to 690,663.00 tons in the scenario of FCR 1.2 and 2.0. It is the first report on predicting protein demand for the production of Nile tilapia. Thus, the government needs to prepare the fulfillment of protein needs for the tilapia fish.

Swati Nayak   Ritesh Dwivedi   Manzoor Dar   and Sk Mosharaf Hossain   

Comparative farmer field trials can be an important channel for the successful evaluation, reliable evidence, and acceptance of agricultural technologies. Farmer-managed comparative trials reinforce the agricultural extension system as they validate new technologies in farmers' field conditions. Thus, on-farm comparative trials allow the farmers to evaluate the differentiable impact of tested technology in their settings. The ingrained concept of "learning by doing" in such trials creates or improves the knowledge of farmers, and enhanced knowledge cascades into the scaling of technology. Climate resilient high yielding rice varieties are considered the most efficient solution against stagnating yields and recurrent abiotic stresses to consolidate the nation's food security. Despite the development and availability of several new varieties, farmers in South Asia, including India, continue to cultivate older varieties owing to poor varietal awareness and knowledge, especially among small and marginal farmers with less resource endowment. Therefore, awareness of the benefits of modern varieties among farmers is likely to motivate them. This concept has been ascertained by the present study. It verifies the positive effect of comparative learning of varieties through on-farm trials in the popularization of new stress-tolerant rice varieties (STRVs). Further, the impact of the gender and institutional linkage-based (through women self-help groups (SHG)) introduction of STRVs on scaling is also proven. The analysis and inferences are based on the findings of a randomized control experiment conducted in the state of Odisha in India using the STRV, BINA Dhan 11 in Head-to-Head (H2H) trials.

Eyitayo Olaleye   and Jacob Oluwoye   

Since the mid-1990s, cattle production in the United States has taken a downward trend. Although the U.S. is still the biggest producer of cattle in the world, the implications of such trend on domestic and global food security cannot be ignored. This study examines this trend of cattle production in detail within the period 1997-2019, with the sole purpose of determining the factors responsible for this trend and what should be done to reverse same. The study takes a look at various variables over the time-frame which could be said to represent the factors of production – land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship and establish the relationship between them. It also includes a novel variable to the mix – degree change in temperature during the year to accommodate for the effects of global warming as an environmental factor. A simple regression model is then estimated to capture the factors that might have contributed to the variation in total cattle produced in the U.S. Findings reveal that land use, employees in agriculture and credit advances to cattle farmers are all low in the U.S., contributing to the plummeting output of cattle production. The analysis does point out that making more land and employees available will increase the production of cattle in the United States. However, higher credit flows might not guarantee improved cattle production. The study, therefore, concludes that the U.S. authorities should consider increased land use and labor supply for agricultural purposes as the means of consolidating the gains of large-scale cattle production in the U.S. The study does not consider other variables which include a shift in consumer taste or the availability or lack of water due to drought on the farm. This is a limitation of the study and makes for areas of further research. These findings will be of immense benefit to policy makers, legislators, farmers and even land use planners to be able to put in action plans that will help enhance food security especially regarding beef production, thereby ensuring the United States' place as the premier cattle producer in the world.

Vishal Chaubey   Deena Sunil Sharanappa   Kshitish Kumar Mohanta   Vishnu Narayan Mishra   and Lakshmi Narayan Mishra   

This article evaluated the agricultural performance of 31 states and union territories (UTs) in India from 2012 to 2017. The best agricultural productivity states and UTs in India were obtained using Malmquist based DEA technique and the efficiency score for each year was found using CCR model. The input parameter is taken as annual rainfall, total population, GDP, Workers, and net cultivated area, and the output parameter is taken as production of rice, wheat, coarse cereals, pulses, oil seeds, and sugarcane. The productivity of the states and UTs are compared, as well as the increase or decrease in productivity is calculated. Total productivity change was calculated using cumulative Malmquist index (CMI). As a result, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, and Uttar Pradesh are the most efficient states throughout the year, while Kerala and Goa are the least efficient. Maximum states and UTs advanced 61.25% in 2015-16, whereas maximum states and UTs declined 62.52% in 2012-13. The overall productivity change in Madhya Pradesh increases perfectly while Nagaland's is almost decreasing. Other factors that may have an influence on state and UTs agriculture productivity include capital investment and fertiliser use. Additional social and environmental performance criteria, such as contribution to local community development and harmful emission measurement, can be integrated as output criteria for sustainability performance analysis.

Bambang Suprayogi   Joko Purbopuspito   Meilinda S. Harefa   Grace Y. Panjaitan   and Zulkifli Nasution   

The biomass and carbon stocks of 2, 6 and 10 year planted mangroves were studied through destructive method of weighting each tree component. The objective was to establish new allometries and carbon production of R. apiculata. Two aboveground biomass allometries of R. apiculata have been developed based on D₃₀ (AGB_D = 0.1224 D₃₀^2.3380) and D₃₀²H (AGB_DH=0.1508 D₃₀²H^0.7793). Accuracy level of aboveground biomass estimation was 85.40% to the actual values of destructive calculation. Each biomass allometric equation can be applied accurately when the estimated mangrove ecosystem has similarity in species, age, tree-density, wood-density and growth factors of mangrove ecosystem where allometry is established. The allometric equation of above-ground carbon stock AGC_D=0.0368D₃₀^2.5996 (based on stem diamater) and AGC_DH=0.0422D₃₀²H^0.8730 (based on combined stem diameter and tree height) can be used to estimate the R. apiculata carbon stocks of non-destructive measurement. However, the accuracy level of AGC_D and AGC_DH allometries used to estimate non-destructive R. apiculata carbon stocks was 60.14% and 79.72% to the actual carbon value of destructive study. The average aboveground carbon stocks of 2 – 10 year R. apiculata were 37.2 MgC ha^-1 (destructive actual value), 30.2 MgC ha^-1 (D₃₀²H), and 29.9 MgC ha^-1 (D₃₀) respectively. It is concluded that the estimated allometric values of aboveground biomass and carbon productions of restored mangroves are closely related to the growth of stem diameter and tree height, but its values are lower than destructive actual value.

R. Prabavathi   and Balika J Chelliah   

Agriculture is the backbone of India's economy, as it is the most important factor in the country's socio-economic development. Because of the rapid expansion in human population, the "Green Revolution" introduced high yield variety (HYV) seeds, which increased crop productivity but degraded crop and soil quality. This is due to the use of excessive amounts of chemical fertilizers in HYV seeds, as well as the irrigation system utilized to grow these seeds. This stunts the growth of the crops, resulting in financial and productivity losses. Because of field surveys, traditional ways to crop production prediction will take longer, and contemporary agriculture will face certain obstacles. As a result, a comprehensive review of various crop key factors such as climatic factors, soil nutrients, production factors, and environmental factors is conducted using a variety of machine learning approaches such as Support Vector Machine, bayes classifier, decision tree, random forest, linear regression and Extreme Learning Machines. The accuracy measures such as root mean square error, coefficient of determination and mean absolute error are used for comparing the performance of the system. Based on the findings of the reviews, an intelligent and robust machine learning technique provides the optimum option for achieving (i) soil fertility, (ii) crop prediction, and (iii) yield prediction. The importance of soil variables and the amount of nutrients available in the soil for growing crops has been found, according to an examination of 51 peer-reviewed studies, to create qualitative yield prediction. Furthermore, the investigations will yield recommendations for future fertilizer research.

Gene T. Señeris   Evelyn P. Vedasto   and Melba L. Ragaas   

The study aims to assess and evaluate the occurrence, diversity and distribution of beneficial organisms, insect pests, and the prevalence of diseases in the 34 identified abaca-producing barangays of Madalag and Libacao, Aklan, Philippines. The descriptive and inferential research methods were employed in the study that generated both qualitative and quantitative data. A research-made questionnaire was distributed to 408 randomly selected farmers and a stratified sampling method was used as the study methodology. In the 34 identified abaca-producing barangays, three sampling plots were employed to gather data with regard the diversity and distribution of beneficial organisms, insect pests, and prevalence of diseases. All the species of beneficial organisms and insect pests were classified according to their order and the species diversity was computed using the Shannon-Wienner Index calculations. Results showed that the common beneficial organisms observed by the farmers are frogs which have two species (tree frog and cane frog) and the major insect pest infestation observed was banana skipper (larva). Based on Shannon-Wienner Index calculations, results indicate that the prevalence of beneficial organisms in both municipalities is more diverse than the insect pests which provide effective management of destructive insect pests through biological control. Data also reveal that the most prevalent diseases observed in the two municipalities are leaf blotch and cordana leaf spots. These diseases are found most active during the southwest monsoon which affects the Philippines from June to September.

Lukman Effendy   Nawangwulan Widyaastuti   and Hana Lastri   

The interest of farmers' daughters and sons to become farmers has currently been very low, although productive age population is more dominant (62%) than other age groups. Low young villagers to choose the agricultural world is caused by many factors, negative stigma of farmers due to dirty, low income, and so on. A study regarding the millennials' to pursue parents' careers as farmers was performed in several villages around Tarogong Kidul District, Garut Regency. This survey study through interviews was conducted on April – June, 2021 with the aims of describing the youngsters' interest level to continue the family agriculture activity, the influenced factors, and finding strategies to increase the youngsters' interest level to continue the family agriculture activity. Data were collected from 54 respondents of 105 millennial farmers based on the Slovin formula with 10 percent error. Data collection was performed directly using closed questionnaires which have been assessed its validity and reliability. Data were analyzed descriptively to explain the variance of each variable, while double linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influenced factors. The study results showed that all independent variables influenced significantly the millennials' interest level with the R-square value of 0.580. The influence coefficients of each variable were formulated in an equation of Y = 82.385 + (0.898) X₁ + (0.448) X₂ + (0.269) X₃. Therefore, increasing the youngsters' interest in agriculture needs to pay attention to the youngsters' individual characteristics (X₁), external factors (X₂), and social roles (X₃).

Meilinda Suriani Harefa   Zulkifli Nasution   Miswar Budi Mulya   and Azhar Maksum   

This article aims to explore and discuss silvofishery pond management and aquaculture by providing space for mangroves in ponds. This study focuses on the management of ponds for milkfish, crab, and shrimp cultivation in Tanjung Rejo Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency. A field study has been conducted for 6 months, during which data were collected from 21 silvofishery ponds using a non-probability convenience sampling method. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) series analysis. Results show that the existence of extensive mangroves in ponds leads to good production in mangrove crab cultivation, which is supported by the natural shrimp and fish populations that enter at high tide in ponds, due to the benefits of mangroves as a habitat for mangrove crabs and brackish water fisheries. A small amount of mangrove area is concentrated on milkfish cultivation, which is supported by the addition of natural fish from outside the pond at high tide. The average income from silvofishery ponds, in Indonesian Rupiahs (IDR), is IDR 13,201,243 per ha. From this, it can be ascertained that the mangrove area is related to the amount of production in silvofishery ponds: the greater the use of mangroves in ponds, the more effective the cultivation and the greater the impact on fishermen's incomes. At an alpha level of 10%, all the direct hypotheses tested have a significant effect.

Fatimah Mohammed Alsarawi   Azharia Abdelbagi Elbushra   and Ishtiag Faroug Abdalla   

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between domestic consumption of meat (red and fish) and its macroeconomics determinants in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period 1980-2020. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was used to estimate the short-run and long-run between domestic consumption of meat (red and fish) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), meat price index, consumer price index and population. The model results revealed a negative significant relationship between domestic consumption of red meat and meat price index, and a positive significant relationship with consumer price index in the long run. The results also depicted a positive significant relationship between domestic consumption of red meat and GDP in the short run. Moreover, the model results depicted a positive significant relationship between domestic consumption of fish and GDP. The study recommended improvement of red meat and fish sub-sectors by supporting producers with loans, storage facilities and supporting the use of modern techniques in fishing to ensure sustainable food supply. This study contributes to literature of food security, and it could support the strategic plan of food security in Saudi Arabia. This is helpful in policy formation to ensure sustainable food supply and fill the gap of the domestic production. It provides valuable information regarding macroeconomic indicators affecting domestic consumption of meat (red meat and fish).

Oleksander Vinyukov   Hanna Chuhrii   Anatoliy Gyrka   Roman Vyskub   and Olha Bondareva   

The research was conducted to study the impact of new nutrient complexes on improving the yield of winter wheat and its adaptability in the eastern part of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. The article aimed to determine the adaptive properties of winter wheat plants of various breeding centers in the eastern Northern Steppe of Ukraine, as well as to improve the technology of growing winter wheat through the use of new nutrient complexes. To achieve this goal, an algorithm of graphical analysis was used. It is established that the introduction of a new nutrient Complex 3 into the winter wheat cultivation technology, which includes: Sizam (250 g/t), Phosphoenterin (133.3 g/t), Diazophyte (133.3 g/t) Biopolicide (133.3 g/t) in the conditions of the eastern part of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine provides a yield increase on a mineral (N₃₀Đ ₃₀К₃₀) nutrition background of 1.22 t/ha, on organo-mineral (N₁₅Đ ₁₅К₁₅+biohumus (250 kg/ha)) — 0.78 t/ha and organic (biohumus — 250 kg/ha) nutrition background compared to the control. There was also a significant improvement in biometrics and the structure of winter wheat yields. A method for analysing the elements of productivity and plasticity of winter wheat is proposed, which allows the selection of drought-resistant varieties suitable for cultivation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Also, it is determined that using a patented graphical algorithm for analyzing the level of ecological plasticity of cereal varieties due to the uniformity of environmental factors on the productivity of cereals allows for determining the most adapted plants. Thus, the varieties of winter wheat Bohynia and Oleksiivka were identified as the most flexible.

Seranmadevi R.   Senthil Kumar A.   and Hariharan R.   

The agricultural sectors in India and abroad have been affected extensively due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is necessary to provide solutions for the availability of resources, controlling the cost, quality in production, transparent food supply, fulfilling demand, and removing intermediaries. The structural reforms in the agricultural sector by adopting emerging technologies, especially blockchain technology (BCT) and the robotics automation process, are inevitable during the pandemic and future development. To study the impact of blockchain on the Agriculture sector, the farmer's level of awareness of the blockchain technology, its methodological influence, the inclination of farmers to adopt the technology in their farming, and agri-related activity are vital. This paper aims to explore the opportunities of BCT in expanding the agriculture sector, ascertain the awareness and intensity of farmers' knowledge of the effect of BCT, and develop the mean difference in the opinion of the farmers towards the utilization of BCT in the relevant field of agriculture. A structured interview schedule was administered with 360 sample farmers from the Delta regions of three states located in the southern part of India, such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu, using a purposive sampling technique intending. Irrespective of the age, gender, land capacity, possession, education level, learned procedures, and abundant experience helped the farmers demand a new technology interface to improve their income level and register their sustainability.

Eddy Triharyanto   Dinda Pangestika Wijayanti   and Desy Setyaningrum   

Onion is one of the essential horticultural commodities in Indonesia. The productivity of onion in 2019 is only 7.27 t/ha. Low productivity levels are a problem faced by farmers in Indonesia. One of the causes of low productivity is the low quality of planting material. The majority of onion cultivars can only be propagated vegetatively through bulbs and are known as sterile species. Therefore, other planting materials that have high production potential are needed. Bulbils are possible as planting material. Several onion varieties have a tendency to produce bulbils, one of which is the Tawangmangu Baru variety. Tawangmangu varieties of onion include the type of softneck that can form bulbils. This study aims to examine the morphological characteristics and structure of bulbils and to determine the yield potential of onion bulbils. Field experiments were carried out descriptively by planting onion bulbils. Each Tawangmangu Baru variety plant is capable of forming 1-5 bulbils. Bulbils that are formed have a small size with a single bulb shape. Bulbils and cloves have the same morphological and structural characteristics as the embryo. However, there is a difference in size between bulbils and clove bulbs, bulbils are smaller in length, size and weight. The longitudinal cross-section of the clove bulbs' bulbils is the first foliar leaf, leaf clove base storage. The cross-section of the bulbils and cloves consists of the carrier bundle, embryonic parenchyma, embryonic epidermis, bulb parenchyma. Growing bulbils require controlled environmental and climatic conditions. Bulbils can grow and produce bulbs with a productivity of 6 - 8 tons/ha. Bulbils have the potential to be developed as planting material.

Indranil Sarkar   Sunil Karforma   Rajesh Bose   and Sandip Roy   

One of the natural resources that is vital to our existence as humans is water. Since humans use water in their daily lives, it is essential to check the water level to solve extensive water supply especially during major crisis period. It is the most significant to make it available and avoid wastage. Background study highlights some earlier work on using GSM network services to monitor our system and also specifies the creation of a prepaid water metre system that lets for remote monitoring and charging of water intake without the need for human involvement. In this paper, we proposed a model that is described along with web-based data acquisition platform integrated to retrieve data through cellular networks. Using this technology many people like farmers are aware from time to time of their water level condition especially in summer or dry time in their different urban, semi-urban, or rural areas so that they use their water as per their demand. Our Internet of Things (IoT) based system also gives an automated alarm system that can send a message to its registered user for a drop of water level of any resources at their area. Therefore, our project is to develop an architecture which can measure volume of water in different water bodies along with geographical location. A mobile based application has been developed for real-time search along with water level status. So, it will help to balance our ecosystem. Our long-term goal is to provide a more reliable source of drinking water for the inhabitants of the locality.

Ricson L. Ines   Ronald E. Garcia   Benedicto D. Torres   and Zoila M. Duque   

The inland water regime is a major problem in crop production due to the irregular formation of the soil surface which includes water as the main factor for crop production. The objectives of the study were to measure and evaluate the performance of intercepted in terms of trapped soil sediments, water storage capacity, and crops produced through economic analysis. The research was carried out at BPSU, Bangkal, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines (North 14°46' East 120°30'). During the study period, the average yearly rainfall depth at BPSU-AWS Station was 2,899.4 mm, whereas the average rainfall depth from January 2019 to May 2020 was 4,059.6 mm. Four benches or terraces were built, along with four runoff interceptors. The runoff interceptor, which retained water during a rainy runoff event, is 131.6 meters long and 0.5 meters wide by 0.4 meters deep. A total of 26.32 m³ of water was stored. Vertisols were the type of soil (Antipolo Clay). At the peak of the first-year season, 4.11 m³ of soil was eroded within the runoff interceptor (4,808.7 kg of dry soil). In 284.5 m², three rice varieties were sown. Rice was harvested with a total weight of 248.5 kg. Three vegetable crops were planted during the second crop, while Wax Pepper had the highest gross income. The ROI and payback period for the two seasons studied were 0.09 percent and 11.05 years, respectively. Water stored in runoff interceptors can be used to supplement irrigation water for the production of rice, high-value crops, and crops with low water requirements.

Gene T. Señeris   Evelyn P. Vedasto   Malco M. Teodosio   Melba L. Ragaas   and Lelisa J. Teodosio   

The present study identified the different abaca (Musa textilis Nee) cultivars grown in the 34 identified abaca producing barangays of Madalag and Libacao, Aklan, Philippines, and evaluated the morphological characteristics of the matured abaca plant such as plant height, number of suckers, number of leaves, the circumference of pseudostem and length of stalks. Stratified random sampling was conducted. From the two municipalities, there were 34 abaca-producing barangays identified, and three abaca plantations were randomly selected to obtain the morphological characteristics of the different abaca cultivars using the prescribed measurement procedures. Distribution of the cultivars determined through geospatial mapping using Geographic Information System (GIS). Statistical analyses employed were single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-test to determine significant differences among groups/cultivars at α = 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that there were four identified abaca cultivars commonly grown in Madalag and Libacao. These were Bisaya, Tabukanon, Agbayanon and Negro cultivars. Moreover, the morphological performance of the different cultivars responded differently. The study will provide relevant data on the distribution and morphological characteristics of abaca cultivars in the province. It could enhance programs and interventions in achieving the local and global demand for high-quality abaca fiber.

Reham Fathey Ali   and David Gwyn Robinson   

The tropical leatherleaf terrestrial slug species Laevicaulis alte (Férussac, 1822) (Pulmonata: Veronicellidae) is reported for the first time in October 2018. The species was found under the pots of ornamental plants and mango seedlings in nursery in Abo Rawash, El Mansouria, Giza governorate (N 30°05.975' E31°04.717'), Egypt. The species is originally native to southern Africa inhabiting in warmer eastern regions with high precipitation. Recently, L. alte has been introduced as big populations in southern and southeastern Asia in addition to the tropical and subtropical regions. L. alte may have a high suspect of spreading its population in more surrounding governorates in Egypt for the next few years. This species may become locally widespread and abundant in ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plant seedlings in other nurseries or gardens. L. alte reproduces successfully in the new environment by laying egg masses in the field and completing their life cycle. Morphological notes and slug measurements (i.e. length, width, foot length, foot width, width of right and left hyponota and the length from genital pore till posterior end of the slug body) have been recorded in this study as important characteristic features for the species and accurate description. There is a need to carry out further studies to design a considered integrated pest management program according to the behavior and activity of this pest, which adapted well to a new environment to reduce the increasing of its population.

Ma. Teresa S. Alvarez   and Diosdado C. Cañete   

Dairy is one of the growing and promising industries in the Cagayan Valley region. There were concerted efforts made by the government, non-government, and people's organizations to design a road map on Dairy for Cagayan Valley. This industry little by little has gotten bigger considering the greater demand for dairy products in the market. Better management and proper health care of dairy animals are important for maintaining higher productivity. Looking at economic development, the environment has been sacrificed in any case. The world is facing climate change because of economic development, the industrialization productions of goods, over-harvesting of natural resources, and left behind the restorations of a degraded environment. Though at present, the government of various countries made an initiative to mitigate climate change. In the Philippines, various laws and programs are a concern for the environment which is implemented and observed by all government agencies. In the case of Cagayan Valley, before the massive production of dairy in the region, the dairy Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are evaluated for their awareness of green technologies and assessed the determinants that influence the level of awareness and mitigate climate change. This study was conducted in Cagayan Valley covering Isabela, Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya, and Cagayan provinces from 2018 to 2020 with the Dairy Micro Small Medium Enterprises operating in the region as respondents and was selected from the list provided by the Department of Trade and Industry and the Department of Agriculture through the National Dairy Authority. A semi-structured questionnaire was used and conducted Focus group discussion, Problem Analysis, Key Informant Interviews, Environmental Scanning, and Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis. The data were processed using descriptive-inferential statistics. The assessment on the level of awareness of the technologies was rated high with a weighted mean of 3.85 percent. The assessment for environmental practices of the dairy farmers/MSMEs is rated very good with 3.9 weighted means. As to the problems and constraints encountered by the dairy farmer, the dairy farmers have highlighted the insufficient technical and financial support from the authorities for green technologies. They have noted the lack of technical know-how and been told that there will be an added cost to their operation, while the least that they have mentioned are very costly and have no sources of capital for acquisition and implementation, and difficulty to integrate with their existing dairy operations.

Swati Nayak   Ritesh Dwivedi   Sk Mosharaf Hossain   Kuntal Das   and Monika Saxena   

Rice in Indian state Odisha can contribute more to the agrarian economy if existing low productivity is ameliorated through varietal diversity, improved seed security, and a higher varietal turnover. This exploratory study has found 63% of farmers acquire seeds from farm-managed seed sources. The rice area is dominated by only four mega varieties and a low level of varietal diversity (0.311) was observed. In low land flood-prone areas, such diversity is relatively low (0.25) whereas upland areas have shown higher diversity (0.349). The diversity level increases with the increase in farmers' landholding size. Inter-region variation in varietal diversity is also noticeable indicating gaps in choices and access across regions. Farmers who participated in the varietal demonstration adopted varieties as indicated by increased acreage under those varieties in subsequent years. Farmer to farmer knowledge and seed sharing was found to be strongly present. In respect of varietal traits yield, grain quality, cooking quality, and diseases and pest tolerance are most considered by farmers for variety adoption. Even though seed availability is satisfactory in the state, the seed security dimensions like access, quality, varietal choice, and seed system stability need improvement to better the overall rice seed security at the farm level.

Samuel Adu Osei   Daniel Agyei-Dwarko   Johnny Sackitey Ossom   Enoch Sapey   Wonder Nunekpeku   and Dickson Osei Darkwah   

Morphological characterization is one of the steps that are considered important in the description and classification of cultivated crops. A field evaluation of gamma irradiated oil palm second generation (M₂) progenies was carried out at Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – Oil Palm Research Institute (CSIR-OPRI), Kusi, Ghana. This experiment aimed to determine the agro-morphological performances of M₂ population at the nursery stage. The entries were made up of eight (8) M₂ progenies and a control, using randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, butt circumference, chlorophyll content of the leaves and stomatal conductance. All the characters studied exhibited significant (P < 0.05) variability among genotypes. The mean value (58.45 cm) of plant height for all the M₂ progenies studied was 24% lower than that of the check (76.86 cm) and this is an indication of suspected dwarf trait which can be useful in crop improvement programmes. Progeny 14 performed significantly better in leaf production (9.60) and butt circumference (13.24 cm). The performance of progeny 15 was high with respect to leaf area (2135 cm²) and chlorophyll content (32.93 ug/g) while progeny 16 exhibited low stomatal conductance (5.90 m²s/mol), an indication of low transpiration rate and possible drought traits could be exploited in the development of drought tolerant materials.

Eyaas Abu-Rabada   and Rezq Basheer-Salimia   

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is considered the main aspect of food security in the Middle-East including Palestine. This important crop testifies a sharp decline in its productivity due to many reasons including climate change and its consequences in particular. This study was carried out in the eastern slopes of Bethlehem governorate that are classified as arid to semi-arid areas in the growing season 2018/2019. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, for the aim of investigating the effect of different tillage (conventional tillage (CT) and three conservation tillage systems, reduced tillage (RT), conservation tillage at 8 cm (C8) and conservation tillage at 4 cm depth (C4)). In addition to their combination with different fertilization types (sheep manure (M), tri-superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium sulfate (AS) ) and ratios as the following (manure 6m³/dunum (M_6m³), manure 3m³/dunum+ TSP 6.25 kg/dunum+ AS 6.25 kg/dunum (M_3m³/TSP_6.25kg/AS_6.25kg), manure 3m³/dunum+ TSP 12.5 kg/dunum (M_3m³/TSP_12.5kg) and manure 3m³/dunum+ AS 12.5 kg/dunum (M_3m³/AS_12.5kg)) in addition to the control that was tilled without any fertilization treatments. Generally, our results revealed the superiority of the RT× M_6m³ in term of grain yield production. On the other hands, RT× M_3m³/TSP_12.5kg is recommended to increase straw production. This short- term study is definitely not sufficient to reveal the impact of the examined tillage and fertilization practices, but it gives indicators for the possible effects of these practices that need more investigation on longer term.

Ivan M. Kulikov   and Ivan A. Minakov   

The development of agriculture depends on the provision of material resources and technical means. The pursued state agrarian policy contributed to the strengthening of the material and technical resources of the industry but did not allow solving completely the problem of its modernization. The purpose of the present research is to assess the current status of the material and technical resources of agriculture in Russia and to substantiate the main courses of its modernization. The research was carried out using statistical-economic, computational-constructive, and monographic methods. Agricultural organizations are insufficiently provided with technical means and material resources that hinder using modern technologies. The available capacities for the production of agricultural machinery are not used fully, thus, 15.2% of available capacities are used for the production of tractors, 37.3% – for grain harvesters, 31.5% – for seeders, and 55.1% – for plows. A significant part of the material and technical resources is formed by imports. For some crops (vegetables, corn, sunflower, sugar beet, etc.), the share of imported seeds and hybrids ranges from 50 to 98%, crosses in the production of broilers amount to 95%, machinery – more than 40%. Purchasing material and technical resources are constrained by the increase of their purchase prices. Over 2014-2020, the average price of motor gasoline increased by 35.2%, diesel fuel – by 45.6%, insecticides – by 76.7%, combine harvesters – by 2.4 times, and milking machines and apparatuses – by 2.1 times. Modernization of the material and technical resources of agriculture depends on factors, such as the development of industries producing means of production for the agro-industrial complex, the solvency of the agricultural sector, prices, import and export of material and technical resources, as well as state support.

Diosdado C. Cañete   and Ma. Teresa S. Alvarez   

The Philippine dairy business, worth Php100 billion, has a far way toward meeting the country's dairy demands. Local dairy farmers fulfill 1% of the need, despite yearly imports of $800 million in dairy goods. Dairy is the third most imported agricultural item, with 85 percent of the country importing it in powder form, which is subsequently processed into a liquid for household usage. Milk manufacturing has a number of environmental consequences. Dairy cows and their dung create greenhouse gases including methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide, which contribute to climate change. The study assessed the technical and economic efficiency of green dairy technology utilization in the Cagayan Valley. Specifically, it analyzed the determinants that affect dairy farmers' technical and economic efficiency by utilizing green technologies. It gathered data and information via a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were processed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier analysis. The majority of the 11 dairy farmers surveyed were male, older farmers, with greater household size, who obtained their 9 years of school and had a lower monthly income of Php13,863.91. The productivity model reveals that the material costs that contributed to increasing milk productivity are significant. The lower cost of materials was due to the adoption of green technologies like silage making, vermiculture/composting, and recycling of farm wastes. The number of dairy animals, pre/post-harvest labor costs, and investment were all negative coefficients that did not affect milk productivity. Furthermore, age, household size, and agricultural years were among the technical inefficiencies that had a substantial impact. Dairy producers' technical inefficiency is aggravated by their age and years of farming. These farmers are getting older, starting at an age of 55.54, deteriorating their technical efficiency performance attributed to physical strength to perform dairying activities, while years of farming experience of 23.32 and above dairy farmers are attributed to their resistance to adopting green technologies. A household with four or fewer family members has fewer technical inefficiencies. The number of workers is usually drawn from the family members that contribute to better technical efficiency performance.

May B. Cayaban   and Ma. Teresa S. Alvarez   

In the Philippines, the goat business is very significant to the country's agriculture. Farmers can supplement their income by raising goats for a small investment. The purpose of this study was on consumer acceptance of ISU-S&T chevon products, notably in Baguio City, to provide baseline data for ISU-CVSRRC, private sector, and goat raisers to determine the market potential of canned chevon in the Philippines. Specifically, the demographic profile, level of consumer acceptance in terms of product appearance, flavor, aroma, texture, packaging, and price, and level of influence of health, economic, accessibility, and social factors on the consumer's acceptability of the chevon products were considered by 109 selected respondents. The descriptive-correlational design was used. Frequency and percentage distribution, mean and standard deviation were computed for the profiling of the respondents, and description of the levels of consumer acceptability and its influencing factors, respectively. The inferential part consisted of the computations of correlation coefficients, particularly the Pearson-r, Spearman rho, and eta coefficients, to establish relationships among variables evaluated at 0.05 level of significance. Most of the respondents finished college, were government employees, and were in their twenties. Generally, the chevon products were moderately acceptable to males, with the greatest influencing factors being those related to the health benefits of the chevon products. The least concern of the respondents for its acceptability was the price. Likewise, those with lower income tend to have a higher level of acceptance of the product's appearance compared with those with higher income. The economic and accessibility factors had significant relationships with the acceptability of the chevon products. With the right market value and campaign, the ISU-S&T-based chevon products have the potential to prosper in the market.

Tetiana Shmatkovska   Mykola Dziamulych   Nataliia Vavdiiuk   Serhiy Petrukha   Nataliia Koretska   and Andrii Bilochenko   

In the article we investigate the problem of determining the main factors of increasing the profitability of agricultural enterprises in order to effectively use the resource potential of agricultural producers. In this study, we used a set of modern scientific methods, among which we highlight such methods as factor analysis, structural analysis, graphical and tabular methods, grouping methods, regression statistical analysis, etc. In particular, grouping methods are used in the study for the distribution of the researched enterprise's totality according to the special features of their functioning. Also in the process of our study regression, a statistical analysis method was used to build a regression model to assess the relationship of profit and revenue from agricultural enterprises with such factors as a capital ratio, the average annual amount of enterprise assets, the labour costs, and the number of material costs per unit of land area. Besides, in order to study the level of profitability of agricultural enterprises in terms of their organizational and legal forms of management, the scope of financial and economic activities as well as the unit of the occupied area, livestock and taking into account the products produced, we used the structural analysis method. According to the results of the study, we found that the profitability of agricultural enterprises in the Lviv region of Ukraine depends on the characteristics of their versatility. Thus, according to the results of the study we proved, that the constructed multifactorial correlation and regression models allow us to make the conclusion about availability of the significant impact on the profitability of the security of the agricultural enterprises in Lviv region of Ukraine and the level of their intensification of the production activities. Based on the study, it can be argued that the profit of agricultural enterprises is a key indicator for the implementation of the process of agricultural production, and is one of the main criteria for the effectiveness of the agricultural sector. It is determined that the activity of agricultural enterprises is significantly influenced by external factors that are not directly related to the production activities of enterprises.

Lalita V. Zakharikhina   Yury S. Litvinenko   and Vera V. Gainatulina   

For the first time in international practice, agricultural experiments were carried out to introduce volcanic ash from the Kamchatka Peninsula in combination with conventional mineral fertilizers into ocherous volcanic soils (Andosols Acroxic). According to various variables of field experiment, yield increases were obtained relative to the background: for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) by 31–63% in 2014, by 7–19% in 2017 and by 14–31% in 2018; on timothy (Phleum pretense) by 21-50% in 2015. Production experience in the cultivation of annual forage grasses in 2016 showed an increase in yield by 32%. In addition, the crude protein in forage grasses and the content of starch potato tubers also increase, and potatoes have better resistance to potato diseases.

Ujang Maman   Yusron Razak   Murodi   Asep Saefuddin   Faisal Hendra   Zirmansyah   Nindyantoro   Lilis Imamah Ichdayati   and Junaidi   

Currently, more than 65% of Indonesian farmers are at the age of 45 years or older. In next 30 years, it is estimated that Indonesia will experience a farmers' scarcity. The Indonesian government must raise millennial farmers who are relatively educated and have high creativity. But the coming of "new farmer" should be followed by changing agricultural extension model. The top-down extension is no longer suitable with basic characters of youth; they need a dialogical-participatory extension model which is based on their achievements. Therefore, by the case of mitigating organic rice farming system in Indonesia, this research aims to identify ORFS's risk mitigation attributes; achievement of mitigation implementation; and improvement priorities; and finally arrange agricultural extension planning based on this achievement. The sample of this research, by adopting Slovin Formula with less than 7% error probability, is 109 organic rice farmers in West Java, Indonesia. The in-depth interviews prove six mitigation attributes in cultivation and plant maintenance phase. Assisted by important-performance-analysis to determine farmer's achievement in implementation of these attributes, the agricultural extension planning should maintain the implementation of three attributes; remediate two attributes as main program, and extend the performance of one attribute as secondary program. The three attributes include promoting cultivation plant-based pesticide ingredient, training and outreach on manufacture and use of plant-based pesticides, and weeding plants without herbicides. The two attributes consist of socialization not to pollute organic agricultural land; and collaborate with relevant agencies to participate in the success of organic farming pilot project. The one attribute is giving sanctions for farmers who buy and use chemical inputs. The participatory extension model should be applied to implement above three kinds of extension planning.

Igberi C. O.   Osuji E. E.   Odo N. E.   Ibekwe C. C.   Onyemauwa C. S.   Obi H. O.   Obike K. C.   Obasi I. O.   Ifejimalu A. C.   Ebe F. E.   Ibeagwa O. B.   Chinaka I. C.   Emeka C. P. O.   Orji J. E.   and Ibrahim-Olesin S.   

The study assessed prioritized climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices and technologies of household farmers in Southeast, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to isolate 326 household farmers who participated on the study. Data collection was done using research instrument (questionnaire). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. Results indicated that majority of the respondents were females, had secondary education, and had household size of 9 persons with a mean age of 48 years and 19 years of farming experience. Temperature variation (3.85), increase in number of sunny days (3.50), increase in amount of rainfall (3.10), variation in rainfall pattern (3.56), decrease in total rainfall (3.21), increase in frequency of heavy rains (2.85), etc were seriously perceived as climate change effects in the area. Again, various prioritized CSA practices and technologies such as growing a single crop, using a mixture of appropriately chosen genotypes of a given species (46.6%), use of quality seeds and planting materials of well-adapted crops and varieties (77.9%), crop rotation and diversity (41.1%) integrated pest management (47.5%), improved water use and management (26.4%), etc. were adopted by the farmers in mitigating climate change effects. Climate threats identified in the area include, decrease in overall productivity due to increased extreme weather events (0.97), decrease in crop production due to changes in average rainfall (0.94), decrease crop production due to increase in temperatures and rainfall variability (0.79), rapid migration of some pests and diseases (0.72), etc. Lack of access to up to-date information (2.88), access to micro-finance and insurance (2.57), access to agricultural input and output markets (2.14), etc. constrained the adoption of CSA practices. Age, education, occupation, years in farming experience further influenced the adoption of CSA practices and technologies. Policy motions in propagating climate change awareness through the mass media were recommended.

Omnia M. Wassif  

This study was to analyze the efficiency (E) of traps in holding suspended soil particles that cause dust, environmental and agricultural problems by wind erosion in NWCZ, Egypt. These vertical and passive sediment traps with different design in rotary and fixed reservoir box and different methods of measured soil loss. Rotary Distance (RD), Fixed Distance (FD), Rotary Point (RP) and Fixed Point (FP) traps were compared with traditional trap Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE). The variation between traps’ efficiency as a function of height was significantly (P≀0.05) and was as follow: RD, FD, RP, and FP more increase than BSNE. The performance of the trap types as an efficiency of suspension particles (assumed to possess E=1 for suspended particle sizes) was as follow RD> FD> RP> FP> BSNE; 99%, 98%, 88%, 85%, 65% respectively. The efficiency of traps in suspension particles size (<45, 45- 63 and >100 ”m) were significant (P ≀ 0.05) and the best efficient were RD and FD. Therefore, RD and FD traps have direct methods for measuring soil loss by wind erosion and have the most acceptable, accurate, fastest and easiest in soil particle analyzed and therefore the most effective way to discriminate suspension particles.

Wekesa L.   Muema K.   and Muthini J.   

Majority of farmers in the Coast Region of Kenya practice the agri-silviculture farming system as a source of their livelihood and well-being. However, most of them grow trees and agriculture crops on smallholdings that are characterized by a limited resource base calling for the adoption of enterprises with the potential of optimizing production and economic returns. Thus, financial assessments were carried out for both the trees and agriculture crops to establish profitable ones. The study was carried out as a cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire to collect data from smallholder farmers with woodlots and field crops selected using stratified random sampling procedures. The results reveal that woodlots were more profitable at their biological rotation than commonly grown field crops. Woodlots had average annual net earnings of US$364.46 per acre spread uniformly over their biological rotation. On the other hand, annual earnings from highly ranked field crops averaged US$177.39 per acre. It was, therefore recommended that farmers be encouraged to engage in woodlots but inter-crop them with field crops at the initial stages of establishment to help diversify, and optimize their incomes and food self-sufficiency at the farm level. Farmers are also advised to mechanize and use other technologies that minimize labour usage that was observed to be the highest cost component in woodlot establishment.

Mohd Kamal Mohd Nawawi   Ibrahim Zeghaiton Chaloob   Jehan Saleh Ahmed   Razamin Ramli   and Suliadi Firdaus Sufahani   

The need to increase agricultural production has become a challenging task for most countries. Generally, many resource factors affect the deterioration of production level, such as low water level, desertification, soil salinity, low on capital, lack of equipment, the impact of export and import of crops, lack of fertilizers, pesticide, and the ineffective role of agricultural extension services which are significant in this sector. The main objective of this research is to develop fuzzy goal programming (GP) model to improve agricultural crop production, leading to increased agricultural benefits (more tons of produce per acre) based on the minimization of the main resources (water, fertilizer, and pesticide) to determine the weight in the objectives function subject to different constraints (land area, irrigation, labor, fertilizer, pesticide, equipment, and seed). Fuzzy GP (FGP) and GP were utilized to solve multi-objective decision-making (MODM) problems. From the results, this research has successfully presented a new alternative method that introduced multi-interval weights in solving a multi-objective FGP and GP model problem in a fuzzy manner, in the current uncertain decision-making environment for the agricultural sector. The significance of this research lies in the fact that some of the farming zones have resource limitations while others adversely impact their environment due to misuse of resources.

Bambang Suprayogi   J. Purbopuspito   Meilinda Suriani Harefa   G.Y. Panjaitan   and Z. Nasution   

The 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 30-year restored mangroves were studied through non-destructive method by measuring their stem diameter and tree height. Two allometric references: (a) stem diameter (D₃₀) and (b) combined quadratic stem diameter and tree height (D₃₀²H) were used to estimate aboveground and belowground vegetation carbon stocks. The soil samples were collected from different depth and analysed in laboratory for soil carbon. The objective of this study was to estimate ecosystem carbon stocks of restored mangroves and its sequestration. The growth of restored mangroves induced an increase of tree biomass and a corresponding increase in vegetation carbon stocks from 3.7 MgC ha^-1 at 2-year to 136.8 MgC ha^-1 at 30-years. However, soil carbon stocks among restored mangrove plots spread randomly and didn't follow the sequence of mangrove tree ages. Average (2-30 years) mangrove ecosystem carbon in Northern Sumatra estimated by D₃₀²H allometry (362.0 MgC ha^-1) was higher than that estimated by D₃₀ allometry (344.1 MgC ha^-1). This higher trend was also followed by its carbon sequestration with values of 41.1 MgCO₂e ha^-1 yr^-1 estimated by D₃₀²H allometry and 31.5 MgCO₂e ha^-1 yr^-1 estimated by D₃₀ allometry. It is concluded that the values of ecosystem carbon stock of restored mangroves and its sequestration estimated by combined quadratic stem diameter and tree height (D₃₀²H) are higher than if it is estimated by stem diameter (D₃₀). The D₃₀²H value is higher because this allometry calculates the volume of the tree stem, while D₃₀ allometry only calculates the surface of the stem. The range values of average ecosystem carbon sequestration of this study may be better used as a reference for Afforestation, Reforestation and Re-vegetation (ARR) verification than what has been used as default/conservative values.

Osuji E. E.   Onyeneke R. U.   Balogun O. L.   Tim-Ashama A. C.   Onyemauwa C. S.   Praise N. C.   Azuamairo G. C.   Amadi M. U.   Obi J. N.   Ibekwe C. C.   Obasi I. O.   Njoku C. L.   Izuogu C. U.   Ebe F. E.   and Ugochukwu G. C.   

Agriculture is the principal source of income for the majority of Nigerian rural households, but it has suffered significant setbacks in recent years, resulting in lower productivity and returns on investment. The study looked at the econometric analysis of household farmers' agricultural intensification strategies in Imo State, Nigeria. With the help of standardized questionnaires, 198 household farmers were selected using a multi-stage sample technique. The Beta regression model and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected. Cassava, maize, and pumpkin leaves had the highest average outputs of 88.712kg, 87.901kg, and 85.990kg, respectively, which dominated the entire production cycle. Planting materials, soil nutrients, and land improvement activities cost the most, at 81.637.75, 74, 402.82, and 71, 906.80, respectively. At 1% and 5% levels, the coefficients of age, sex, education, net farm income, farm size, extension contacts, and farming experience were statistically significant and influenced the intensification of sustainable agricultural techniques (SAT) in the area. The study recommends farmers to embrace effective and long-term agricultural technologies in order to boost farm production and output. Extension personnel should also meet with household farmers on a regular basis to communicate important information about new technologies.

Chaiya Kongmanee   and Ferdoushi Ahmed   

The impacts of COVID-19 have yet to manifest and are not predictable due to their scale or nature. This is shown in the infection, morbidity, and mortality rates, even more so in the implications on the agriculture sector and agricultural trade. On the other hand, it is well known that these effects will have an impact on both small-scale agriculture and other links in the production chain. This study aims to examine the current situations and problems of households' socio-economic characteristics of Thai rubber farmers. The study correspondingly tries to identify the behavioral changes of rubber farmer households and livelihoods. The study found that many rubber Farmers are going to be hooked on loan from the community source. However, on the contrary, a large number of people become able to adjust and balance their lives in line with their financial aspects. The study found that, 93.6% farmers had decreasing incomes, while 47.7% had adequacy of household incomes, and 38.5% had economic dependency, e.g., borrowing money from the system outside. In contrast, to highlight the positive effects on the economy, the study found that most of the farmers (92.7%) saved money and considered more before spending during the pandemic. Similarly, an overwhelming portion (86.2%) of the farmers applied the philosophy of sufficiency economy for livelihoods, while 74.3% had built institution and culture of saving for households, and 73.4% had attempted to seek more income to support their family.

Monique Soro   Koussao SomĂ©   FidĂšle TiendrĂ©bĂ©ogo   Justin S. Pita   Rahim Romba   Bouma James NĂ©ya   and Daouda. KonĂ©   

The whitefly-transmitted cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) is the most important disease threatening the production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Among the main measures for controlling CMD, the use of resistant varieties seems to be among the best methods. This study was conducted in 2017/2018 cassava growing season at three locations to evaluate the level of resistance to CMD of 7 elite cassava varieties widely used by farmers and 3 local cassava varieties cultivated in Burkina Faso. Both morphological and molecular markers were used to screen these varieties against CMGs infection. Morphological markers revealed 8 varieties as highly resistant (TMS 91/02312, TMS 92/0067, TMS 92/0325, TMS 92/0427, TMS 4(2)1425, TMS 94/0270, TMS 30572 and Boborola) whilst the two others (Nouhao and Santidougou) were resistant. The molecular markers linked to CMD1 and CMD2 genes were detected in all varieties. The molecular marker associated with CMD3 gene was detected only in the 8 highly resistant varieties. However, whitefly number per plant and disease pressure were low during this study. It was, therefore, concluded that a better assessment of resistance of cassava varieties to CMD in Burkina Faso could be obtained by combining agro-inoculation and molecular screening.

Nilo E. Padilla   Joe Ann G. Payne   Ralph John S. Lapastura   and Errol John A. Cadeliña   

There is a lack of information available on dairy vermicomposting technology in the Cagayan Valley Region, which has led to its non-adoption. The Department of Agriculture (DA) and other government organizations, on the other hand, have acknowledged and funded advocacy initiatives to raise awareness about the use of dairy manure in vermicomposting technology. As a result, the goal of this study was to determine the level of awareness, utilization, and adoption of vermicomposting technology using dairy manures, as well as to identify issues and constraints in the utilization and adoption of vermicomposting using dairy waste, and to suggest possible solutions. The Likert scale, frequency, percentage, and average mean were used to assess the data collected during the interview (FGD) and (KII). The average mean of the samples was used to calculate the levels of awareness, adoption, and utilization. According to the findings, Dairy MSMEs have an average level of awareness of 3.2, indicating that most of the respondents have moderately high awareness, while the level of adoption of Dairy MSMEs has an overall scale of 3.6, indicating that most of the respondents have a high level of adoption, resulting in a high level of utilization of vermicompost dairy manure. However, according to the distribution of the respondents' issues and concerns in the vermicomposting technology using dairy animal waste, the respondents' main concern was difficulty in integrating vermicomposting technology, lack of technical know-how, added cost in the production process, costly and limited source of capital and insufficient technical and financial support. As a result, the study suggests that capacity building and access to loan windows are steps that should be taken to increase awareness and utilization of technology to strengthen respondents' knowledge, abilities, skills, behavior, and incomes in determining agricultural long-term strategy.

Marivel B. Go   Rodolfo A. Golbin Jr.   Feliciana G. Cababat   Severina P. Velos   Johnry P. Dayupay   Alexis P. Ramirez   and Kent Marcial Catubis   

This study compares the effect of Hog Waste Organic Fertilizer (HWOF) and Commercial Inorganic Fertilizer (CIF) on the growth performance of pechay (Brassica rapa) in 7 Treatments: T1- pure soil; T2 - soil with CIF; T3- 20% hog waste; T4 - 40% hog waste; T5 - 60% hog waste; T6 - 80% hog waste; T7 – 100% hog waste. The experiment for 30 days was performed on a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The data gathered were analyzed using one-way ANOVA to determine the differences among the growth performances of pechay based on height, leaf width, no. of leaves, weight, and root length. The results present the physico-chemical analyses of both soil and hog waste fertilizers. Regarding the growth performances of pechay (Brassica rapa), T5 obtained the highest plant height - 108.27 cm and leaf width – 112.07 cm, which were significantly higher than T2 using CIF. The highest weight gain was obtained by T6, which was significantly higher than the other treatments followed by T5, but both were comparable to the samples of CIF, while T3 obtained the longest root length. Thus, the application of 60% to 80% HWOF yields comparable results with CIF. Hence, such application is recommended for community organic farming.

Marcal Gusmao   and Lamdor T. Sitorus   

In Timor-Leste, it is possible to use residual soil water after rice harvest to produce grain legumes, despite the lack of supplementary irrigation. This study aimed to identify the growth of potential grain legumes adapted to transient water deficit after rice harvest. The experiment was undertaken in 2012 at the Hera Field Research of the National University of Timor Lorosa'e, representing lowland areas, and farmland in Aileu, representing highland areas. The experiment used a completely randomized design with two factors (water treatment and species) and three replications. Both sites had a well-watered control and drought treatment applied at flowering for 15 days before re-watering to maturity at the Hera site or five days when rain interrupted the treatment at the Aileu site. Grain legumes were peanut, soybean, kidney bean, white bean, speckled bean, cowpea (black), cowpea red, mungbean, and grass pea. The measured parameters included soil water content, pH and temperature, crop phenology, plant growth, yield, and yield components. The results showed that the Hera site had significantly lower soil water content than the control; no soil water measurement occurred at Aileu site due to rain interruption. On average, grain legumes at the Hera site germinated, flowered, set pods, and reached physiological maturity earlier than at the Aileu site. The fastest flowering species was soybean (48 DAS) at the Hera site and (winding) white bean at the Aileu site (61 DAS). The first species to set pods were mungbean, soybean, and kidney bean (55 DAS) at the Hera site and white and speckled beans (73 DAS) at the Aileu site. Mungbean matured first at both sites. Drought significantly reduced seed yield by 32.9% and 19.1% at the Hera and Aileu sites, respectively. At the Hera site, cowpea red and mungbean produced the highest seed yields (2.6 t/ha), followed by kidney bean (2.3 t/ha), and soybean (2.0 t/ha). At the Aileu site, cowpea black produced the highest seed yield (1.6 t/ha), with the remaining species between 1.2 t/ha (mungbean) and 0.02 t/ha (grass pea). The experiment identified mungbean, soybean, cowpea red, and kidney bean as the best grain legume options for lowland areas after rice harvest; further study is required for the upland areas. Kidney bean was the novel finding, tested for the first time in lowland areas, which had vigorous growth and high seed yield.

Ananya Kuanar   Ankita Pati   Bibhudutta Pattnaik   Ruchi Bhuyan   and Dattatreya Kar   

Introduction: Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that deals specifically with many aspects of life with genetically modified medicine, food, global warming and energy production. Cultivation of low cost and disease-free crops as well as planting materials such as potatoes and bananas cannot be used for a long term, so through cryopreservation, the conservation of genetic resources is possible. Plant biotechnology has not only increased the scale of attributes that can be addressed but also accelerated the vegetable growing program. Using a biotechnology approach, traditional breeding thresholds such as relationship drag issue, wide cross sexual barrier, nutritional avoidance factor, etc. can be effectively and efficiently overcome. Study objects and methods: A basic and thorough overview of the literature surveyed to identify the application of biotechnology in the yield of vegetables was conducted till 2021. Results and discussion: Recent advances in the field of molecular biology such as genetic engineering (Cisgenesis, transgenic and intragenesis), DNA sequencing, cloning, molecular markers, in-vitro mutagenesis, etc., promote new meanings, modern dimensions and novel capabilities of decrepit biotechnology. It also provided a modern aspect of microbial interference in the agricultural practices, such as bio-control agents, bio-fertilizers and various microbiological products used in the current agricultural sector. Conclusion: Thus, the current biotechnological trends can have a striking impact on the advancement of vegetable crops. The above review concludes with an emphasis on the revolution in the field of biotechnology that highlights advancement of horticulture science, which is accomplished with superior quality and higher productivity of vegetable crops.

Onah Ogechukwu   Gideon Nwabueze Monday   Ifeanyieze F. O   Ekenta Lilian Ukamaka   F. N. Ezebuiro   Nwankwo Clara Ukamaka   Ogbonnaya Elom   V. C. Asogwa   Francis N. Azunku   and E. C. Isiwu   

The study identified entrepreneurial skills in snail production required by youths for wealth creation in Enugu state, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted in the study. Researchers employed a multistage sampling technique in the selection of respondents in the study. The sample size of the study was two hundred and sixteen (216) youths who are into snail farming. Data were voluntarily collected from respondents through the use of an adapted structured questionnaire titled "Snail Production Skill Questionnaire" (SPSQ). Data collected for the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. The study identified 15 entrepreneurial skills in selecting and constructing a snail pen, 19 entrepreneurial skills in breeding and feeding of snails, 14 entrepreneurial skills required by youths in routine management practices, 11 entrepreneurial skills required by youths in prevention and control of pests and diseases and 13 entrepreneurial skills required by youths in harvesting, processing and marketing of snails for snail production in Enugu state. It was recommended among others that Agricultural extension agents in collaboration with community leaders in Enugu state should organize a workshop to educate jobless and underemployed youths on the entrepreneurial skills in snail production identified by this study for wealth creation.

Ma. Teresa S. Alvarez   and Diosdado C. Cañete   

Dairy farming plays a vital role in the social and economic livelihood of the farmer households and cooperatives in the Cagayan Valley. For the adoption of new technologies such as greening technology in dairy production, profiling of the dairy farm is an important factor in developing the assessment of the viability of the green tech to be adopted by the farmers as a means to increase their productivity and efficiency in farming. By considering this aspect, the study was undertaken in the Cagayan Valley and the respondents were purposively selected. There were four cooperatives that represented the region, while 10 farmer households were also randomly selected. The data was collected using a predesigned interview schedule on-farm/site. Key informant interviews (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD) will be the means of gathering relevant information. The collected data was analysed using basic descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, proportions, average, and rating. The results indicate that the majority of the dairy farmers in the Cagayan Valley belonged to the aged group, with an average age of 54 and above, with a degree in college, and a high income of up to P15,001-above/monthly, which represents the large and medium-sized families. The majority of dairy farmers had at least 5 years of experience using green technology, and 60% of them had both cattle and carabao as dairy farm animals. The adoption rate of green technology using vermicomposting and using solar panels by both categories of respondents reveals that there is a potential market expansion for the implementation of green technology for the dairy farming industry and for further improvement of the socio-economic status of the farmers and their stakeholders, which may lead to their embracing green tech culture. Adequate research and a contribution from the NGO's and government in this sector are essential to improve the living conditions of the farmers in Cagayan Valley.

Bogdan Iegorov   Yurii Kravchyk   Serhiy Rybalko   Iryna Ivashkiv   and Anton Chub   

In this study, the authors propose a methodological approach to substantiate the evaluation indicators system of the regional development of the agro-industrial complex. The methodological basis for establishing the evaluation indicators system is determined, which is based on the principles of systematization, universality and consistency of evaluation indicators. Based on the generalized list of prior evaluation indicators, the evaluation indicators system is substantiated using the expert method. For each indicator, its approval by experts is determined, as an example, the agreement of experts on capital investment in agriculture, hunting and related services, as a percentage of total investment in the region. The structural-logical scheme of the structure of the evaluation system formation of the agro-industrial complex of the regions is offered. The proposed system of evaluation of the agro-industrial complex provides for the definition of such areas as follows: industries that produce means of production for agriculture and other industries that provide services to agriculture; Agriculture; industries for processing and preservation of agricultural products; production and social infrastructure.

Muhamad Taufik   and Ruzardi   

The availability of irrigation water for agriculture is one of the determinant factors that affect production, so it is important and strategic to support the success of agricultural business, especially in an effort to increase food production and productivity to realize food security. The Indonesian government has already spent considerable funds on the agricultural irrigation sector, but paddy crop production has not increased, so innovative measures are needed in handling it. The use of seeds supports irrigation modernization, and quality fertilizer is the right step to increase paddy production. The irrigation modernization plan will also be directed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the utilization of irrigation management funds through the development and management of participatory irrigation. A literature study is needed to explore the research about the potential, problem, and solution that support the direction of irrigation management system renewal policy in paddy productivity improvement scheme. The result of the analysis based on a previous study on IKMI and IKSI showed that the low score of the indicator (IKMI < 60 percent and IKSI < 55 percent) is on Human Resources, which include human resources institution/manager and human resources community water users (P3A). The use of superior seeds and balanced organic fertilizer will affect paddy productivity by 18.18 percent. The establishment of UPIM will be beneficial in fostering the management of modern irrigation systems and the use of quality seeds and fertilizers so that paddy productivity will be achieved.

Diana Arkadevna Denisova   Natalia Gennadyevna Levanova   Zhanna Nikolaevna Dibrova   Gulizar Kazbekovna Isakova   Dafik Hafizov   and Olga Mikhaylovna Lizina   

Financial support of the agricultural sector of the economy in the current context is the leading function of state regulation since it is strategically important for national security. The effectiveness of state financing of the agricultural sector of the economy involves ensuring the positive dynamics of its development and establishing appropriate estimate indicators. In this regard, the cost and streams of state financial support for the agricultural sector of the economy should be as effective as possible. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the priorities of state financial support for the capital reproduction in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy based on a comparison with the European Union. The article clarifies the essence of various approaches and mechanisms, as well as indicators of state support for the agricultural sector of the economy of the EU and Russia, indicators of agricultural production volumes supported by the state, as well as nominal protection coefficients (NPC). The authors conclude that the financial policy of capital reproduction in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy is aimed at ensuring its long-term sustainable expanded intensive innovation-based reproduction. At the same time, the key to its implementation is a clear identification of the mission of financial policy, strategic and tactical tasks, ensuring their feedback and adaptation to changes in the internal and external environment of the agricultural sector of the economy, as well as considering the risks of capital reproduction. At that, the basis for supporting producers in the EU is the financing of capital investments of farmers, while the basis for supporting producers in Russia is providing support based on commodity products.

M. CĂŒneyt Bağdatlı   and Yiğitcan Ballı   

This study was carried out to determine the spatial distribution of land slopes, soil depths, erosion classes, large soil groups and some soil properties by using Geography Information Systems (GIS) in Kayseri province (Turkey). As a result of the spatial analysis distributions; It has been observed that a large part of the province of Kayseri consists of soils with a depth of C class (50-90 m), and this area covers an area of 9443.95 km². It is seen that the areas belonging to the E class (0-20 m) soil depth group are very few and this soil depth class covers an area of 6.50 km². When the spatial analysis results of soil slope classes are examined, it is seen that the largest surface area is between 3-6% slope and this area is 8022.80 km². It has been determined that the areas in the 30-45% slope class have the smallest surface area and the total of these areas is 5.21 km². In terms of erosion classification, the lands in Kayseri province are classified as II. classified as areas of high erosion risk. When evaluated in terms of large soil groups, it has been determined that generally limeless brown soils are dominant and the total amount of these areas is 6156.54 km². It has been determined that the area covered by brown forest soils has a very small share in the whole area. Considering other soil properties, it was determined that slightly salty soils cover a very small area (0.99 km²). It has been determined that stony soils cover an area of 8600.58 km². As a result of the study, spatial distribution maps were created showing soil depth, slope and erosion classes, large soil groups and other soil characteristics of Kayseri province, which will guide the investor organizations in the region.

Maun Jamaludin   Teddy Hikmat Fauzi   Yuyun Yuniarti   and Mulyaningsih   

This study aims to determine the dynamics of the rice availability system in West Java in terms of production and consumption, to obtain important variables that become the leverage point for determining rice availability. This study uses a case study method using the "System Dynamics" approach by using a database of actual production and population from 2014 to 2015, and using it as an estimate of rice availability until 2025. By using actual data of the annual average growth between 2014 and 2019 amounted to 2.81 % for rice production, and of 1.12% for the population, the estimated rice availability is projected until 2025. Specifically, the analysis of Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD) and Stock and Flow Diagrams (SFD) shows that productivity and availability of paddy fields are two important variables that can provide a significant influence on the rice production system as a whole. The findings underscore the importance of productivity and land area as the basis for the study of developing a policy model to ensure the availability of rice in West Java. Theoretically, the findings can be used as a conceptual basis for projecting sustainable rice availability in an area. The results of this study practically have implications for the need to increase productivity and governance of agriculture and rice trade as a policy basis to ensure the availability of rice in West Java.

Rofi Wahanisa   Aprila Niravita   Muh. Afif Mahfud   and Siti Aminah   

Spatial planning in a region is necessary to be carried out. Spatial planning is a realization of planning a region how it will be developed or maintained. It becomes the basic principle within all sequences of spatial planning in a region. Regional spatial planning can involve urban and rural areas. Good spatial planning can make significant contribution to prevent functional conversion from agricultural land into non-agricultural land which is getting massive. Therefore, this study discusses and analyses the functional conversion from agricultural land into non-agricultural land as well as the strategy of public participation in spatial planning to prevent the conversion, particularly in Munding village in Bergas sub-district in Semarang regency. This study used a qualitative method which revealed truth based on the results of factual data collection during the research. The research is conducted according to observation of natural background or social environment producing descriptive data. The result shows that strategy that can be used to prevent agricultural land conversion is socialization, which educates the people and public participation. Public participation is important to increase the knowledge of people about every stage of spatial planning and license to limit conversion of agricultural land.

Ujang Maman   Murodi   Nindyantoro   Endin Mujahidin   Dundin Zaenuddin   Muhyani   and Muksin   

Indonesia has been facing a high shrinkage of productive paddy land size from 16 704 272 ha in 1983 to 8 685 888 ha in 2013 which decreases to 7.46 million ha in 2019. The reduction of land size within the high growth of population who is strongly dependent on paddy rice staple food could probably bring this country food crisis. The reducing habit of paddy rice eating is valuable to solve the probable problem of rice scarcity, although it is not easy, and needs high persuasion. But unfortunately, current extension tends to only convey information and innovation, either linearly or in a dialogue, lacking a touch for behavior change. Therefore, this research aims to formulate the proper extension model to reduce the acute dependence on paddy rice. By the existence of custom community as cassava rice eater in West Java, Indonesia, the research aims to explore social interaction (SI) between the consumers of cassava rice and people living around them, the impact of SI on the food innovativeness (FI) and tendency of eating pattern change (EPC) of cassava rice eater’s surrounding community, and finally the research aims to formulate extension model, which is the main purpose of this study. 182 samples who live around the custom community, are determined by Slovin formula with 5% error probability. The respondent is taken by stratified random sampling. This survey based on path analysis proves the significant direct effect of SI toward FI. Furthermore, the indirect effect of SI on the tendency of EPC through FI is less significant. Therefore, the extension model to develop EPC should create non-rice eater community as an extension agent; and they should be encouraged to enhance SI with surrounding community. This model of extension could be a problem solution for probable food scarcity; and it of course contributes to the existed linier as well as interaction model of extension. However, making non-rice eater community is not easy but probable to implement.

Volodymyr A. Viedienieiev   and Olena V. Piskunova   

The paper aims to figure out the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in the price forecasting of agricultural products based on the example of barley prices. In addition, the article provides a comparative analysis of traditional forecasting methods and deep learning algorithms, and also considers the expediency of their use in enterprises and in public administration. The authors use time series forecasting methods and models, in particular, traditional prediction methods (Linear Regression and Fb Prophet) and different strategies of deep learning algorithms (recursive multi-step and Direct-recursive hybrid convolutional neural networks) were used. As a result, the study shows that traditional methods and neural networks show sufficiently greater results than naive forecasts; however, at the same time, traditional models are more effective than deep learning models, and they require less time and fewer resources to implement. It has been established that neural networks, in contrast to traditional forecasting methods, take into account other patterns, so it makes sense to consider the possibility of using neural networks together with traditional forecasting methods using ensemble methods. The article considers the conditions under which it is advisable to use methods in enterprises, as well as in public regulation. Hence, results of the study can be used in the following ways: a) in research activities in the agricultural sector; b) practically in the planning process in enterprises of the agricultural sector; c) companies related to the above industry, such as logistics companies or financial enterprises; 4) in public planning, budgeting and control.

Diosdado C. Cañete   and Teresa S. Alvarez   

This study assessed the profitability and viability for the commercialization of green corn-based silage production for dairy in Cagayan Valley. Specifically, a.) Determine the cost and return analysis of producing corn green silage; b.) Compare the cost and return for the different opportunities of dairy farmers in engaging silage production; and c.) Assess the profitability and viability of dairy as fed with green corn silage. Malaya Development Cooperative (MDC) has operated with Dairy Buffalo while, San Agustin Dairy Cooperative (SADACO) is engaged in Dairy Carabao production. There were various packages of technologies introduced for adoption like green corn production, green corn silage. Option 3 (planting corn, processed as silage, and sold as silage) has contributed with the highest net return of Php145,565.00 annually while, option 4 (plant corn, process it as green corn silage, feed it as silage to 3 heads dairy Carabao) with net income of Php71,184.63 annually. For viability, option 3 has showed with the best viability results, the lowest payback period of 0.82 year; higher net present value of Php459,634.71 and higher Internal rate of return with 124.21%.

Ankit Nagar   Dinesh Kumar Nauriyal   and Sukhpal Singh   

This paper examines the determinants of farmers' access to agricultural extension services and adoption of technical inputs. It also attempts to identify what works best for Indian agriculture. Based upon all-India unit-level data of 35,200 farming households surveyed by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) under the 70^th round in 2013, it applies the binary logistic regression model. The study underlines that the ‘Access' to agricultural extension services does not guarantee ‘Adoption' of the technologies or better farm practices, as all the variables emerging as significant in case of ‘Access' do not emerge as significant for ‘Adoption'. The study finds the strong influence of personal and household characteristics on both ‘Access' and ‘Adoption'. However, socioeconomic and technology variables such as caste, gender, religion, and usage of ICT are found to be important for ‘Access' but not for the ‘Adoption'. The paper underlines that physical forms of extension services are far more important than the modern ICT driven services in the developing countries like India. It, therefore, recommends significant strengthening of these services with more generous government support.

Toong Hai Sam   Zainab Lawal Gwadabe   Wong Chee Hoo   Whee Yen Wong   Tan Seng Teck   Alex Hou Hong Ng   Asokan Vasudevan   and Alvin Liau Chee How   

This paper aims to review the impact of climate change on Nigeria's agribusiness value chain. In this study, the researcher reviewed recent and popular academic journals in the area of climate change and agricultural value chains. This review process aims to strengthen the existing literature in this field of study. After carefully reviewing the literature, the paper revealed that the change in the global climate has a significant impact on the agribusiness value chain. The Nigerian agricultural value chain consists of the pre-upstream, up-stream, mid-stream, and down-stream. All the streams are directly or indirectly affected by climate change. The climate change impact varies across the value chain; it affects each stream with a different magnitude. The review also revealed that climate change has a significant effect on the food production value chain with a higher impact on pre-upstream and upstream when compared to mid and downstream. Suggestions presented in this paper include focusing on greenhouse gas reduction, practicing precision farming, using a reusable source of energy, taking advantage of IoT, and climate-smart agricultural technologies. This review will help the value chain stakeholders to understand how to achieve sustainability on the value chain and understand how to mitigate or adapt to climate change impacts.

Nur Aidya Hanum Aizam   Mhd Ikhwanuddin Abdullah   Siti Nur’afifah Jaafar   Muhammad Razmee Abd Razak   Mohd Izuddin Mashkor   and Aidilla Mubarak   

Aquaculture activity can potentially help in rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of training intervention on knowledge and attitude towards giant freshwater prawn rearing in a rehabilitation institute in Malaysia. The program comprised of knowledge transfer on basic techniques of rearing and feed formulation to the students. Effect of the program was evaluated using a pre- and post-interventions design as well as interview. Seventeen trainees from the rehabilitation institute were requested to respond to a 31 items questionnaire. Principal, staff in charge, counsellor and participating students of the institute were interviewed to obtain feedback on the intervention program. Following implementation of the training intervention, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the knowledge with most questions acquired correct answers from the students. A positive attitude towards rearing activity was maintained from pre- to post-intervention showing a sustained interest in this activity among the participants. The conducted interviews also indicated encouraging feedback from the intervention. Positive output from this study indicated great potential of this training to introduce giant freshwater prawn rearing activity as an additional activity towards rehabilitation of students in a rehabilitation institute. This preliminary program showed promising outcome that could be continued for other students in such institute.

Sangsoo Park   Hiroki Nishikoji   Shotaro Takahashi   Oleasegun Olamide Fawibe   Peiwu Wang   and Akihiro Isoda   

A drip irrigation system with plastic mulch film was evaluated in terms of growth, yield, and water productivity (WP) using three leading paddy rice cultivars (Japonica) in the Kanto area of Japan. A cultivation with drip irrigation and plastic film mulch in the upland field (DI) and continuous flooding cultivation in a paddy field (CF) were conducted in 2015 (DI) and 2016 (DI and CF). The amounts of irrigation and total water supply (irrigation and precipitation) were 715 mm, 599 mm, and 905 mm and 1620 mm, 1379 mm, and 1687 mm for DI in 2015, DI in 2016, and CF in 2016, respectively. The percentages of irrigation for DI in 2015 and 2016 compared to those of CF were 79% and 66%, respectively. The grain yields in 2015 were higher than those in 2016 for DI. The DI in 2016 showed significantly lower grain yields compared to those of CF, representing 74% to 85% of the CF which were attributed to lower leaf area indexes in DI. There was no significant difference in WP between DI and CF, between years and among cultivars, ranging from 0.25 to 0.30 kg m^-3, showing an offset of the reduction in irrigation water by lower yields in DI. The rice cultivation system under drip irrigation with plastic film mulch showed a large water-saving effect, no physiological damage due to water stress and a slight reduction of grain yield compared to that of the paddy field.

Latamo Lameso Lelamo   and Abdo Wudad Kemal   

Cordia africana (Lam.) is one of the indigenous multipurpose tree species which is being endangered and suffering a lot from overexploitation. Nowadays agroforestry is taken as potential ecosystem for counteracting extinction of this tree through providing complementary habitat in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify distribution and regeneration status of Cordia africana tree in agroforestry practices with respect to agroecologies and farmers wealth status. Selection of respondents was done based on the wealth status of households for tree inventory. The total households were categorized into three main wealth categories as wealthy, medium and poor. Accordingly, 72 households were selected by taking three households randomly across wealth categories from eight different villages. Then, tree inventory was done from three different agroforestry practices in each 72 households with big plot size of 20mx20m and 5mx5m nested subplots. The results of the study revealed that mean stems of trees were significantly higher (p<0.05) in enset- tree based agroforestry practice followed by coffee-tree based practice in two agroecological setting. The study also found that the number of stems per plot and per hectare was significantly higher (p=0.0001) in midland agroecology than lowland agroecology. The results also showed that the mean stems of trees were significantly higher (p<0.05) from rich wealth classes in two agroecological settings. There is also significant variation of regeneration status of Cordia africana tree with respected to agroecology and different agroforestry practices. Finally, the study suggests that regeneration status of Cordia africana tree should be assisted and facilitated for the sustainability of this valuable tree species.

Hasanova Turkan Allahverdi   Mammadova Gunay Israphil   Bunyatova Lala Novruz   and Gahramanova Aida Yarish   

A comparative study of the biological parameters of gray-brown soils in natural cenoses and agrocenoses is an actual problem and has great practical importance. The article shows the results of modern scientific research in the field of biodiagnostics of gray-brown soils. These studies make it possible to use biological indicators not only in morphological description, but also systematics and biological diagnostics of gray-brown soils. For the first time in the study area, a comparative study of the number of phytocomplexes was carried out and the importance of studying other diagnostic biological indicators was determined. Biological studies of gray-brown soils can be used as biodiagnostic tests in the systematization and classification of gray-brown soils formed in arid ecosystems. Biological diagnostics are important for conducting biological tests and determining the suitability of the soil for agriculture [10]. Along with the study of biological parameters in moist soils of natural cenoses and irrigated soils of agrocenoses, the total moisture content of these soils was studied in different seasons. The qualitative composition of irrigation water in different seasons has been studied for 3 years and the positive impact on irrigated lands was determined. The article presents some results of studies carried out on the Goychay River and its floodplains over 3 years. In accordance with the hydrographic regime and relief of the Goychay River, the qualitative composition of the water flowing in different parts of the river, dependent particles, impurities, and the degree of clay content were studied. The article shows the bio-diagnostic properties of the soil, the qualitative and microbiological composition of irrigation water in agrocenoses, as well as in natural cenoses of the study area. It was found that irrigation water has a positive effect on soils and plants of agrocenoses.

Gangu Naidu Mandala   Meenakshi Verma   Anuj Verma   Suresh Sirisetti   and Venkata Ramakrishna Rao Gandreti   

In the present worldwide serious business and industrialization, entrepreneurs can assume a larger part. The innovative movement has an immediate bearing on the country's financial development. It fills in as an impetus during the time of industrialization and monetary turn of events. Entrepreneurship is the focal power of monetary action, which is needed for the advancement of the country. The innovative characteristics contribute to pay, fearlessness and a wellspring of accomplishment. Entrepreneurs are the critical people of any country in advancing financial development and innovative change. The dairy area plays a multi-faceted part in the financial improvement of country family units. Animals’ raising emphatically affects value regarding pay; and work and neediness decreases in provincial territories. Dairy is a significant aspect of farming development and is additionally considered as a possible area for trade income. India has the biggest milk maker of milk on the planet. Dairy endeavor turns out to be nonstop revenue as well as gives great business freedoms to the poor provinces. Current investigation was conducted to know the innovative conduct of dairy farmers in Vizianagaram District of Andhra Pradesh in 2020 with 240 dairy entrepreneurs. The significant discoveries of the investigation were that a large portion of the prepared dairy farmers were in the medium to the high enterprising class and that lion's share of dairy farmers had an undeniable degree of pioneering qualities viz: self-confidence, achievement motivation, innovativeness, and risk-orientation.

B. M. Rajurkar   

The success of green revolution depends upon the availability of fertilizers, high yielding variety of seeds, improved agronomical practices and timely availability of water. In the present investigation, experimentation was conducted on plant Cajanas cajan of family papilionaceae. An attempt was made through different parameters like height of plants, number of branches per plants, number of pods per plants, dry seed weight per plants. In the experimentation, the effect of biofertilizer individually, in two (twins), and three (thrice) biofertilizers in combinations were observed. The effect of biofertilizer individually, in two, and three biofertilizers in combinations with NPK fertilizers were observed. The effect of biofertilizer individually, in two, and three biofertilizers in combinations with NPK fertilizers and macronutrients were observed. The effect of biofertilizer individually, in two, and three biofertilizers in combinations with NPK fertilizers, macronutrients and micronutrients were observed. Through these observations it had been observed that, in all parameters, biofertilizer individually, in two, and three biofertilizers in combinations with NPK fertilizers, macronutrients and micronutrients were beneficial for plants in achieving the higher production.

Kisroh Dwiyono   and Maman Abdurachman Djauhari   

Indonesian konjac (IK in brief), also known as Amorphophallus muelleri Blume in Latin, is a wild plant growing in several places in Indonesian archipelago. The tuber of IK plant contains a compound called glucomannan which has high economic value since it can be used as a raw material in many industries such as medicine, cosmetic, paper, textile, synthetic rubber, and filming industries. Due to this economic value, this study was carried out in order to increase the productivity of glucomannan and bring IK into mass cultivation. For this purpose, the objective of this study is to increase the productivity of IK tubers by increasing the speed of seeds gemination process and by decreasing the dormancy period. Meanwhile, bringing IK into mass plantation will be put as a package of campaign program to educate people. To speed up the germination process and to decrease the dormancy, the method used in this study period is by improving the soaking process of IK seeds using KNO₃ solution. Its effects were investigated using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments, namely, concentration of the solution, soaking time, and plant age. Then, data were collected and analyzed statistically using general linear model, analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. The results indicate that soaking in that solution has a significant effect on shortening the time period for seeds to germinate. Its optimal effect was reached for 3,000 ppm of concentration with soaking time 3 hours at 14^th days after plantation (DAP). Moreover, in terms of dormancy period, that solution has reduced from 5-6 months to 2-4 months. These findings were significantly support the effective use of KNO₃ solution to answer the objective of research. The germination period has been reduced from 3-6 months to around 14 days. To the knowledge of the authors, based on the literature used in this study, these are unprecedented findings. Therefore, hopefully, it could contribute to the development of konjac-based industries and to the literature of konjac particularly Indonesian konjac.

Stefanos Leontopoulos   Konstantinos Petrotos   Chryssoula Papaioannou   and Ioannis Vasilakoglou   

Olive fruit extracts, combined with pomegranate and orange waste extracts, isolated using microwave assisted extraction technique, were used as a potential alternative crop protection method against Verticillium dahliae, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Pyrenochaeta lycopersici on tomato plants. For the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity, various mixtures of the extracts were applied on 15 days old tomato plants, variety "Bella Dona", infected by the above-mentioned pathogens. After 40 days of treatments, plant growth parameters such as plant fresh and dry weight, root weight, plant height, number of blossoms and number of formed fruits were calculated in order to assess the extract effectiveness. The results indicated that the four pathogens dramatically reduced tomato growth. In contrast, most of the evaluated extracts provided satisfactory control of the pathogens resulting in tomato growth similar to that of the uninfected control plants. Conclusively, the use of these polyphenolic extracts could protect tomato plants in case of fungal infection.

Ayobami I. Okegbade   Taiwo J. Adejumo   Dare O. Omonijo   and Olusola B. Okunlola   

This study examined the effect of various nitrogen fertilizers in kilograms: 0kg, 30kg, 60kg, and 120kg on varieties of rice: NERICA L-19; NERICA L-20; NERICA L-41; NERICA L-42; and NERICA L-60 from the department of plant physiology and crop production in the college of plant science and crop production Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Ogun State Nigeria. Also, to determine the appropriate fertilizer at different levels and the best variety for optimum yield of rice and to compare the treatment means for each of the crop varieties. Analysis of Variance technique was used to investigate the effect of various kilograms of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of the five different types of NERICA rice. The findings revealed that at all the levels of nitrogen fertilizers applied, 30kg of nitrogen fertilizer gave the optimum yield. Further to that, the study discovered that different levels of the nitrogen fertilizers applied did not significantly influence the tons of NERICA rice produced, that is the yield of rice in tons is independent of kilograms of nitrogen fertilizers applied. NERICA L-42 of rice is therefore recommended to farmers to be planted with 30kg of nitrogen fertilizers.

Nurali Chorshanbiev Esanpulatovich   Surayyo Burieva Zayliyevna   and Erkinjon Khazratkulov Shodmonovich   

This paper highlights the results of conducted research on the issues of physiological and morphological features of new lines of fine-fiber cotton such as Gossypium barbadense L. L-2006, L-167, L-5440, L-5445, L-1, L-10, L-663, L-450, and varieties like Marvarid, Surkhan-14 and Termez-31 in different conditions of water regime. In fact, in comparing optimal water supply and modeling drought with studying the lines and varieties of fine fiber cotton depending on individual genotype reaction in different levels indicated decreasing water content and intensity of transpiration in the leaves. Moreover, the water deficiency and improving the water holding capacity and density surface of the leaves are considered as physiological and morphological characteristics which contribute to the adaptation of cotton to water deficiency in drought conditions. Besides, lysimetric experiment was carried out with new lines and varieties of fine fiber cotton at the institute of Genetics and Experimental Plan Biology at the Academy of Sciences in Uzbekistan. According to the analysis, the water supply indicated the plants were determined simultaneously in both backgrounds, when the pre-irrigation soil moisture at an optimal water supply background was 70-72% of the water content (field moisture capacity), and according to the background of a simulated drought, it was 48 -50% from the water supply. As a result, water content and intensity of transpiration in the lines and varieties of fine fiber cotton were widely indicated in the below-mentioned tables and diagrams as well as broadly discussed in the conclusion of the research work.

Nilo E. Padilla   Joe Ann G. Payne   Visitacion S. Simbulan   Ralph John S. Lapastura   and Errol John A. Cadeliña   

The study aimed to capacitate farmers as innovators in utilizing local feed resources for silage production, haylage, and Urea Molasses Mineral Block for commercialization. Commercialization among farmers hindered by: farmer's financing being supply-driven packages; limited programs designed to enhance farmer's entrepreneurship capabilities; scarce resources to invest on product's commercialization; and inadequate entrepreneurial competencies and exposure to business. After assessing their Personal Entrepreneurial Competence, training was undertaken through farmer based cooperative activities such as: assessment of farmer's personal entrepreneurial competencies; strategic analysis of cooperative competencies relative to environment; farmer's technical preparation; entrepreneurial competency enhancement; finance linkaging; and market linkaging/ market. The participatory operationalization components of farmers' capacity building resulted to: leaders' and members' active participation in planning and operationalization of trainings, mentoring, business plan preparations through resource sharing, decision-making and open discussions; increased support from government agencies; needs, resources, and capabilities of farmers' strengths and weaknesses became the hub of all capacity building activities; build-up of awareness on value of green corn as silage raw material, provide alternative to decrease risks from natural calamities risks; advocated for more demand-driven financing programs of government; expansion of programs on shared facilities and machineries; opened market linkages for farmers; produced green corn silage; enhanced their capacities as entrepreneurs and leaders; integrators ushered their entry to silage commercialization as partners and raw material suppliers; and access to cooperative's financing requires prompt repayment and performance.

Adisu Wegari   and Mohammedsani Amin   

Drought is among the major factors that adversely affect coffee production in most parts of Ethiopia. Hararghe coffee is despite its economic importance in the world market and in the national economy of the country; its productivity is very low primarily because of periodic soil moisture deficit stresses and many other factors. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to screen and evaluate Hararghe coffee genotypes for drought tolerant in response to soil moisture stresses. A total of nineteen coffee genotypes; fourteen promising coffee selections and five released varieties were evaluated for morphological and physiological drought stress traits using Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The experiment was conducted at Mechara Agricultural Research Center in a rain shelter. Eight pairs of true leaf coffee seedlings were subjected to two watering regimes (water-stress by withholding irrigation and well-watered control). The analysis of variance results revealed significant variation among coffee genotypes for water deficit stress. Therefore, based on preliminary observations and visual assessments of recovery plants, the genotypes were grouped into three categories of drought tolerance; sensitive, moderately sensitive and relatively tolerant. However, genotypes from each category should also be tested for their morphological, physiological and biochemical responses to drought in order to identify more tolerant types and come up with a recommendation for further selection and breeding works for drier coffee growing areas of the country.

Stefanos Leontopoulos   Chrisanthi Mitsagga   Ioannis Giavasis   Christina Papaioannou   Ioannis Vasilakoglou   and Konstantinos Petrotos   

In this research study potential synergistic action of aqueous extracts of olive-pomegranate-orange fruits isolated by microwave assisted extraction were investigated as biocontrol agents against several plant pathogenic fungi. The aim of the research study was the production of mixed liquid extracts to be used as natural phytoprotective agents in organic farming. The results proved that the use of 100%-pure olive fruit polyphenol extract affected the mycelium growth of B. cinerea, V. dahliae, R. solani, E. lata, M. laxa, P. lycopersici and P. punicae. However, it did not affect the mycelium growth of F. oxysporum f. sp., lycopersici, A. niger, and G. graminis. Moreover, pomegranate polyphenol extract at 100% concentration inhibited mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Various olive-pomegranate-orange polyphenol aqueous extract combinations may be used in order to control the mycelium growth of the majority of the tested microorganisms. However, the use of any combination and concentrations of the tested samples (1-72) did not affect the mycelium growth of F. oxysporum f. sp., lycopersici, A. niger, and G. graminis thus, their use as biological control agent is not recommended. According to the findings of the present research, it can be suggested that the olive fruit polyphenol extract be used as potential biocontrol agent, in order to stimulate mycelium growth of various plant pathogenic fungi.

Sendramampionona Rantenaina Ursule   Hantanirina Herisoa Isabelle   Rabearimisa Rivo Nirina   Zafitody Conscient   Bola Aldiel   Andriamananjara Andry   and Randrianariveloseheno ArsĂšne Jules   

Traditional family poultry farming is the most dominant in Madagascar, with 95% of farmers raising mostly local breed chickens. The objective of this study is to characterize the socio-economic aspect and the local poultry production system on the east coast of the large island. All 316 smallholder farmers with plus one adult chicken heads in the district of Fénérive-Est were included. Simple economic calculations were also made to assess the profitability of the poultry farm. The main results found that local chicken farming is an activity under the responsibility of men with an average age of 41.95±10.84 years old. Most of these smallholder farmers are limited to the education level at secondary school (35%) and primary school (34%) level. On average, a household owns 22,89±23,14 heads of local chickens. Livestock products are intended for sale (74 to 76% male and 37 to 40% female), self-consumption (3 to 5% male and 2% female) and socio-cultural events (12% male and 2 to 4% female). The losses due to diseases (more than 60%), theft (23%) and financing (12.3%) were the main problems in chicken production system. However, traditional poultry production is beneficial to smallholder farmers with 62.85% profit margin. Adequate research and a contribution from the State in this sector are essential to improve the living conditions of the farmers on the east coast of Madagascar.

Hasan Parça   and BĂŒlent GĂŒlçubuk   

The sector of agriculture is marked by a wide range of activities involving high risks, and this fact is relevant to all parties who are related to this sector in some way. Most agricultural activities that take place outdoors are susceptible to natural disasters at any time. This is a permanent threat to safety and health of people working in agriculture. The Turkish Law No. 6331 on Work Health and Safety covers all sectors where enterprises employ one or more persons. Still, there are significant difficulties in applying the law to the sector of agriculture. The main reason is the high incidence of informal employment including women and children. In 2019, for example, 86.6% of total labor force in agriculture was in informal status. While the rate is 79.1 for males, it is much higher 96.3 for females. These are figures much above the case in other sectors. It also means that people working in agriculture are excluded from social security schemes and without protection in terms of work safety and health. The present article presents and discusses the findings of a field study on the level of perception related to work health and safety of farmers (51 farmers) engaged in crop farming in Beypazarı , a district of Ankara Province. It also deals with how the "Work Health and Safety Law" is translated into practice, examines the socioeconomic status of farmers on the basis of questionnaires administered and investigates the farmers' perception safety and health along with the activities they consider risky.

Nyambati R. O.   Odhiambo G. D.   Serrem C. K.   Othieno C. O.   and Mairura F. S.   

The effect of integrated use of Calliandra or maize stover with urea on Striga infestation and maize yield components was assessed in a field experiment carried out for five consecutive seasons on a clay loam Ferralsol in western Kenya. Urea and Calliandra or maize stover were combined to supply N at 75 kg ha^-1 from both sources in 0:0, 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100 ratios. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 12 treatments replicated four times was used with maize hybrid (WS 502) as a test crop. All the three ear traits (ears per plant, ear length, and ear diameter), kernels per row and grain yields were significantly higher under Calliandra (45 kg N ha^-1) combined with urea (30 kg N ha^-1) and Calliandra (30 Kg N ha^-1) combined with urea (45 kg N ha^-1) or maize stover (45 kg N ha^-1) combined with urea (30 kg N ha^-1) and maize stover (30 kg N ha^-1) combined with urea (45 kg N /ha^-1). Number of ears per plant was a major yield component and accounted for (R²=0.74) of the variation in grain yield under Striga. Stepwise regression analysis showed ears per plant to be the most important yield component under Striga infestation (R²=0.58) followed by kernels per row (R²=0.38).

Annie Hilda Ong'ayo   and James Biriah Ndiso   

The status of women in agriculture has received extensive attention in literature in the recent decades, however, a research gap persists regarding the state of gender disparity in Farmers Field Schools (FFS) in Kilifi South Sub-County. The study of gender disparity in FFS, an experiential learning approach whose outcome is to empower both men and women farmers with agricultural technologies is fundamental. Five FDGs comprising of a total of 75 participants were drawn from five FFS purposively selected for the study. Data were collected qualitatively through Focus Group Discussion and analyzed using Content Analysis. The results reveal that over 90% group members in FFS are women. Women are the mangers of productive resources and custodians of household food stores. The less than 10% men are due to the socio-cultural norms that dictate that as household heads, they should engage in activities for immediate household monetary needs. Men find FFS approach inclined more to farming, an activity considered to be women's primary obligation and engaging in it will compromise their status as household heads. These findings imply that FFS provides a conducive environment for farmer empowerment through experiential learning on new agricultural technologies for increased agricultural productivity for food security. However, gender disparity caused by social and cultural norms and values impede its achievement. Development agencies should hold education fora to sensitize communities that achieving food security is a mirage without joint synergies from both women and men.

Emenyonu C. A   Odii Marshall A. C. A   Onyemauwa C. S   and Ulukwu O. C   

The study examined the effects of fiscal policy on the agricultural products exports in Nigeria using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach. Secondary data on agricultural export (AEX), total government expenditure (TGE), government expenditure on agricultural (GEA), tax on agriculture export (TAE), net food export (NFE), exchange rate (EXCH) and foreign direct investment (FDI) sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2014 Edition. Trend analysis, Co-integration and VECM were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The results show that GEA was far below the 25% FAO recommendation and AEX experienced occasional recessions. The result of the unit roots showed that only TAE, NFE and EXCH were stationary at level as indicated by their significant ADF-cal at 5%. The coefficient of error correction terms was -0.20791 (p<0.000) indicating a long run relationship between agricultural export and fiscal policy variables included in the model. GEA has no instantaneous positive effect on the agricultural export; TAE had crowding effect on the current export profile and increasing FDI did not significantly turn around the export profile of the sector but EXCH did. The Government should among others strive to attain the 25% budgetary allocation to agricultural sector to encourage agricultural exportation.

P. K. Sarma   and M. M. Rahman   

This paper aims to use a novel version of an endogenous switching regression model to examine the impact of agricultural input subsidy assistance card on-farm productivity in Bangladesh. A multistage random sampling technique was employed to select a total of 400 farm households including 181 (45.25%) adaptors and 219 (54.75%) non-adaptors and interviewed by using pre-canvassing structured survey questionnaires. Also, FGDs and KIIs have been conducted to get qualitative information. The descriptive statistics, probit regression-double hurdle model, endogenous switching regression (ESR) technique, and propensity score matching approach were used to analyze the collected data. The ESR model supported by binary and PSM was used to empirically assess the impact of subsidy card adaptors on outcome variables. The results revealed significant production enhancing effects of agricultural input subsidy on-farm production and farm income in Bangladesh only under the assistance of input subsidy card. The findings also showed higher production and incomes for those participating in the program. However, a comprehensive input subsidy assistance card package is certainly a requirement for increasing production and income. As the adoption of input subsidy assistance card seems to enhance farm productivity, the study recommends increased coverage of the subsidy program, extension advocacy and opening up to ensure agricultural productivity and increased farm incomes. This study illustrates how agricultural input subsidy assistance cards can improve farm production and income in Bangladesh.

Smart A. Sarpong   Richard K. Avuglah   and N. N. N. Nsowah-Nuamah   

Increase in crop yield in many parts of Africa is largely the result of increase in cultivated land. This trend, if allowed to remain, will increase the already high levels of forest depletion. This study attempts to formulate a model useful in examining support systems that influence crop yield in Northern Ghana. Comparison of the Classical Generalized linear model to the Joint Generalized linear models and selection of the very best factors that influence crop yield based on the best of the two models are the points of interest for this study. Data from the regional Monitoring and evaluation office of the linking farmers to market (FtM) project in Tamale Ghana was analysed and discussed. Crop type, Financial Credit, Training, Study tour, Demonstrative Practical, Networking Event, Post-harvest Equipment, number of farmers in the FBO and Size of plot cultivated were our measured fixed effects variables with Total Crop Yield as our response. We settle on the Joint GLM for inference and selects access to credit facility, Crop type, Networking among farmer groups, access to equipment used in post-harvest, the number of farmers on site and size of plot as the most important physical support factors that influence crop yield in Northern Ghana. Stakeholders in the Food and Agricultural sector are advised to give these listed factors the needed attention in the midst of resource scarcity and our quest to increasing yield while minimizing the conversion of our forest lands into farm lands.

M'koumfida Bagbohouna   D. Saberma Ragatoa   Susan O. Simon   and Isidore Kodjovi Edjame   

Climate change impacts have been the major subject of discussion for scientists from different fields of study, including the agriculture sector. This study investigates the effects and implications of future climate change on rice production in the Lower River Region of The Gambia. The study seeks the following specific objectives: i) Analyse temperature and rainfall trends over Lower River Region; ii) Determine the relationship between temperature, rainfalls and rice production in the study area; and iii) Simulate temperature, rainfalls and rice production as well as the existing relationship among those parameters in the future using seasonality. The trend was examined after an exploratory data analysis, a unit root test and a correlation analysis. The study revealed an increase in maximum temperature (Tmax) and a variation in minimum temperature (Tmin) where the increase is not constant over 1981-2015. Also, the harvested area, production and rainfall increased while yield decreased. The data was extrapolated to 2035 using a VARMA statistical forecast method. Ordinary Least Squares and robust linear regression models were applied to find out the future implications (2035 and subsequent near years) of the climate parameters on rice production using 1981 to 2015-year series. The model shows that by 2035, yields will negatively be affected by the increase in Tmax and positively by the very little variation in Tmin. But the risk is that the ratio is not balanced, the damages of Tmax will be greater than the good productions of Tmin. The Tmin will also decrease as a general trend occasioning severe conditions for rice production in the region. This reveals the effects of climate change on rice production even though the relationship between climatic and rice variables remains low, because of the numerous parameters in rice production. This calls for an urgent need to improve rice varieties that will thrive well in the anticipated new climatic conditions (high yielding, heat tolerant, saline tolerant and early maturing) and promotion of good cultural practices that save water to cope with future climate.This study suggests that more studies should include other parameters of rice production for improved predictions.

Adam Yousif Adam Ali   Zhou Guisheng   Atif Hassan   Samia Osman Yagoub   Gafar Ali Farah   Nimir Eltyb Ahamed   Aboagla Mohammed Ibrahim   Muhi Eldeen Hussien Ibrahim   Mohamed Suliman   Safiya Babiker Elradi   Ebtehal Gabralla Ibrahim   and Samia Mahgoub Omer   

Plant density is one of the most important factors influencing the physiological, morphological characteristics, and yield of sesame. Sesame is an important oilseed and cash crop production in Sudan. The effects of different rows spacing on the growth attributes, yield and yield compound on three sesame seeds varieties were investigated at rainfall conditions in semi-arid regions. Two field experiments were conducted in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Three varieties were planted at four rows spacing [5(control), 10, 20 and 30cm]. The experiment was laid out in RCBD in split plots with three replications. There were significant differences between row spacing, varieties and interaction between row spacing and varieties for all parameters except the 1000 seeds weight. Moreover, Abo Nama has recorded the highest plants, number of branches and number of capsules per plant, while the abo Radom recorded the highest number of seeds per capsule and seed yield, and abo sofa had the highest weight of 1000 seeds. Planted varieties at the 5 cm between rows can increase the seed yield (210.18 kg/h). The interaction between Abo Radom and control recorded the high seed yield by 265.30 kg per h^-1. This study suggests that the appropriate rows spacing can actively increase the yield of the sesame plant.

Olaniyan Oluwafolakemi Ayo   

The fact that a correlation exists between agricultural production and poverty alleviation efforts in Sub-Saharan African countries is not an understatement. This is based on the fact that majority of people in the developing countries of Africa including Nigeria live in the rural areas and primarily engage in agriculture as their source of livelihood. However, most rural areas in Nigeria still battle with food insecurity, malnutrition and poor economy. This study therefore explores the perceived effects of rural-urban interactions on sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of all the rural dwellers in the study area from which 300 respondents were selected through multi-stage sampling procedure. The instrument of data collection was a well-structured, validated and reliable interview schedule. Five research objectives and two hypotheses were developed and tested in the study. Findings from the study revealed that the community-based agricultural projects provided based on rural-urban interactions were provision of improved varieties of seeds to farmers, provision of improved breeds of animals, provision of farm tools and provision of loans to farmers for buying farm inputs (= 0.367, 0.273, 0.256 and 0.236) respectively. Also, the motivational factors for rural-urban interactions had significant effect on the respondents' participation in the community-based agricultural projects . It was therefore concluded that rural-urban interactions should be factored into community development activities to promote sustainable agricultural development.

Fapohunda Olawumi   Adebayo Israel   and Esan Ibiyemi   

This study was conducted to compare the effect of Sun drying and Oven drying on the nutritional composition of two fish species (Heteroclarias and Oreochromis niloticus). Ten freshly harvested catfish (Heteroclarias) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were shared into two parts; a part was sun - dried for 12 days (7 hours daily) between the hours of 9 a.m – 4 p.m at an average temperature range of 23 – 35.9℃, temperature range in Iworoko Ekiti between February – March (According to Norwegian Met Institute) and the other part was dried using laboratory electric oven at a temperature range of 80℃ for 5 days (4 hours daily). Each part was in three (3) replicates. The proximate compositions of the dried samples (Mean moisture, protein, lipid, ash, fibre, carbohydrate) were determined. The changes in moisture, protein and carbohydrate contents including energy value were found to be significant (P < 0.05) for the two processing (drying) methods. Ash and lipid contents showed no significant differences (P >0.05) for the two drying methods used in this study. The changes in the fibre contents was found to be significant (P < 0.05) in the Heteroclarias species for both processing methods while it was not significant (P >0.05) in the Oreochromis niloticus species for both processing methods. This result indicates that drying methods have effects on the proximate compositions of fish species (Heteroclarias and Oreochromis niloticus). The overall assessment showed that; for taste; the highest mean value recorded was 6.0 ± 0.0 and 5.3 ± 0.6 in Oven dried Heteroclarias and Oven dried Oreochromis niloticus respectively. The least mean value 3.0 ± 0.5 was recorded in the sun dried Oreochromis niloticus followed by 3.4 ± 0.6 in sun dried Heteroclarias. The result further indicated that there is significant difference between organoleptic qualities of oven dried and sun dried samples of the same fish species.

Suren Kulshreshtha   

Over the last half century, most small regions and communities in Saskatchewan, Canada, have been facing a decline in their population. Major reasons for such a decline is outmigration of residents to larger centers that provide better quality of life as well as lack of new businesses moving into these communities, perhaps due to somewhat unattractive business climate. To secure economic development, some rural communities (including Rural Municipalities – RM) have attempted to lure business and residents through various types of incentives, including the use of tax and nontax incentives. Examples of such incentives have included, but not limited to, property tax incentives -- municipal tax abatement, property tax incentives, and commercial and industrial tax incentives. This study was based on a case study of five Saskatchewan rural municipalities (RM) in Saskatchewan to inquire about the effectiveness of such tax and nontax incentives. These communities were surveyed using a well-structured questionnaire. In most cases, interviewee was the economic development officer of the R.M., or failing that its mayor. Results of the success of the measures were mixed, as only one community indicated some success in attracting new consumer (tourists oriented) services / businesses. Even here, since this RM is located on a major national highway, marginal contribution of these incentives cannot be ascertained fully. Another R.M. indicated that the community was too small to have an economic development programs and joined neighbouring R.M. for joint collaboration. For other three RMs, the success of these incentives was noted to be nil to limited, although in one case, it was argued that the lead period between the implementation of the incentives and current reporting period was too short. This study confirms much of the evidence found in the literature that such impacts typically do not result in attracting new businesses or new residents. Other factors, particularly those related to attractiveness of the community (region) might play a more important role in rural economic development.

Canon Engoke Norris Savala   and Stephen Kyei-Boahen   

Inoculation with effective Bradyrhizobium spp., and phosphorus application enhance atmospheric nitrogen fixation in soybean production. Soybean form symbiotic associations with the right rhizobium strain to incorporate atmospheric nitrogen into the plant tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate responses of two soybean varieties to inoculation, phosphorus and starter-nitrogen, and their interactions on nodulation, growth, yield components and grain yield in different agroecologies of Mozambique. The study was conducted at three locations in Nampula, Tete and ZambĂ©zia provinces in Mozambique during 2012 and 2013 seasons. Two soybean genotypes (Storm and TGx 1904-6F) in split-plot design with phosphorus (P₂O₅) rates as main plot, inoculation application as subplots and nitrogen rates as sub-sub plots with four replications were used. Nodulation, plant growth, biomass nutrient content at R3 stage, yield and yield components were evaluated. Data analyzed for combined and individual locations in Statistical Analysis System^® 9.4 indicated that inoculation increased nodulation and yield (37% to 95%) in both soybean genotypes but the effect of phosphorus on nodule formation was not consistent across sites and varieties. Inoculants have a potential to supply required nitrogen for soybean production in Mozambique because farmers seldom use mineral fertilizers due to its high cost.

Vincent Kega   Muo Kasina   Florence Olubayo   and John Huria Nderitu   

The efficacy of three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, Steinernema karii Waturu, Hunt & Reid, Heterorhabdtids indica Poinar, Karunaka & David and two EPN isolates collected from Coastal Kenya (EX MOMBASA) and Rift valley (EX NAKURU) was evaluated against larvae of African white rice stem borer, Maliarpha separatella Rag. The experiment was carried out using no- choice modified filter paper bioassay at KARI-Mwea. Whatman filter paper was substituted with white cotton cloth discs. The activity of the biological agents under study was determined at 25℃ and 65% relative humidity, with concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 infective juveniles (IJs) per one M. separatella third instar larva. The larvae were confined in 60mm plastic petri dishes in darkness as the larvae spend their entire life inside the rice stems. The mortality rate was determined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after application of the nematode suspension. Significant virulence was obtained with all the nematode species at 200 infective juveniles (IJs). There was low mortality at 50 and 100 concentration rates. All the EPNs significantly reduced M. separatella larvae after 48 hours in the following order H. indica> EX NAKURU> S. carpocapsae> EX MOMBASA >S. karii. The number of nematodes from the infected cadavers after 48 hours post infection was H. indica (553), EX –MSA (294), EX-NKU (242), S. karii (168) and S. carpocapsae (157). S. karii took the longest time (96 hours) to kill all the test insects. In conclusion, the study shows that EPNs are effective against M. separatella and could be used within an integrated pest management strategy for the pest. There is need to carry out further studies to determine effective dosages under field conditions.

Asnake Fikre   and Dagnachew Bekele   

This review paper reflects the retrospective and prospective of chickpea breeding in Ethiopia in time course of the last five decades. The full-fledged chickpea breeding in Ethiopia started in the 1970s, by just collection, characterization and evaluation among hundreds of local desi accessions for the key yield limiting challenges of the crop production. Among key challenges include soil wilt-root rot complex, inherent low productivity of accessions, ascochyta blight, pod borer, storage pest, terminal drought, and shriveled seed size. Nonetheless efforts combining the multiple objectives and disciples, and partners together have shade in the enhancement of more than tens of thousands of germplasms flows, inter and intra-accession breeding, vital trait of interest transfer between or among candidate lines. Marker assisted breeding and interspecific hybridization with Cicer spp (C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum) are being employed as tools in trait of interest introgression and/or germplasm pool enrichment for immediate future use. The breeding technical efficiency have also been in progress in handling complex of derived population to enhance probability of progressive genetic gain explained through super variety development from germplasm lines, that changed chickpea production and productivity landscape. Ethiopian chickpea has enjoyed by the Kabuli types joined since mid-1980s and accelerates over the desi types due to some peculiar traits (AB-resistance, taste, seed texture etc) liked by the market and consumers. Hence, in its age of breeding, 23 super performing varieties released in both types, yield have been quadrupled from 700kg/ha, seed size tripled from 11g/100seed, market volume and values improved significantly, income per unit area has more than tripled, area expansion almost doubled.

Md. Iqbal Faruk   

A field experiment was conducted in the field of Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute to find out the efficacy of organic amendments viz. poultry refuse, rice bran , fresh saw dust, dry saw dust, tea waste and a nematicide Furadan 5G against root-knot disease (Meloidogyne incognita) of tomato during three consecutive years viz. 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15. Soil was treated with different organic amendments 10 days before seedling transplanting and Furadan 5G was applied on the day of seedling transplanting of tomato. The soils of the experimental plots were inoculated with chopped severely galled (M. incognita) roots of tomato at the time of treatment application. In all the years, considerable reduction in root-knot disease and increase in plant growth and fruit yield were achieved with different treatments and Furadan 5G. The most effective treatment was poultry refuse followed by rice bran and Furadan 5G. In 1^st year, 2^nd year and 3^rd year, gall index values were 5.16, 4.94 and 6.27 under control, respectively. The severity was reduced to 59.11-64.53% in 1^st year, 50.60-60.72% in 2^nd year and 48.96-55.34% in the 3^rd year compared to control due to application of the rice bran, Furadan 5G and poultry refuse. On the other hand, fruit yield under control was 44.82 t/ha at 1st year 49.73 t/ha in 2^nd year and 36.95 t/ha at 3^rd year. The highly effective three treatments increased fruit yield to 11.02-29.90% in 1^st year, 17.17-30.56% in 2^nd year and 23.39-35.02% in the 3^rd year compared to control. The fruit yield of tomato was directly and linearly correlated with gall indices in tomato gall. Based on the findings of present the study poultry refuse and rice bran noted as an effective treatment to manage root-knot disease of tomato.

Nasibe Tekiner   Recep Kotan   Elif Tozlu   and Fatih DadaƟoğlu   

Coniella granati Saccardo (Synonym Pilidiella granati) is a fungal pathogen that causes fruit brown rot, cankers on shoots and crown rot of pomegranate trees. Although cultural and chemical control is recommended against C. granati; cultural control is not enough and limited number of advisable fungicides used in chemical control against this pathogen. Therefore, alternative strategies are needed for this pathogen control. In this context, it was aimed to investigate the effect of some bacterial biocontrol agents against C. granati under in vitro conditions. Dual culture of eleven bacterial biocontrol agents [1 Bacillus megaterium (TV 3D), 3 Bacillus substilis (TV 6F, TV 17C, CP1), 1 Bacillus cereus (TV 85D), 1 Paenibacillus polymxa (TV 12E), 2 Pseudomonas fluorescens (MF 3, AR 9), 1 Burkholderia cepacia (BA 7) 1 Pantoea agglomerans (MF 1) and 1 Bacillus thuringiensis (BAB 420)] were tested for antagonistic properties against C. granati. Percent inhibition rate values changed from 11.90% to 66.67% in dual culture. B. cereus (TV 85D, 66.67%) was the most effective strains against C. granati respectively by B. substilis (TV 17C, 64.29%; TV 6F, 60.71%) in in vitro. As a result, promising results were obtained from these isolates in in vitro conditions. These isolates should be tested in vivo conditions for controlling the post-harvest decay of pomegranate fruits caused by C. granati.

Issoufou Hassane Bil-Assanou   Daouda Boukari   and Lawali Sitou   

As an agroecological intensification technique, the scaling up of trees assisted natural regeneration (ANR) could help to protect Sahelian agrosystems and to ensure crop production in the context of high demographic pressure and climatic variability. This study aims to evaluate agronomic and environmental performances of a multi-specific agroforestry parkland arising from a Maradi local community innovations in tree resources management to support their ongoing scaling up. The study site is located in central-south of Maradi region's (Niger) with annual rainfall average amount of 600 mm and is derived from more than thirty years of trees ANR practice. Pearl millet is the dominant cereal most often in association with cowpea, sorghum or groundnut. Woody trees density was evaluated on radial transects. Water profile and soil bulk density in ANR and non-ANR areas were determined from rainy and dry season soils sampling at depths of 0-50 cm, 50-100 cm, 100-150 cm and 150- 200cm. Pearl-millet growth and it yield parameters were monitored in 100 m² (10x10m) plots due to 50 plots in ANR and 50 non- ANR areas. Results showed that the two zones had the same composition for dominant woody trees but the average density was higher in the ANR than non-ANR areas. Tree density was lower in fields in the vicinity of the village than those that are far away in all context. Soil water content was higher in ANR areas under and out of tree canopy than in non-ANR area in surface horizons. However, in deep horizons up to 200 cm, soil water content was higher in H ANR and HC ANR areas than in SC ANR areas, respectively. Apart from seeding density (F = 1.20, P-value = 0.2756), all measured agronomic performance parameters were significantly higher in the ANR than in the non-ANR area. These results show that the ANR practice improve agrosystems productivity in a sustainable manner through increases of crop yield as well as direct incomes to smallholders through wood exploitation from enhanced pruning.

Dastan Bamwesigye   Azdren Doli   Kyom Jonathan Adamu   and Sheku Kemoh Mansaray   

In Uganda, agriculture remains the backbone of the economy, like in the rest of African countries. The current literature review explores agriculture situations in Uganda while focusing on the role of women, land ownership, and the current policy framework. The authors sought to illustrate some of the core challenges in agriculture and how their impact on agricultural output. The researchers explored various developments in Uganda, such as employment, the role of women, and challenges faced, especially in the aspect related to policy framework as compared to other developing countries such as Ghana, Rwanda, and South Africa. Agricultural production in Uganda is largely dominated by smallholders' farmers, especially those with less than five hectares. These farmers produce a wide range of crops for both consumption and commercial purpose. Challenges such as lack of or limited access to finance, limited access to land, and price fluctuation are discussed. The researchers revealed that there is limited use of agricultural technologies by the farmers.

Angarawai I. Ignatius   Willmar Leiser   Baloua Nebie   Yeye Y. Mary   Aba A. Daniel   Abubakar Lawali   Ajeigbe H. A   and Jonah Jerome   

Challenge in hybrid sorghum development for the Nigerian environment remains the identification of suitable seed parents, constrained most particularly by non-appropriate indigenous sources of stable male-sterility maintenance on the female parents. To achieve this goal, defined "functional" hetero¬tic paren¬tal-pools is required to create new and diverse hybrid parents for sustainable hybrid develop¬ment. To explore availability of male–sterility inducing cytoplasm, an exploratory landrace Sorghum collection across some states of Nigeria 2014 and 2015 were carried out and evaluated for target hybrid parent traits. 388 testcrosses generated from 40 randomly selected landraces collections using 2 male sterile lines (ICS38A and ICS24005A), were evaluated for sterility maintainer to identify lines that are suitable for conversion to male sterile lines and restorers. Preliminary characterization during 2014 cropping season evaluation showed that most of the sorghum landraces grown in the Sudan Savannah are white or yellow grain with compact elliptic panicle forms (caudatum type) accounting for 46% as compared to those in Guinea Savannah cultivating white or red grain with loose dropping panicle forms (guinea type). Result from the genomic analysis revealed wide genetic diversity with 5 major distinct clusters at 0.2 Euclidian distances. The genetic materials used as parents in the testcrosses showed high potential of genetic male sterility maintainers and were diverse, where 3 of the landrace parents were mapped to cluster 1, 13 to cluster 2, 1 to cluster 3 and 3 to cluster 5. Given that the collection areas are diverse with heterogeneous agro-ecologies, the landraces observed could be used as important sources of novel alleles for developing hybrid parents.

StanisƂaw Kaniszewski   Irena Babik   and JĂłzef Babik   

Pelletized plant-based fertilizers Ekofert K (red clover) and Ekofert L (lucerne) was compared to non-fertilized control and mineral N-fertilization (100 kg N ha-1) in sustainable onion cultivation (2012–2013). The organic fertilizers at pre-plant rates equivalent to 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1 were applied on a field fertilized with compost (25 t ha-1). The fertilizers Ekofert K and L significantly increased onion production as compared to the basic fertilization with compost alone. The increase in yield was favorably correlated with the applied fertilizer rates. The lowest rate of organic fertilizers ensured a yield at the level of mineral fertilization at the rate of 100 kg N ha-1 as single application. The higher rates of Ekofert K and L (180, 240 kg N ha-1) resulted in a marketable yield increase relative to single mineral fertilization. The use of organic as well as mineral fertilization increased nitrogen and chlorophyll contents in onion leaves, compared to the non-fertilized control treatment. The increase was positively correlated with fertilizer rates. The N-NO₃ content in onion bulbs was in general not influenced by the application of organic fertilizers, compared to non-fertilized control treatment. Nitrogen content in the top soil (0–30 cm) was the highest after 5 weeks from incorporation of the fertilizers and diminished in following 4 weeks on average by 46% due to plant development and intensive nutrient uptake. After onion harvest, continued mineralization of soil organic matter and lack of uptake by plants increased average nitrogen content nearly to the level at stage of early plant growth. The N-NO₃ content in soil increased with rates of the Ekofert fertilizers. In subsoil horizon (30–60 cm), the N-NO₃ content was 2.5 times lower than in topsoil and significant only for the highest rate of the fertilizers.

Le Reste Guillaume   KersantĂ© Pierrick   and Duperray JoĂ«l   

In a context of marine products substitution, mixes of free amino acids (MFAA) obtained from poultry keratin extensive hydrolysis are candidates for aquaculture feeds. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of MFAA on white shrimp, Litopeaneus vannamei. In the first trial 432 shrimps (IBW 5.1g) were placed in 24 tanks. Animals were fed three diets (control; control+0.5% MFAA; control+1% MFAA) for 35 days. MFAA addition was made by coating. Growth was higher in the group fed with 0.5% MFAA. Daily feed intake (DFI) was higher in both groups fed MFAA. Survival and FCR were not influenced by the treatment. In the second trial 2560 shrimps (IBW 5.8g) were equally divided between 16 cages placed in a brackish water pond. Cages were fed a control feed or a feed containing 0.5% MFAA for 38 days. MFAA was added before pelleting. Growth and FCR were significantly improved in cages fed 0.5% MFAA. Survival and DFI were not influenced. Those results show the potential of MFAA and its mode of application as part of shrimp feeding ingredients with functional benefits on animal performance in farm settings. Such results also underline the influence of the application mode on its functional benefits.

Udemezue J. C.   Chinaka E. C.   and Okoye, B. C.   

Investment in agricultural sector anchors economic growth of a country which brings about food security. Agricultural sector is a strong driver of the Nigerian economy. It employs about 70% of the nation's labour force and has the capacity to alleviate poverty and ensure food security. This paper reviewed the cassava production trends, cassava value chain issues, value chain and the challenges for cassava production and processing in Nigeria. The paper recommends that the extension linkage with research should be strengthened so as to facilitate the spread of improved cultivars and management practices to farmers. The involvement of more cooperative societies in the multiplication and sales of stems should be encouraged. Integration of information and supply of various inputs is necessary. A group approach to extension delivery should be further promoted and the use of existing and new cultivars should be made popular through an extended or expanded cassava multiplication programme. Effective strategies are needed for stakeholders to share their experiences with those of other countries of the sub region who are participating in the processing of cassava. Cooperation linkages are needed with other important stakeholders like agricultural research, microfinance institutions, quality standards organizations, and equipment fabricators.

Chukwu L. I.   Ogbuagu A. E.   Mbe J. O   and Akinbo O. K.   

Field experiments were conducted at the eastern research farm of the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, southeastern Nigeria (SEN), in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons, to evaluate the effects of inorganic (NPK) fertilizer and vermesfluid on the root yield of cassava (TME 419). The experiment was a single-factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments comprised 16 percentage combinations of the recommended rate of NPK fertilizer (600 kg/ha) and the maximum recommended vermesfluid concentration (4%). The vermesfluid was applied foliarly 4 times at a 4 weekly interval, while the NPK fertilizer was banded in at 6 weeks after planting. The cassava was harvested at 11 months after planting and the yield estimated in tonnes per hectare (t/ha). The results of a 2-year average showed that application of vermesfluid alone between the recommended concentration range of 3 and 4%, induced similar yield responses but resulted in a non-significant and significant reduction in cassava root yield below those of the control (T₀) and the application of the full dosage of NPK fertilizer (T₇), respectively. However, combined application of 75% of the recommended rate of NPK fertilizer with 100% of vermesfluid concentration (T₁₂), gave exceptionally high cassava yield of 57.8t/ha, which significantly out-yielded every other treatment including T₇ and T₀ by 18.6% and 55.2%, respectively. On the basis of this result, T₁₂, which not only gave the best yield but also reduced the application rate of the NPK fertilizer with the associated cost and environmental risk components by 25%, is recommended for sustainable cassava production on a degraded Ultisol of SEN.

Manoj Kumar Bhatt   Rini Labanya   and Hem C. Joshi   

The Effects of Chemical Fertilizers and organic manure on soil fertility focuses primarily on the behavior of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in soil because these two nutrients are the main nutrients that limit crop yields and they are also the nutrients of particular concern for environmental quality. Besides, potassium (K), sulfur (S), macronutrients (primary and secondary), micronutrient and other elements, salts, and sodium, soil pH, EC. CEC and organic matter are covered. Organic fertilizer improves physical and biological activities of soil but they have comparatively low in nutrient content, so larger quantity is required for plant growth. However, inorganic fertilizer is usually immediately and fast containing all necessary nutrients that are directly accessible for plants. But continuous use of inorganic fertilizers alone causes soil organic matter degradation, soil acidity, and environmental pollution. So the combined application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure has an alternative system for the sustainable and cost-effective management of soil fertility. The objective of the present review is to assess the effect of long-term chemical fertilizers and organic manure on soil fertility. The study revealed that the appropriate application of inorganic fertilizers along with organic manure increases soil fertility than the values obtained by organic or inorganic fertilizers separately.

S. S. Koonjah   A. Beekharry   M. G. H. Badaloo   C. Henderson   and A. Dookun Saumtally   

The use of near infrared spectroscopy, JEFFCO Infracana II, in the breeding and selection programme of the Mauritius Sugarcane Industry Research Institute (MSIRI) has led to a more reliable and rapid approach in estimating essential laboratory cane quality characters. The assessment of sucrose and fibre content now takes less than one minute per sample of cane with increased analytical precision and requiring considerably less labour. The latest calibration model in 2017 is based on approximately 3000 samples for Brix % cane, Pol % cane and fibre % cane. With this calibration model, the number of outliers generated that necessitate a separate laboratory analysis has been reduced to 5% or below. In fact, with the latest calibration model developed in 2018, the number of outliers has been considerable reduced and is now below 2%. The inclusion of more cane samples from high biomass and high sucrose sugar cane varieties will improve the robustness of the calibration models and further limit the number of outliers. Results from wet laboratory analyses were linearly regressed against those obtained from NIR giving a Pearson R2values of 0.89 for Pol % cane, 0.90 for Brix % cane and 0.74 for fibre % cane.

Adongo J. M   Wesonga P. S   and Serykhan N. W   

The study investigated how farmers used mobile phone communication in dairy goat rearing to improve their livelihoods. The targeted farmers were widows, caregivers and orphans in Kitui County, Kenya. The two types of goats reared were Toggenburg and Galla. Sampling was done in two stages: proportional to get five clusters and random within a cluster to get a sample size of 100 respondents. The study found women consisted 71% of the sampled farmers. Forty two percent of farmers used their dairy milk for home consumption. Average goat milk production was 2.6 litres and retailed at KES70.00 per litre. The result suggests high adoption of mobile phone use as evidenced by eighty six percent of farmers who have owned their mobile phone for more than one year. Farmers (69%) called Livestock extension officer and Veterinary officer, both of whom are instrumental in the general management and disease control of the dairy goats. Ownership and access of mobile phones have increased communication contacts amongst farmers, sellers, buyers and extension agents. We recommend that mobile phone communication be embedded in the programming of projects by policy makers.

Mbah Alma Andoh   and Mobit Joshua Mbah   

Cameroon's population by January 2017 was estimated to be 24,260,003 and counting and 45.6% of this people lived in rural areas. But the lack of social amenities in these areas poses a problem to their health and their general livelihood. Cocoa remains the main cash crop to more than 75% of the population of Cameroon. It is mainly produced by peasant farmers, who depend mostly on the profit derived from the management of this crop, even though this is a seasonal crop, these farmers. Matoh Butu is a village found in Konye Sub-Division, Meme Division of the South West Region of Cameroon. This study aims at determining the economic situation of the inhabitants of Matoh Butu Village. A field visit was carried out in this village by 6 experts spending two weeks in the village. This was to assess the availability of social amenities; the average quantity of cocoa that they produce; what other crops they produce and if they market these produce; how they manage their farms; how they manage their income and the challenges they face in agriculture. Results show that there is a poor road network leading to the village and to their farms, there is no portable drinking water and there is inadequate health services. An average farmer in the rural area produces 32.3 bags of cocoa yearly but they lack knowledge on how to manage their income since there are no banks in the villages. Only 11.2% save their money in banks in the cities, 25.4% save theirs in "njangi" houses while the remaining 64.4% do not save at all. These make them to mishandle their income and they are forced to borrow chemicals for the next planting season causing the buyers to be the one to determine the price of the cocoa they produce. 84.1% borrows chemicals from their buyers. The main crop grown there is cocoa. Other food crops like plantain, banana, "okwani Cocoyam", macabo cocoyam, cassava and some vegetables like bitter leaf and ekong-obong are cultivated mainly for home consumption. Only 10% of the farmers sell their excess. In order to improve on their livelihood, there is need for the construction of roads and bridges to ease transport, portable drinking water and quality healthcare services has to be made available to the people, and they have to be trained on new sources of food to boast their economic status and thought on better agricultural practices.

Elkana H.   and Gwaza D. S.   

The effect of genetic grade (strain) on body weight and body linear measurements of the pure grade dual purpose French guinea fowl strain (116 birds) and their mixed genetic grade (32 birds) was determined using a linear mathematical model. Birds were raised under intensive system in Katsina state. Loss in vigour of the pure grade dual purpose French guinea fowl was calculated by difference. There was a significant (P < 0.05) effect of strain (genetic grade) on body weight and body linear measurements. The pure grade dual purpose French guinea fowl cocks and hens had significantly higher body weight and most body linear measurements than counterpart dual purpose mixed genetic grade guinea fowl cocks and hens. The pure grade dual purpose French guinea fowl cocks and hens had lower coefficients of variation (7.76 and 9.60 %) than the dual purpose guinea fowl cocks and hen mixed genetic grades (13.11 and 13.54 %). The dual purpose mixed genetic grade guinea fowl cocks and hens had longer helmet length than counterpart pure grade dual purpose French guinea cocks and hens. Strain (genetic grade) had no effect on tail length of guinea hens. There were high loss of vigour (56.25 and 57.69 %) of helmet thickness followed by (28.82 and 37.38 %) for body weight of the dual purpose French guinea fowl cocks and hens. Body length (3.76 and 0.56 %) and thigh length (4.22 and 1.85 %) respectively for guinea fowl cocks and hens, were the morphometric traits that had the lowest reduction in vigour among all quantitative traits evaluated. The dual purpose French guinea fowl and their mixed genetic grade had higher body weight than counterpart local guinea fowl strains. Introduction of the dual purpose French guinea fowl into the tropics can aid the diversification of rural poultry production.

Adegbola Adetayo Jacob   Wegh Francis Shagbaor   Ikwuba Agnes Agbanugo   and Nwafor Solomon Chimela   

This study investigated socio-economic determinants of utilization of manual screw press for cassava mash dehydration for gari production in four local government areas across the ADP zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of three hundred and eighty four (384) gari processors who use the screw press in the state. Multiple regression analysis shows that a correlation (R=0.678) exists between utilization of the screw press and the independent variables which include age, household size, level of education, years of processing experience, extension visits, and income from gari processing. R² value of 0.460 indicates that about 46% of the variation in utilization was explained by socio-economic variables included in the regression model. Three variables significantly influenced the decision of the respondents to utilize the manual screw press: age, level of experience, and income; the most important predicator being income with a Beta value of 0.699. Conclusively, it was recommended among others that research, extension, and policy makers consider the significant determinants identified in the study seriously if increased utilization is to be achieved by gari processors and others similar to them in the study area and the region.

Aziz-ur-Rehman   M. Ehsan Khan   Sadia Kaukab   Sajjad Saeed   M. Aqeel   Gulfam Riasat   and Ch. Muhammad Rafiq   

Mungbean is a beneficial as well as crucial pulse crop which has high economical and commercial values widely grown in Asia. It is cheap source of dietary protein, iron and minerals. It belongs to family Leguminosae and is valuable grain legume which comprises major portion of proteins, minerals, vitamins and essential amino acid. In Pakistan it ranks second in Pulses production after Chickpea. Mungbean suffers from several diseases due lack of good cultural practices and insight about the genome of this crop. These diseases caused by fungus, bacterium and viruses. Major diseases including Yellow Mosaic disease (YMD), Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD), Cercospora leaf spot disease (CLSD) and were caused by yellow mosaic virus, Cercospora canesens and Urdbean leaf crinkle virus respectively. Annually, 40-80% grain yield losses were caused due to these diseases. To overcome these threats scientists/researchers are using approaches to develop resistant and high yielding Mungbean genotypes/cultivars. The area under Mungbean cultivation is decreasing day by day because most of varieties were matured at 100 to 120 days which were not suitable in our cropping pattern. There is a dire need to develop those varieties having high yield, resistant to diseases and insect pest, early and synchronize maturity (60-80 days).

S. O. E. Alakpa   S. O. Afolabi   and I. J. Ighalo   

The use of mobile phones as means of communication between the extension agents and local farmers in Edo South was examined to determine the perception of the extension agents on its effectiveness. Fifty-one (51) respondents were obtained through random sampling using questionnaires to obtain relevant information in the two local government areas; Ovia North East and Ovia South West selected for the study. The result obtained indicated that male extension agents were in majority (72.5%), 54.9% of the sampled population above 45 years of age and 58.8% possessed 16 – 20 years working experience. Phone calls and short message service (SMS) were found appropriate for agricultural information dissemination. Significant and positive relationships were established between the working experience of extension agents and their perception of mobile phone usage. The recommendation is that formal integration of mobile phone into extension activities be done to enhance wider coverage, reduce cost and risks associated with movement. Extension agents and farmers need more training on effective usage of SMS and phone calls for interaction on farm related issues. Enforcement of existing telecommunication laws could reduce network failure and also enhance effective usage.

Nwafor J. O   Ezeocha V. C   C Kanu A. C   and Onyebula, O. D   

The performance of blends of water yam (Dioscorea alata) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flours for preparation confectionaries was investigated. Water yam and cowpea were processed into flours and 100% water yam flour served as the control sample. However, water yam cake, chinchi and bread were produced using water yam flour and cowpea flour which were blended at different ratio (ie. 100%:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50). The proximate analysis and functional properties of the water yam-cowpea flour were determined. The sensory evaluation showed that samples 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 were the most acceptable because they contained little quantity of cowpea flour. The scores obtained for overall acceptability of the confectionaries ranged from extremely dislike to extremely like, indicating that the cake samples were generally liked by the panelists. This study showed that the panelists like the sample 50:50 more than the other samples. Therefore, the cowpea fortified yam flour could contribute to quality protein intake in populations consuming yam as a staple, due to its indispensible amino acid content.

Udemezue J. C.   and Kanu N. A.   

The challenges of agricultural sector in the twenty first century as a result of the activities of cattle herdsmen/terrorist sects should not be underestimated because they have imposed a gross untold hardship to farmers in particular and a nation at large. Nigeria has recorded several violent conflicts in many rural communities from 1999 till date, conflicts that have resulted to over 10,000 deaths and internal displacement of over 300,000 Nigerian have been recorded and this has created distortion in farmer's livelihood since they live and earn their living from rural areas. Presently, the current situation of agriculture in Nigeria is despicable, deplorable, unspeakable, disgraceful, deceptive, tragic, retrogressive and not even befitting a nation that is rich and endowed with natural resources. However, the implications of cattle-herdsmen/terrorist sects on agricultural sector have displayed consequent effects in all the spheres of agricultural fields and even brought about fundamental problems with regard to food crisis in the prone areas. In view of this, this paper used analytical approach to review the followings; Impacts of cattle herdsmen on Nigerian economy, Causes of farmers-herder's Conflicts in Nigeria, coping strategies for the challenges and the detailed report on the number of attacks and number of people killed by cattle herdsmen in the last 5 years. This paper therefore, recommended that those factors that cause or escalate conflicts must be seriously avoided and if probably occur should be entrusted in the hands of the traditional rulers of the community involved. Government at all levels should handle conflict with their utmost capacity thereby enacting laws that will serve as deterrent to cattle herdsmen in order to reduce insecurity and ameliorate the spate of conflict and mass slaughter. Traditional method of conflict management should be articulated with modern ones in order to stop further eruption of conflicts. Establishment of ranches in all the states of nation should be enacted into law to reduce the spate of conflicts escalation.

M. Akil   J.Purwani   F. Tabri   and M. Azrai   

A field experiment was conducted on a farmer’s field in Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia from 6^th April to 18^th July 2013. Texturally, the soil was a silt loam with pH of 5.2, 1.07% organic matter, 0.12% total nitrogen, 41.60 mg kg^-1 available phosphorus and 0.75 mg kg^-1 available potassium. The experiment was aimed to evaluate the application of commercially available bio fertilizers on hybrid maize CV. Bima 19 URI grain yield in comparison with conventional fertilizers and control. The experiment included of 16 treatments i.e. no fertilizer as control; recommended dose (230 N+ 36 P₂O₅ + 60 K₂0 kg ha^-1); 50% recommended dose(115 N+18P₂O₅ + 30 K₂0 kg ha^-1); 50% recommended dose (115 N+18P₂O₅ + 30 K₂0 kg ha^-1) + compost 2 t ha^-1; 70% recommendation dose (172.5 N+ 22.5 P₂O₅ + 60 K₂0) kg ha^-1;75% recommendation dose (172.5 N+ 22.5 P₂O₅ + 60 K₂0 kg ha^-1) + compost 2 t ha^-1; compost 2 t ha^-1; plus 9 commercially bio fertilizers such as Beyonic; Bio-Padjar; Probio-New; Super Biost; Bion-UP; Bio-SRF; Agrofit; Biopim and Biocoat. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design arrangement with three replications. The result of the experiment showed that bio fertilizer significantly influenced leaf chlorophyll; NPK leaves levels, plant height, kernel row, ear length, 1000 grains yield and grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained with Bio-Padjar 10.06 t ha^-1 followed by Beyonic 10.04 t ha^-1, Biopim 9.96 t ha^-1, Bion-UP 9.82 t ha^-1, Super Biost 9.80 t ha^-1, Biocoat 9.77t ha^-1, Agrofit 9.76 t ha^-1, and Probio-New 9.73 t ha^-1. Contribution of biofertilizers increased grain yield vary in ranged from 5.83 – 8.52% and reduce 25 - 50% chemical fertilizer recommendation dose.

Gomathi V   M. Esakkiammal   S. S. Thilagavathi   and A. Ramalakshmi   

In nature, microorganisms including fungi are the most efficient cellulose and hemicelluloses degraders through production of lignocellulosic enzymes. Termitomyces spp., a wild edible mushroom is well known for production of lignocellulosic enzymes. Twenty isolates of Termitomyces spp. were isolated at 10^-4 dilution with pour plate method from different locations of termite mound soil of Tamil Nadu. Based on their morphological and cultural characteristics, the isolates were identified as Termitomyces. Growth conditions and cultural characteristics of Termitomyces spp. isolates were studied. The results showed that the isolates grew well in Malt extract agar medium with pH 5.5 when incubated at 27℃ for 7 days. The isolates were screened for the activity of enzymes e.g., cellulase, amylase, xylanase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities at seven different incubation periods. Maximum activity of the enzymes was observed on 12^th day after inoculation which declined thereafter.

Hayat Mohmed Ahmed   Azhari Omer Abdelbagi   Abd Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag   and Ahmed Mohammed Ali Hammad   

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the three types of garlic oils; Sudanese, Chinese and Egyptian on the eggs of cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Volatile oils from Sudanese and Chinese garlic were obtained by steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction using ethanol correspondingly, whereas Egyptian garlic oil was bought as a ready-made product. The oils were tested at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5% and 10%, at exposure periods ranging from 24-72 hrs. Respective average number of eggs laid after exposure to the lowest concentration of Sudanese, Chinese and Egyptian oils were; 5.4, 4.0, 4.1 after 24 hrs; 0.7, 0.1, 0.1 after 48 hrs 0.2, 0.5, 0.5 after 72 hrs. The oils from the three garlic cultivars significantly reduced number of eggs laid with the highest dose (10%) caused complete inhibition of egg laying. Average number of eggs hatched when exposed to the lowest concentration (0.01%) were; 0.25 after one day and 1.00 after 7 days of exposure to Sudanese oil vapours, 0.00 after one day and 0.75 after 7 days of exposure to Chinese oil vapour and 0.00 after one day and 0.75 after 7 days of exposure to Egyptian oil vapour.

Anam Nourin   Aysha Kiran   Sadia Kaukab   Aziz ur Rehman   Muhammad Sajjad Saeed   Aqsa Tahir   Gulfam Riasat   and Ehsan Khan   

Lentil is an important pulse crop in Pakistan which is used in combination with cereals to balance the diet. Lentil area and production is declining for the last ten year. The current study is devised to evaluate lentil germplasm for the high yield performance at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. Hundred accessions of lentil germplasm (Lens culinaris L.) were estimated for morphological and yield related attributes. Field performance results showed that lentil lines indicated major differences for their morphological studied factors. AARI-L-540, AARI-L-302, AARI-L- 411, AARI-L-562, AARI-L-454, AARI-L-417, AARI-L- 650, AARI-L-701, AARI-L-284, AARI-L-124, AARI-L-234, AARI-L-318, AARI-L-530, AARI-L-550, AARI-L-272, genotype analyzed the maximum plant biomass, highest seed yield, 1000 seed weight, number of pods, plant height at maturity and flowering, length of reproductive phase, days to flowering and maturity, harvest index, Degree of indetermination, primary and secondary branches of plant, No of pods/plant, seed per pod, canopy temp, internode distance, no of nodes and leaves were calculated respectively. Principal component analysis statistically applied on these traits. First eight principal component analyses (PCA) expressed 88.52% of total variation in which PC I, PC II, PC III, PC IV, PC V, PC VI, PC VII & PC VIII accounted for 19.12%, 11.24%, 610.05%, 29.66%, 7.19%, 36.75%, 75.88%, 5.58% of total variation. The data was statistically analyzed to find out the superior genotype for the above mentioned character.

Zewdu Edea Bedada   Bikila Negasa Gilo   and Gurmessa Terfa Debela   

The study was conducted in Borana zone of southern Ethiopia to phenotypically characterize Borana goats kept under pastoral and agro-pastoral management systems. In total, 257 of goats comprising of 199 female and 58 male goats were used for the study. Qualitative descriptions of the breed showed that sampled animals displayed high frequency for plain coat pattern (82.10%) and white coat color (89.88%). In both sexes, toggle was manifested in 6% of the animals. Nearly, 48% of the animal sampled (male and female) were polled. The overall body weight (BW), chest girth (CG), body length (BL), wither height (HW), pelvic width (PW), body condition score (BCS) and ear length (EL) for female goats were 27.99 kg, 64.34 cm, 69.60 cm, 66.64 cm, 14.35 cm, 2.87 and 14.35, respectively. Within females, dentition significantly affected (P < 0.001) body weight and all linear measurements (P > 0.05). Similarly, dentition had significantly (P < 0.001) influenced live body weight and other linear measurements in male goats. This study insight that Borana goats are superior to other indigenous goat breeds in many of the quantitative traits considered. Most of the parameters considered had positive and significant correlation with live body weight. Considering ease of measurement, chest girth (CG) could be used in performance recordings and bridge the gaps still present in keeping the performance of the breed to facilitate within breed selection scheme.

B. S. Dwivedi   Abhishek Sharma   A. K. Dwivedi   and R. K. Thakur   

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of most important rabi cereal crop of northern Madhya Pradesh in India. The availability of phosphorus in the soil for plant utilization is known to be affected not only by the inherent soil characteristics but also by the fertilizer use and management practices followed for crop production. Therefore, a study on the response of phosphorus on farmer field for improving wheat productivity was performed at Jabalpur, India. In between the technology intervention HRD components were also included to excel the farmers understanding and skill about the demonstrated technology on nutrient management aspects. The front line demonstration conducted at six farmer's field of village's viz. Luhari, Gathora, Ghatera, Kanthi and Gurda pipariya on wheat (variety GW-366) during Rabi 2015-16. The soil contained pH 6.5 to 7.2, EC 0.16 to 0.21 dSm^-1, organic carbon 0.49 to 0.69%, available nitrogen 204 to 254 Kg ha^-1, phosphorus 7.1 to 16.2 Kg ha^-1 and potassium 411 to 470 Kg ha^-1.The experiment included 5 treatments viz., T₁ - 100% NPK + 5 t FYM ha^-1, T₂ - 100% NPK, T₃ - 100% NK+ 50% K, T₄ - 100% NPK – (S) and T₅ – farmer's practice. The result indicated that the treatment T₁-100% NPK+FYM produced the highest average yield of wheat. The lowest yield was recorded in T5-farmer's practice. The highest increase in yield (26%) was observed with 100% NPK + FYM over farmer's practice, followed by 13% increase in yield (100% NPK) of wheat over farmer's practice.

Anastasia Martzopoulou   and Vasileios Firfiris   

For the comparable valuation of the manufactural activities between regions and sectors, methods of statistical analysis are used to define significant differences in terms of competitiveness, environmental load, sustainability and eco-productivity. The data was obtained from manufacturing industries (Small and Medium Enterprises) operating in Northern Greece and South Bulgaria. The statistical analysis is based on available emergy indices produced with emergy analysis. The results of the statistical analysis show that: (a) no significant differences were found between the manufacturing sectors examined, (b) the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in S. Bulgaria significantly surpass that of N. Greece, under the current conditions in terms of labor and services compensation, (c) an elasticity of the environmental consciousness exists in S. Bulgaria in contrast to that of N. Greece, (d) the low labor compensation does not lend any significant superiority to S. Bulgaria in terms of the sustainability of its manufacturing industry, (e) from the eco-productivity statistical analysis becomes clear that the three main production factors, the labor, capital and energy, are better exploited in N. Greece than in S. Bulgaria.

Ivana Ljevaković-Musladin   Mato Lakić   and Lidija Kozačinski   

The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat vegetables offered by local food business operators in Dubrovnik-Neretva County in the period of 2011-2018. Vegetables have been randomly selected and sampled in hotels, restaurants and retail. Analysis has been assessed according to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs and Croatian National Guidelines on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs [1, 2]. A total of 243 samples were analysed for Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, Coagulase-positive staphylococci, sulphite-reducing Clostridia, yeasts/molds, Listeria monocytogenes and the presence of Salmonella spp., using respective ISO methods. The results showed that 136 (56%) samples were unsatisfactory, mostly because of the high levels of yeasts/molds and Enterobacteriaceae. Unsatisfactory levels of yeasts/molds was found in 105 (43.2%) samples, Enterobacteriaceae in 96 (39.5%) samples, Coagulase-positive staphylococci in 12 (4.9%) samples and E. coli in 4 (1.6%) samples. Among these 136 samples concentration rang of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Coagulase-positive staphylococci and yeasts/molds were 3.20–6.48, 3.60–5.81, 3.26-4.65 and 3.08–5.48 log CFU/g, respectively. Sulphite-reducing Clostridia, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the samples. The most contaminated vegetables were arugula and lettuce, followed by cabbage and salad mix. All unsatisfactory samples were either sliced or grated. In 2017, 11 samples of packaged ready-to-eat leafy green vegetables were also analyzed. 7 out of 11 samples (63.6%) were unsatisfactory due to contamination with Enterobacteriaceae (4-5 log CFU/g), although the products were labelled as ready-to-eat with no need for washing. Although pathogens weren't isolated, our study showed poor microbiological quality of vegetables and brings certain concern regarding the safety of these products. Proper washing and adequate hygiene during preparation are a “must have” prerequisite for food safety. More studies are needed regarding microbiological quality of packaged ready-to-eat vegetables, since their mislabelling is giving a customer incorrect information.

Mbah Alma Andoh   and Mobit Joshua Mbah   

Cocoa remains the main cash crop to more than 75% of the population of Cameroon. It is produced mainly by peasant farmers who even though they are the main producers of the highly demanded crop and do not earn sufficient income to meet their needs and maintain a moderate standard of living. This study aims at determining the economic status of Cameroon’s rural people. Field visits were carried out in 10 villages in MEME Division with at least 5 experts spending at least one week in these villages. This was to assess the average quantity of cocoa that a farmer in the rural area produces; how they manage their cocoa farms; how they manage their income and if they keep records. Results show that an average farmer in the rural area produces 32.3 bags of cocoa yearly but they lack knowledge on how to manage their income since there are no banks in the villages. Only 11.2% save their monies in banks in the cities, 25.4% save theirs in “njangi” houses while the remaining 64.4% do not save at all. These make them to mishandle their income and they are forced to borrow chemicals for the next planting season causing the buyers to be the one to determine the price of the cocoa they produce. 84.1% borrows chemicals from their buyers, 15.3% keeps detailed records while 84.7% does not and this makes them unaware of if they are losing or gaining. In order to change their economic status, they have to be encouraged to create and/or join farmers groups that would enable them to better market their produce, educate them on the importance of saving, better agricultural practices, and how to keep good records.

G. C. Robin   F. Asiedu   V. Lopez   and V. Extavour   

The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) has prioritized roots and tuber crops as new pillars for enhancing food and nutrition security, agricultural and economic growth, reducing the high food import bill, generating employment, as well as reducing the incidence of non-communicable diseases. The cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) industry, though in its infancy, is recognized as having the potential for developing a wide range of value-added products, targeting existing and new markets. Over the past 15 years, the formation of a Regional Cassava Working Group, the establishment of the root crop tissue culture laboratory in St. Vincent and the Grenadines and the demonstration of new techniques in vegetative propagation and production, has led to increased productivity in CARICOM. The up-grade of farine production facilities and the selection of suitable varieties / accessions for making farine, has increased the production and consumption of the traditional cassava bread as well as the composite bread made from 40% grated cassava. The marketing of cassava value-added products, studies on cassava macro-economic impact analysis and cassava policy development are all efforts channeled towards the sustainability of the cassava industry (value chain). Studies of the effects of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) accessions, time of planting and zones on productivity, have led to more effective production planning and taro (Colocasia esculenta) or dasheen research has added three more genotypes to the narrow gene pool. These achievements have bolstered food and nutrition security in CARICOM.

Gjoke Vuksani   Giuseppe Cristiano   and Barbara De Lucia   

Thegrafting of ornamental plants is a relatively new practice in Albania aimed at improving both yields and the environment. Although much information is available on the seedling production of Cupressus spp., whereas few grafting cases have been recorded .This note reports the first grafting of the Arizona cypress ( the scion), which is not well known in Albania, on a local ecotype of Mediterranean cypress (the rootstock). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in the Laknas area in February 2016by approach graftage. Five hundred grafted baby plants were grown in controlled conditions (T=22℃ e UR 90%). RGR-rootstock (33 mg g^-1d^-1) was higher than RGR-scion (18 mg g^-1d^-1). This can be explained by the fact that after grafting, the root system of the plant experiences a slowdown in growth rate because of the crunch of grafting. It is thought to be caused by both components from different species with genetic variation with each other. This great difference, when all growing conditions are the same, can also be explained by the quality of grafting for each plant. At the end of our study, the percentage of grafting compatibility was 87% in Category A (perfect union).

Habtamu Admas Desta   

In Antra watershed, land use system has an effect on soil fertility status where cultivated lands suffered in nutrient depletion. This study, therefore, was designed to investigate effects of different land use systems on soil fertility status of Nitisols of Antra watershed. Twenty-seven soil samples were collected depth wise (0 - 15, 15 - 30 and 30 - 45 cm) from cultivated, forest and grazing lands based on stratification. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Land use systems and soil depth showed variations in soil physicochemical properties. The maximum pH (5.03), OC (4.6%), total N (0.28%), available S (11.1 ppm), CEC (42.2 cmolc kg^-1), soil exchangeable bases (Ca (22.2), K (0.76) and Na (0.58 cmolc kg^-1)) and extractable micronutrients (( Fe (14.2) and Mn (24.1 ppm)) were observed on the surface layers of forest land while the minimum were recorded in cultivated land although relatively higher available P (5.5 ppm) was observed on the surface layers of cultivated land. The results revealed that soil fertility is low in cultivated lands than forest and grazing lands. Hence, it is possible to infer that forest lands were rich in plant nutrients while over cultivation depleted it which urges to take important measures for preserving remnant forests and maintaining the fertility status of cultivated soils in the study area.

Ndiaga Thiam   Fambaye Ngom Sow   Massal Fall   Yoland Plourde   Modou Thiaw   Moustapha DĂšme   Mor Sylla   and Babacar Faye   

Demersal shrimp fisheries, which are not very selective, generate significant discards and / or bycatch, generally composed of crustaceans, fish and molluscs of different size classes. As part of the implementation of the management plan for the deepwater shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris in Senegal, selectivity tests of the Nordmore device were conducted. Thus, three Nordmore grids characterized by different spacings between the bars (24, 28 and 30 mm) were tested on the experimental trawl in the Senegalese Economic Zone. Regardless of spacing, the Nordmore Grid completely removed large individuals from several species of commercial interest (John dory and Bearded brotula) or not (rays, sharks, etc.). Gamba shrimp loss analyzes indicate a significant difference (α <0.05) between the three spacer grids 24, 28 and 30 mm. Regardless of the type of grid, the amount of shrimp sorted per minute is larger for the experimental trawl; and this quantity increases with the spacing of the grid. The 30mm grid stands out with percentages of gamba shrimp losses ranging from 3 to 20% with an average of 8%; and a ratio of bycatch / gamba shrimp catch around 2.2 / 1, below the world average for this type of fishery (5/1).

Fariha Jabeen   and Afifa Aslam   

Use of waste water for vegetables irrigation has become a frequent practice approximately in all the big cities. Waste water enrich with inorganic and organic material that are crucial for the growth of plant but also comprises heavy metals which might be detrimental for animals and humans if their concentration increases than tolerable limit. To monitor this state, a study was planned to determine the accumulation of heavy metals through the irrigation of waste water into the agricultural fields and their translocation into the vegetables. The analysis showed that most of the water and soil samples contained the heavy metals concentration was above the safe limit set by WHO and FAO. Although the samples having heavy metals within the safe limit were also couldn't be as safer when regularly used. They may cause on the other hand, in vegetable, almost all the edible part and leaf of vegetables sample were contaminated and heavy metals accumulation was higher than the recommended limits of WHO/FAO. Such a high concentration when consumed by human beings may cause loss of arthritis, headache, appetite, hypertension, exhaustion, renal dysfunction, intestinal pain, hallucinations, restlessness and vertigo. Noticeable ingestion of heavy metals by children and adults were also found in the results through the consumption of vegetables irrigated with sewage water of the area.

Sanzua L. J   Saha H. M   and Mwafaida J   

The performance of greenhouses in the humid coastal region of Kenya has consistently been poor despite the huge market potential that exist for fresh farm produce. A study was conducted to establish the extent of greenhouse technology uptake and distribution pattern in the region with a view to establish production status and challenges faced by greenhouse farmers. A survey was conducted in Kwale, Kilifi and Mombasa counties between July and August 2015. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires, random interviews and observation using purposive sampling method. The study established that 69% and 100% of the greenhouses surveyed in Kwale and Mombasa Counties respectively were owned by institutions and farmer groups. In Kilifi County however, more individuals own greenhouses with over 60% of the greenhouses owned by two farmers who produce for export. There was marked variation on the spatial distribution of greenhouses in the three counties with the relative area under greenhouse in the region averaging 0.0003%. Most of the installed greenhouses in the region had been abandoned. The rate of failure was highest in Kwale County where only 30% of those surveyed were operational. In Kilifi and Mombasa Counties however, 70% of the existing greenhouses were operational. Greenhouse farming in the coastal humid region faced several challenges including low productivity averaging 10% of the potential; political interference, lack of technical know-how, lack of adequate water sources and in certain instances low water quality usage for production. These challenges largely contributed to the poor adoption of the greenhouse technology in the region under study. With increased technical support, greenhouses can be a more viable economic booster especially in the urban and non-traditional agricultural areas.

Kamal Kishor Nagar   Ashuthos Mishra   and Sushma S Patil   

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2015-16 to study 'Studies Effect of Planting Dates and Varieties on Growth and Quality on Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) under sub-humid zone of Rajasthan' having 15 treatment combinations of five Varieties (V_1- African Star, V_2- Hunting Song, V_3- Legend, V_4- Pusa Srijana and V_5- Snow Princess) and three planting dates (D_1- 10^th October, D_2- 25^th October and D_3- 9^th November). The treatment V₂D₁ (Hunting Song + 10^th October planting) recorded the maximum plant height (116.10 cm), highest number of leaves per plant (8.77), main stem diameter (1.50 cm), number of florets per spike (15.8), spike length (91.80 cm), rachis length (57.90 cm), floret diameter (10.04 cm), vase life of spike (13 days), While the maximum leaf length (64.20 cm), leaf width (4.96 cm) in (V₅D₃) and maximum spike girth (0.91cm) was found in (V₁D₂). The growth and flowering quality was found superior in compare to other planting dates.

Marcal Gusmao   

Most paddy fields in Timor Leste are abandoned after harvesting the rice crop due to limited supplemental irrigation. Other field studies have identified some drought-adaptive grain legumes including kidney bean (previously grown in cold, highland areas only), Ceora grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L., a newly introduced species), mung bean, and soybean for growing after rice harvest. The impact of sowing date on growth and yield after rice harvest is not well understood. The current study aimed to identify the appropriate sowing time of grain legumes after rice harvest. Seeds of kidney bean and grass pea were sown in plots arranged in a randomized block design with three factors (species, drought treatment, and sowing date) and three replications. There were three sowing dates at monthly intervals: 28 May (D1), 28 June (D2) and 28 July 2017 (D3). The terminal drought treatment was applied at first flower of grass pea or pod set of kidney bean for each sowing date. Overall, kidney bean produced more seed yield (32% higher) than grass pea. Yields of both species decreased at the later sowing dates (P<0.001). Grass pea produced 78% more filled pods than kidney bean, but 34% fewer seeds per pod and 58% smaller seeds than kidney bean. Seed weight in both species decreased at later sowing dates as did seeds per pod in kidney bean, but grass pea maintained seed numbers per pod at all sowing dates. Dry matter production between species was comparable, which declined at later sowing dates (P<0.001). In conclusion, early sowing of grain legumes produces more seeds and biomass after rice harvest than late sowing.

Harikamal Barman   S. K. Das   and Aniruddha Roy   

Zinc is an essential element for photosynthesis and its deficiency may play a role in the reduction of activity of rubisco and hence decreased rate of photosynthesis in higher plants. Zinc deficiency sometimes resembles Fe/Mn deficiencies. Under severe zinc deficiency the shoot apices die ('die-back') as is widely distributed. Zinc toxicity leads to chlorosis in young leaves. Induced manganese deficiency might also be of importance as high zinc supply strongly decreases the manganese content of plants. Most preventing measures for zinc deficiency are selection of Zn efficient variety that is tolerant to high level of bicarbonate as well as low zinc in soil. Curative measure for correcting are application of 20-25 kg/ha ZnSo4 in acid soil, 22 kg Zn/ha initially followed by 5-10 kg Zn in the later years or 50% gypsum + 10 t GM + 22 kg Zn once in 2-3 years in sodic soils, 1.0-1.5 kg/ha Zn as foliar spray at tillering stage and 2 times latter is very helpful for correct this deficiency. Zinc is very tightly bound to phytic acid and the formation of protein-zinc-phytic acid complexes increases the resistance to hydrolysis that leads to decrease in bioavailability of Zn to human and animals. Enrichment of cereal grains with Zn through both genetic (e.g., breeding) and agronomic (e.g., application of Zn fertilizers) biofortification is a high priority area of research, and will contribute to minimizing Zn-deficiency-related health problems in human populations.

Luiz Carlos SĂ©rvulo de Aquino   Brunna SimĂ”es Ungarelli   Guilherme Amatuzzi Teixeira   Aida InĂ­rida Ortega Acosta   and Marcos AurĂ©lio Vasconcelos de Freitas   

The present research was developed with the objective of determining the consumption of the diesel oil in the production of cereals and fruits; assess the consequent amount of CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere; and, in addition, list forest projects that, through photosynthesis, during tree growth cycles, can contribute to the total or partial sequestration of these emissions. 41 crops were selected: 38 perennials and 03 temporary, for which were rescued production data from 13 consecutive years, from 2000 to 2012. Thus, with the resulting mathematical model, it was possible to obtain CO₂ emissions from all crops - individual or grouped -, as well as to compare the results of perennial and temporary plantations. The selected study case show, for example, a comparation the diesel consumption and the respective CO₂ emissions of the crops: BANANA (Musa sp.) and SOYBEAN (Glycine max), based on the Brazilian production. About regarding the sequestration of carbon (C) four forest mitigation alternatives were elaborated: i) FOREST PROTECTION PROJECT; ii) REFORESTATION with fast growing species; iii) AGROFLORESTAIS SYSTEMS (1st cycle); and (iv) URBAN ARBORIZATION PROJECT. For each option, there is the indication of the numbers of trees to be planted or hectares to be protected/ enriched for a purpose of the total or partial reduction of the quantity of CO₂ issued for atmosphere.

Barau B.   Olufajo O. O.   Umar, F. G.   Ibrahim, A. A.   S. S. Jibia.   James D.   Yusif U.   Maiwada A. A.   and Wakili A.   

A field experiment was conducted 2010 cropping season at the Institute for Agricultural Research Farm, Samaru, (11⁰, 11' N, 07⁰ 38'E). Experimental site was 686 m above sea level in the northern Guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. Study focused on to assess the effects of poultry manure rates (0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha^-1) and seedling age (2, 3 and 4 weeks after sowing) at transplanting on growth and yield of amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.). Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four levels of poultry manure and three transplant ages in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Results indicated that plant height (cm), shoot fresh weight (kg) and number of leaves and branches per plant were significantly (P<0.05) higher with the application of 8 t ha^-1 of poultry manure compared with no–manure than the other treatments. However, in most cases, the difference in growth characters using poultry manure rates varying from 4 to 12 t ha^-1 were non-significant. Seedlings transplanted at 4 weeks of age were significant taller with shoot fresh weight than 2-weeks old seedlings at the initial growth stage. Transplant age had no effect on these parameters at later stage. All the other growth parameters were not affected (P<0.05) by transplant age. Study suggested that marketable yield increased significantly with increasing poultry manure (4 t ha^-1) with transplanting age (2-3 weeks) after emergence to benefit farmers the highest.

Mohammedsani Amin   Abera Jaleta   and Hika Bersisa   

The global temperature has been increasing over the years due to recurrent climate change and variability, which directly or indirectly affects the agriculture sector. This has made the necessary for the farmer to get the best out of the little rainfall. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to identify effective mulching materials and their optimum application thickness for newly transplanted coffee seedlings. The field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at Mechara Agricultural Research Center (McARC) on-station and Sakina on-farm. Coffee seedlings of Mechara-1 variety and organic mulching materials of stalk of maize and vetiver grass at 5cm and 10cm mulching depth thickness were compared with farmers' practices of using soil as mulching material and no-mulch bare soils. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. Parameters such as seedling survival rate, soil moisture content, moisture stress score, weed density and subsequent early growth performance of the seedlings were studied. The result indicated that there are statistically significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatment for most parameters studied at both locations and seasons. Vetiver grass mulches applied at 5 cm mulching thickness resulted in the highest combined over location and season percentage of coffee seedling survival rate (94.6%), soil moisture content (16.5%), the lowest moisture stress score (1.5) and the highest mean values of the different early growth measurement of coffee seedlings. However, weed species and their densities were lowest of all under coffee seedlings treated by stalk of maize mulches at 10cm mulching depth. Therefore, from these results mulching newly transplanted coffee seedlings with vetiver grass at 5cm mulching depth can be the recommended to farmers in moisture deficit areas as this practice conserved soil moisture resulting in better seedlings survival through increasing their tolerance to moisture stress.

Abdelhak Rouibi   and Soraya Boukrita   

In Algeria, the study of traditional medicine and treatment by plants is of particular interest. This country is known by, the diversity of its climate, the nature of its soil and the wealth of its medicinal flora. To value this floral heritage with medicinal and economic interest, our choice concerned to an underestimated plant in traditional medicine, it is about the magic carpet (Delosperma Resei). This plant belongs to the family Aizoaceae. The genus Delosperma includes about 150 species of shrub and perennial succulent, a persistent or semi persistent foliage, growing in hilly plains. The current work reveals through the phytochemical screening and the study of some pharmacological properties, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activity, the therapeutic virtues of a spontaneous succulent Delosperma Reseii. The reactions of characterization were used to identify the chemical constituents of Delosperma Reseii leaves. The results of our study revealed the wealth of our plant in tannins and saponosides. Leuco-anthocyans and flavonoids exist in average levels. However, the extract of saponins showed an anti-inflammatory effect clearly lower than that generated by Diclofenac (the percentage of reduction is about 36.59%). The anti-inflammatory activity of the saponins extract appeared less effective than that of Diclofenac. The study of the anti-ulcer activity showed that the extract of tannins at 10% in the experimental group induced a decrease in the index of ulceration up to 0%. However, in the control group treated with Omeprazole, this index falls to 0%. The tannins in the methanolic extract of the plant have shown an important anti-ulcer effect, but lower compared to Omeprazole.

Munazza Rafique   Aneela Riaz   Ashfaq Anjum   M. Amjad Qureshi   and Fakhar Mujeeb   

Elevated use of agrochemicals has been the backbone of sustainable crop production. However, the environmental hazards, soaring cost and stagnant production are the foremost issues affiliated with them. Exploitation of stumpy cost and environment friendly plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has certain encouraging results regarding sustainability in agricultural production. A glass house study was conducted at Soil Bacteriology Section, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad to check the efficacy of different PGPR for growth and yield of okra (Abelmoshuses culentum). Treatments were control, Azotobacter sp inoculation, Azospirillum sp inoculation, Bacillus sp inoculation, Pseudomonas sp inoculation and Rhizobium sp inoculation. Results revealed that there was significant effect of all inoculants on growth and yield of okra crop. An increase of 23.5% and 21.0% in green pod yield was recorded with Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp, respectively. Positive consequence was observed in all other parameters where Pseudomonas inoculation was applied as compared to no inoculation. This study suggests that PGPR may be a dynamic biofertilizer to boost the yield of okra and other agricultural crops.

Natela Varshanidze   Nazi Turmanidze   Ketevan Dolidze   Nana Zarnadze   Inga Diasamidze   Tinatin Epitashvili   and Tamar Katcharava   

Adjara (South Kolkheti), located in the southwestern part of Georgia, it is characterized by warm and humid climate and subtropical climate, which is due to the proximity of the Black Sea. Adjara is remarkably rich in the diversity of flora not only in Georgia, but throughout the Caucasus. At present there are 1837 plant species in the flora of Adjara, 72 of which contain essential oils, they are distributed in 22 families and in 52 genera. Plants containing essential oil belongs: Lamiaceae - 18 species, Asteraceae-17 types, Apiaceae - 9, Cupressaceae-3, Pinaceae-3, Myrtaceae-3. Vital forms are 7 species of trees, 5 species of bushes, 1 species of tree or bushes, 49 species of perennial grass, 6 species of annual grass. According to the geographical coordinates from the sea level up to 0-500 m are spread 36 species containing essential oils, from the sea level up to 500-1000 m 28 species, from the sea level up to 1000 m 2200 m 33 species. According to the origin of species, 48 species are wild relatives, 7 is cultivated as vegetables, 3 species are introduced, 3 species are invasive. According to the percentage content of essential oils there are: 1 species - 0,025-0,04%, 4 species - 0,1-0.44%, 37 species - 0,2-0,4%, 21 Species - 0,7-1,0%, 7 species - 1,0-3,0%, 3 species - 4,0-6,0%. In the studied species the essential oils structure is complex and diverse. Monotarpens are distributed in 10 species, Sesquitterpaces in 5 species, α-pinene in 7 species, ÎČ-pinene in 3 species, α- and ÎČ- pinene in 16 species, cineol in 8 species, menthol in 6 species, lemonene in 3 species, in single species are found geraniol, borneol, apiol, thujone, karvakrol and others. In the studied species has been identified 3 prospective invasive species, which are distinguished by great resource, not used Georgia as per officinal medicine, but in their home countries (USA, Japan, China) are valuable medicinal plants, these species produced oils containing quantitative analysis, analysis revealed that, Artemissia vulgaris of upper part of the ground contain 0,9% essential oils, with components korizin, tuion, cineol. Perilla nancinensis of upper part of the ground contain 0,88% essential oils; the main component of the essential oil are perilla-ceton and carophylen, Erygeron canadensis upper part of the ground contain 0,93% essential oils and its mainc components are limonene and terpineol. It also contains alcaloyds, flavonoids and tanner materials

Thwe Linn Ko   Su Wai Phyo   and Khin Thet Ni   

Fish sauce is a salt-fermented product that is an economically important fishery product in most Southeast Asian countries. In this study, high sodium chloride content of fish sauce was reduced by environmental friendly adsorbent from agricultural waste (corn husk). The production of activated carbon from agricultural by-product has potential economic and reducing environmental impacts. Corn husk activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation method using zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) as activating agent. The effect of various preparation parameters such as concentration of activating agent, carbonization temperature and carbonization time that depend on characteristics of activated carbon. Based on the results of the characterization studies, the activated carbon prepared by impregnation the precursor with 20% ZnCl₂, followed by carbonization at 250℃ for 40 min., was selected as the appropriate condition due to the following good characteristics of activated carbon: high surface area, high iodine sorption capacity, and SEM analysis. In reduction of sodium chloride content in fish sauce, the ratio of 1:50 activated carbon to fish sauce for 120 min. agitation time at 30℃ was effectively reduced from 31.5 to 26.34 (%w/w). The effective reduction of sodium chloride from commercial fish sauce was significantly observed by processed corn husk activated carbons.

Mohammad Amir Hossain Mollah   Abdul Jabber Hawlader   Md. Razzab Ali   Razia Khatun   Shamim Ahmed   Mohammad Showkat Mahmud   and Md. Amirul Hasan   

The field survey was conducted among the farmers, researchers, extensionist and agribusiness personnel to assess their knowledge about National Agricultural Research System (NARS) recommended technologies on pre- and post-harvest management and their economic impact in Bangladesh. The survey was conducted in 16 Upazilas (2 Upazilas from each district) of purposively selected eight (8) districts based on agricultural project activities on potential of major crop groups and system through a standard pre-tested questionnaire. From the field survey, it revealed that only a few number of technologies were available at field level regarding pre and post-harvest management out of more than 300 NARS recommended technologies. There was also found a big knowledge gap among farmers; researchers and other respondents. Considering all technological categories, perceptions of researchers on NARS recommended technological knowledge were found much higher than farmers, extensionist and agribusiness personnel. There was also a big Knowledge gap between project intervention districts than less or zero project intervention Districts. It was also observed that most of the respondents were very much aware about the rice based technologies rather than other crops, especially most of the small scale poor farmers were interested to use cheap, easy handling and locally available technology for their crop regarding pre and post management at field level.

L. Laajili-Ghezal   

In Tunisia, water erosion is one of the most important processes affecting around 25% of arable land, generating a potential loss of soil productivity due to a decrease of hydraulically and chemical stocks. To control water erosion on lands of average slopes (less than 10%) best management practices (crop rotation, organic fertilization, etc.) have to be developed especially in Tunisian semiarid area, where rainfall irregularity and aggressivity enhance water erosion. Thus, conservative techniques for soil and water protection are required and have to be implemented at the level of the agricultural parcel to maintain or improve the productive potential of soils on average slopes in rain-fed lands, located in Tunisian semi arid area. In this context the article is presented. It is a synthesis of some experimental works on plots of 1 to 4 m² in the experimental field station of the ESA Mograne, for the study of the effects of different kinds of crop-rotation (fallow long duration- chick pea) and organic fertilizers (row olive mills waste water) on the fertility of the soil and its potential yield. Results showed that long fallow-chickpea rotation and use of 50 m³/ha of row olive mills waste water improve soil fertility (water retention and C/N). This improvement in water and soil chemical properties increases the components of performance of chickpea (rate of dry matter) and weight of 1000 grains and plant biodiversity for 50 m³/ha spreading of row olive mills waste water. These results can be valued for the development of strips crops on average slope lands in Tunisian semiarid area for soil and water conservation.

Chami, Avit. A   

Cotton stands as one of the key cash crops in the Tanzanian economy and the second largest agricultural export product with over 70%-80% of it being exported. Despite the widely known merits, significances and challenges of integrating gender equality and equity in economic activities, less remains to be known on actual defined participation and contribution of women in cotton farming in Simiyu region, Tanzania. This paper attempted to reveal the existing paradoxical praxis in the course of establishing women contribution in cotton farming in Simiyu region. Specifically, this paper sought to: (i) assess the level of women participation in cotton farming in Simiyu region (ii) examine factors affecting women participation in cotton farming in Simiyu region (iii) assess the perceived role of women participation in the cotton farming in Simiyu region. The descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a total of 120 respondent households from the selected villages from region's districts namely, Maswa, Meatu, Bariadi, Busega and Itilima. Data were collected using pre-tested and pilot-tested questionnaires, focus group discussions and interviews. Ms-Excel and SPSS 20.0 computer software were used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics were employed to reveal various parameters in the study. The study findings revealed low level of women participation in cotton farming (23.3%) compared to the revealed level of male (76.7%) of the total households involved in the questionnaire survey; suggesting the presence of less number of women who owns lands in the study area. The revealed paradoxical praxis in the study area entails the fact that women who don't stand as households heads don't own piece of land and the whole process of cotton farming. The study findings imply high prevalence of patriarchy kinship in the study area, since the high number households' heads were male. The study findings revealed community attitude and relationships as the main social factors affecting women participation in cotton farming in Simiyu region while financial resources and infrastructures were the revealed economic factors and the revealed main institutional factors affecting women participation in cotton farming were farming technologies and management ability. Based on the study findings it was plausible to conclude low level of women participation in cotton farming in Simiyu region despite numerous undefined paradoxical praxis prevailing in the women involvement in cotton farming including the fact that women are mostly involved in the cotton farming with little recognition as the cotton plots ownership belongs to men who are the heads of the households. Also, the study concludes that social, economic and institutional as the factors affecting women participation in cotton farming in Simiyu region. The study findings further concluded three main perceived roles of women participation in cotton farming, namely offering steady workforce, influence women empowerment and earning income for enhanced women livelihoods in the area. Finally, the study recommended the need of awareness raising strategies to advocate for the usefulness of women participation and involvement in the cotton farming and other economic activities in the study area. However, deliberate gender empowerment interventions are needed in the area to improve farming technologies, farming and market infrastructures to encourage more women to effectively participate in cotton farming in the study area.

Oluyole, Kayode A.   

The study investigated the competitiveness and comparative advantage of cocoa production management systems in the study area. The project was carried out among cocoa farmers in Ondo and Osun States of Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to collect data from the farmers. Data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and the data obtained from the questionnaire were analysed using Descriptive analysis, Private Profitability, Private Cost Ratio, Social Profitability and Domestic Resource Cost. Most (63.64%) of the respondents are of age 50 years and below while majority (84.09%) of the farmers are having formal education. However, 87.50% of the farmers are having farm size 5 hectares and below. The result of Private Profitability was positive in all the three management systems while the Private Cost Ratio (PCR) was less than one in all the management systems considered. The result of Social Profitability was positive while that of Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) was less than one in all the production management systems. The study concluded that cocoa production is highly competitive in the study area.

J. C. Udemezue   M. N. Obasi   E. C. Chinaka   M. N. Oyibo   N. Awa   and P. O. Onyiba   

The study examined limitations and processing technologies of sweet potato production by farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling techniques were used for the study. Four local governments out of the 21 local governments in the State were purposely selected due to their popularity in sweet potato production. Two communities were selected from each local government to give a total of 8 communities that were used for the study. Fifteen (15) sweet potato farmers were selected from each community using simple random sampling technique and this gave a total sample size of 120 farmers. Data were generated through a structured interview schedule. Out of 120 questionnaires distributed, only 100 were retrieved and used for analysis. Percentage, frequency, mean score and standard deviation were used for data analysis. Results show that 79% of the farmers were female and their mean age was 38 years. Majority (58%) of the farmers were not aware of the technologies introduced to them while, some farmers were aware of the innovation. None of the farmers adopted the technologies. Too much attention on other crops with a weighted mean score 2.74, high perishability of sweet potato with a weighted mean score 2.63, inadequate finance with a weighted mean score 2.60, pest/disease infestation (2.48), high cost of sweet potato processing equipment (2.48) farmers' low knowledge on sweet potato value Chain (2.45), in adequate extension services with a weighted mean score 2.42 were identified by the farmers as the major constraints to sweet potato production technologies in the study area.

Md. Kamruzzaman   and Rajib Shaw   

The paper provides a deep insight into the agricultural practices and cropping pattern in Haor basin. Boro-Fallow-Fallow is the dominant cropping pattern in entire Haor basin. The paper also examines the characteristics of flood and its effects on agricultural production. It is found that flash flood severely destroy standing boro rice just before harvesting almost every year. The paper focuses the principle interventions taken by different organizations (Government and Non-government) to secure agriculture based livelihood against flood hazard in Haor areas. Most of the government initiatives were found structural whereas non-structural measures were prioritized by non-government organizations. The paper formulates a framework for sustainable agricultural production in Haor basin.

Vikas Kumar   

This research paper pays particular attention to the evolving structure of Research and Development in Bihar. It, broadly, hinges on two distinct yet interrelated set of argument: 1) much of the increased collaboration since 1960 that has attracted the attention of policy makers, critics and university administrators represents a revival of long standing relationships, rather than something unprecedented in Bihar and 2) this renewed collaboration, which has potential costs as well as benefits, relies as much on the unusual structure of the university system and the role of Agricultural Innovation play through crisscrossing institution and society. The recent changes in government policy, R&D strategies, and national competition have produced significant structural change in Bihar. Further, the research tease out silent feature of inter connections between various actors working in a complex system- namely, public and private companies, civil society, and banks- who are playing vital role in shaping the agriculture system. The study is based on primary and secondary method.

Mohammod Hossain   Md Ansar Ali   Mohammad Delwar Hossain   and Md Abu Taher Mia   

Rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a major disease in Bangladesh. In the search of resistant source against P. oryzae, resistant gene (R-gene) was assessed by (i) host-pathogen interaction and (ii) PCR-based screening at the laboratory of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. One hundred and forty four plant materials were classified into 10 cultivar groups (CG) based on their reaction patterns to four distinct blast isolates (SDBI; standard differential blast isolate) H-11-64, H-1-8, H-1-1 and H-11-67. The reaction patterns of plant materials to these four standard blast isolates indicated presence of Pish, Pi9, Pita2 and Pita genes and their combination in the genetic background of tested plant materials. Gene specific primer 195R-1/195F-1, Pita440 (YL153)/Pita440 (YL154), OSM89 and AOL45/AOL48 were used to identify and confirm the presence of Pi9, Pita, Pita2 and Pish genes in plant materials, respectively through PCR-based assay. Plant materials, H13, H23, H25, H35, H47, H49, H136, H138 harbored all three genes, Pita, Pita2 and Pish in their genetic background. The Pi9 gene together with Pita2 was detected in local rice cultivar H100 and H129, which were confirmed by DNA analysis in PCR assay. These materials could be used in gene pyramiding in promising high yielding cultivar for durable blast resistance.

Mona El-Mandarawy   Gamal Karaman   Adel H. Gharib   and Hossam M. El-Gepaly   

A current study was established in laboratories of Biological Control Department, Shandaweel Research Station, Agricultural Research Center. Herbivore induced plant volatiles may be attractive to one or more specific natural enemies. Releasing of volatiles from certain pests and host injured plants has a role in host or prey location. Response of newly emerged and starved or fed adults (for three days) for each of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its parasitoid adults, Tetrastichus coccinellae Kurd. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to volatile sources were studied. Olfactory orientation was emitted from a combination of host plant and host insect that volatiles from four sources (e.g. infested sorghum plants with aphids (corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)), crushed un-infested sorghum leaves and infested sorghum leaves plus the last larvae and newly pupated coccinellid). Results demonstrated the complexity of the use of different volatile info-chemicals generated by the different environmental stimuli. Reactions of the used C. undecimpunctata adults and its parasitoids were noticed and different strategies to exploit these signals were evolved.

A. I. Aigbodion   I. O. Bakare   E. A. Fagbemi   E. O. Abolagba   B. Omonigho   P. O. Ayeke   M. Bausa   and E. Musa   

Waste materials produced from agricultural products (such as crop residues, animal manure, and organic waste from Agro - industries dairy production) generally referred to as biomass constitute nuisance to the community as air, water and land pollutant if disposed without treatment. Anaerobic digestion of treating biomass is cheap, easier and economical compare to other methods of waste management like gasification. It produces methane (CH₄) gas used for cooking and lighting domestically and industrially while the digestate is a source of fertilizer. A fixed dome digester is built for anaerobic digestion of biomass (cow dung), the plant has digester, mixing tank, gas pipe, inspection tank, gas dome and manhole as major components. Other accessories are rubber hose, gas burner, gas filter and the gas lamp. Materials for the construction of the plant were sourced locally while the accessories were imported from India. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion improves fertilization efficiency and environmentally sound waste recycling.

Unathi Gulwa   Nobulungisa Mgujulwa   and Solomon T Beyene   

The Eastern Cape Province, South Africa is faced with inadequate quantity of livestock feed especially during the drier (winter) seasons. Forage legumes were over sown into natural grasses to determine their potential to improve feed quality and quantity. Four forage legumes namely: Trifolium vesiculosum (Arrowleaf clover), Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza) , Trifolium repens (white clover) and Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) were intercropped with native grasses in the old arable land located in Lushington communal area in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The treatments consisted of natural grasses growing in pure stands and native grasses intercropped with forage legumes grown under rain-fed conditions. Grasses and legumes were harvested for dry matter yield (DMY) once in spring 2013 (September - November), summer 2014 (December-February), autumn 2014 (March-May) and winter 2014 (June -August). Amongst the legumes, L. cuneata was more (P<0.05) productive than rest of the legumes. However, T. vesiculosum was the least (P <0.05) productive legume during the four seasons. Total dry matter (TDM) yield was higher (P<0.05) during summer and lower during winter seasons, respectively. Grasses harvested in autumn had the highest (P<0.05) 12% crude protein (CP) than those harvested in winter which, had the lowest 4.6% CP content. Similarly, all legume pastures harvested in spring had superior (p<0.05) 10.8% CP, while those harvested in winter had the least 3.5% CP. Likewise, forages harvested during the wet seasons (i.e. autumn and or summer) had improved (P < 0.05) herbage micro nutrient content than those harvested in the drier (winter) season. Results of the study indicated that overall total dry matter yield of grass-legume mixtures was higher than that of sole natural grasses, with grasses constituting the major component of the herbage yield. Results from this study also indicated that forages produced in wetter seasons had superior biomass yield and nutritive value, respectively.

G. Mabeza   E. Masama   and I. D.T. Mpofu   

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing goats with browse legumes on growth and feed intake. Castrated kids (n = 12) with an average initial age of 135 days and live weight of 14 ± 2kg were used to study the effects of the browse legumes Acacia angustissima, Leucaena trichandra and Calliandra calothyrsus on live weight gain. Three diets made up of wheat straw and maize supplemented with one of the browse legumes at an inclusion level of 30% were randomly assigned to the goats. The diets were made isonitrogenous by adding cottonseed meal from a commercial feed manufacturing company. A commercial goat meal was used as the control while the goats were housed in individual pens. A completely randomized block design was used with the initial weight being the blocking factor. The results indicated that goats fed A. angustissima consumed 2.2kg per week of the supplement which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than for L. trichandra (2kg) and C. calothyrsus (1.9kg) but significantly lower than the control diet (2.9kg). Final live weights showed that goats fed the A. angustissima supplement had live weight gains (23.12kg) that were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those fed L. trichandra (19.37kg) and C. calothyrsus (18.87kg) but not different from the control diet (23.75kg). It is concluded that A. angustissima was the best supplement and that browse legumes have positive effects on the feed intake and growth of goats at an inclusion level of 30%.

Mohammod Hossain   Surapareddy Sreenivasaprasad   Muthu Meena   and Nitya Ranjan Sharma   

Morphological and molecular based experiments were conducted to identify the presence of Rhizoctonia solani, R. oryzae and R. oryzae-sativae which were the causal agents of sheath blight and sheath blight-like symptoms associated with sheath disease complex of rice. Disease survey was conducted at Bogra, Comilla, Gazipur and Rajshahi Districts in Bangladesh. The data collected revealed that sheath blight was the most important disease (19.8%) followed by aggregated sheath spot (2.4%), and sheath spot (2.3%). Three pathogens of the disease complex were identified morphologically by their spot size, general appearance of spot, number of spot, position in plant, sclerotium visibility and sclerotial size on infected plant. Those three species of Rhizoctonia of rice sheath disease complex were confirmed by diagnostic-PCR with their corresponding reference isolates by using specific primers GMRS-3, GMRO-3, GMROS-2 to Rhizoctonia solani, R. oryzae and R. oryzae-sativae, respectively. Molecular approaches might overcome the limitations of morphological characterization particularly when huge samples were needed to distinguish.

Nzeh Emeka   Famobuwa, O. S   and Iroechenwu Chinemeze   

This study is focused on assessing the implications of land reforms system on agricultural production in Nigeria. The study set three major objectives which include to: provide an overview of land reforms, examine the problems of land reforms and finally, consider the implication of land reforms on agricultural production in Nigeria. Land reform is usually linked with agricultural and rural development. This is so because the bulk of the population especially those involved in primary production depend on the availability of land in whatever form it may be required. Land must be available to persons and/or groups of people who are ready to put it to productive use. It is the farmers' most important asset and it plays an essential role in sustaining agricultural production. However, ownership of land often interferes with its use as an agricultural asset. The employment of land use reform is therefore needed to ensure equitable allocation, availability and distribution of land to ready users both in rural and urban areas of the country. The Nigeria Land Use Act need be revisited to make room for easy and efficient land access to individuals, corporate institution and their likes that would be ready to use land for productive purposes.

Shaon Kumar Das   

Assessments of the impact of climate change on rice production in Asia that comprehensively consider the uncertainty would therefore be very valuable for predicting future food security in this region. With the increase in daily maximum temperature averaged over flowering period above about 36℃, rice yield generally declined because of spikelet sterility induced by high temperatures. Methane emission from the rice fields is estimated to be globally 37 Tg yr^-1 by IPCC while N₂O emission is much lower as the total N2O emission from overall cultivated area was put at 1.8-5.3 Tg yr^-1.Reduction of stomatal conductance due to elevated CO₂ has been commonly observed in rice. However, the response of stomatal conductance to elevated CO₂ varies considerably in response to various environmental factors. The response of stomatal conductance to elevated CO₂ varied widely among times of day, growth stages, and years. Cultural and soil disturbances, pre-flooding and post-harvest drying contribute about 15% of the seasonal methane emission.

Barad, A. V.   Madhuri Gandamalla   and Pooja Maheta   

Among the loose flowers the jasmine is very important and remunerative crop. Multiuse of these flowers like used as loose flowers as well as for extraction of essential oil makes it more remunerative. The Indian J. grandiflorum compared favorably with that of Spanish jasmine, both in yield and quality of oil. The flower is in high demand in places such as Mumbai, besides the coastal region. Local traders collect jasmine flowers from the farmers directly. Jasmine begins to flower in the second year onwards or sometimes even earlier, but economic yields are obtained only from the third year. Prices are decided at the auction centre. Poor women in other cities across India can adopt jasmine cultivation as an activity to earn income and eradicate poverty. Moreover, this activity takes place early morning and the women are free to undertake other work during the day. Though the jasmine is a high capital intensive crop but its cultivation is quite profitable. The investment in jasmine is economically feasible and financially sound. Jasmine is labour-intensive crop, it provide more man days labour per year.

Chidinma A. Ikpeama   Ifeanyi O. C. Obiajuru   Bertram E. B. Nwoke   and Monica N. Ezike   

Studies on the abundance and preferred breeding sites of mosquitoes in different larval micro-habitats of refuse disposal dumps in Owerri were carried out between April and December 2016. Mosquito larvae were collected twice a week using standard dipping method and reared to adult stage. Two thousand, nine hundred and eighty seven adult mosquitoes were harvested. They were identified morpho-metrically into different species using binocular stereomicroscopes and taxonomic identification keys. Eight species of mosquitoes were identified: Aedes aegypti (28%), Aedes albopictus (18.1%), Anopheles species (4.0%), Culex trigripes (16.0%), Culex quinquefasciatus (19.9%), Culex vittatus (5.3%), Eretampodite spp (4.8%) and Toxorhynchites spp (3.7%). The findings showed that blocked gutters, empty cans and ground pools favoured the breeding of mosquitoes. Highest abundance of mosquitoes in the study sites were recorded in Relief Market and Concord Area. The presence of mosquitoes in the refuse dump sites was observed throughout the year. This suggests why mosquito borne diseases like malaria are prevalent in the study area throughout the year. The implication of the findings and recommendations for implementation of proper and regular disposal of refuse are discussed.

Katia Petroni   Michela Landoni   Federica Tomay   Valentina Calvenzani   Cinzia Simonelli   and Mauro Cormegna   

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple food for the majority of the world population. Grown and harvested as paddy, it is present on our tables as white rice (milled), brown rice (dehusked) or, after being subjected to thermal processes, as parboiled rice. Recently, pigmented varieties are also appreciated (red and black rice). In this study, we evaluated proximate composition, polyphenol content and anti-inflammatory properties of Italian pigmented rice varieties and bran as well as white rice in different processed forms (milled, parboiled and integral), in order to assess the nutritional and antioxidant properties of Italian rice varieties and their capacity to reduce inflammation. Our results showed that pigmented rice varieties displayed high antioxidant capacity along with the highest flavonoid and polyphenol content. Anthocyanins were mainly present in black rice, whereas alkylresorcinols were found only in red rice. Rice bran proved to be particularly rich in carotenoids. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages pre-treated with extracts obtained from integral, black, red rice and bran showed that the expression of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) was specifically reduced at both transcript and protein level by extracts, indicating the capacity of rice extracts to modulate the inflammatory response.

Riju Sarma   Sudarshana Mahanta   and Bulbuli Khanikor   

Essential oil from the leaves of Aegle marmelos was investigated for their larvicidal, ovicidal, adulticidal and repellent properties against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Essential oil was extracted from the fresh leaves by hydro distillation method. Different concentrations of the oil were applied against different developmental stages of both the mosquito species. The result of different bioassay showed various responses between the species. The essential oil showed higher efficacy as larvicidal and adulticidal agent against Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50=121.88ppm against larva and 121.50ppm against adult at 72 hour exposure) while as ovicidal and repellent agent, the essential oil showed higher efficacy against Ae. aegypti with LC50 value 278.82ppm at 72 hour and 1 hour of protection time respectively. Therefore, it can be inferred that this essential oil is a potential one which could further be used as mosquitocidal agent against both the mosquito species. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of ÎČ- terpinyl acetate, 5- isopropenyl-2- methyl-7-oxabicyclo (4.1.0) hepten-2-ol and 2,3-pinanediol as major probable constituents of the oil which might play major role against insecticidal activities of the plant oil.

Moneen M. Jones   and Jessica L. Duckworth   

Noctuid moths include economic species of importance such as the soybean podworm, black cutworm, soybean looper, and fall armyworm. The gray looper feeds on a wide variety of low-growing plants including tobacco, soybean, cotton, clover, and common wheat. Soybean looper can likewise be found in soybean and cotton. To monitor the flights and numbers of gray and soybean loopers in Southeast Missouri, funnel traps were baited with Autographa gamma or Pseudoplusia includens lures and dispensed on 1 May 2015 in 8 randomly selected soybean fields. Traps were monitored weekly (1 May - 1 Oct 2015). Degree days began at biofix, and a single sin method with a lower threshold of 15˚ was used to calculate accumulative degrees days. Temperature data was obtained from NOAA. Each peak flight was assigned accumulative number of degree days. Degree days for the current soybean looper model (egg to adult, 435dd) were compared with estimated models for gray and soybean loopers. These models were developed by averaging accumulated degree days between counties for peaks 1 -4 (204, 496, 937, and 1527 degree-days, gray looper) and for peaks 1 – 5 (349, 641, 962, 1258, and 1540 degree days, soybean looper). Soybean looper model was accurate for flights 1 – 3 for gray looper. For soybean looper management, the new soybean looper model worked best for estimating future peak flights. This confirmation of model data should help growers with their insecticide application decisions.

Soon-Kwon Kim   

Genetic vulnerabilities (GV) of maize (Zea mays L.) have been experienced for a half century globally. Research on quantitative gene resistance (here called "co-survival tolerance") against GV have been studied on Puccinia sorghi common rust, Exserohilum turicum northern corn leaf blight, Bipolaris maydis Southern corn leaf blight, maize streak virus, parasitic witchweed Striga species, Puccinia polysora tropical rust, Peronosclerspora sorghi downy mildew and Ustilago maydis smut. Among the above GE experiences, the most striking experience was parasitic witchweed Striga hermonthica, S. asiatica and S. aspera species in Africa. Without co-survival tolerance, Striga problems in Africa may not be solved in next few decades. The tolerance is controlled by quantitative gene. African origin parasite problems are causing damage of Africa's food crops in 7 billion US dollars annually. Parasites and hosts must be live together and co-survive in nature. The author's experiences of GV with maize in China have been two popular hybrids; Jeungdan 958 and Seunok 335. The former hybrid was covered over 10 million ha during the period of 2007-2013. Its genetic vulnerability due to too wide areas of cultivation of a single hybrid was occurred by corn borers and smut. While Seunok 335 and its sister hybrids now cover majority of maize cultivation of North Eastern (NE) region of China. Seunok 335 has severe root lodging problem under storm. The author observed the lodging in the north of Shenyang, Liaoning Province in 2008, followed in the NE provinces. In addition, it was attacked by E. turcicum in the western region of Jilin Province. Both USA and China have a quarter of the world maize cultivation, each 35 million ha and produce average yield of 10.5 and 6.5t/ha, respectively. To increase maize production for feed, food and industries as well as to reduce climate changes, China's maize cultivation and breeding must be focused on diverse hybrid development and machine harvest. The later returns stalk and leave to soil. Copies of super hybrids e.g. Seunok 335 by other companies must be discouraged. Under climate changes, breeding stable hybrids with tolerance controlled by QTL must be encouraged. Tolerance breeding has clear advantage from GMO because it shall provide a buffering effect minimizing mutation of aggressive genes. Under the climate changes, the tolerance breeding confers buffering effects of host stability. The author has bred hybrids with tolerance against major biotic and abiotic stresses. Target traits are normal field, sticky, sweet maize, bio energy maize with genes of bm3 + high sugar + leafy, and black herb maize.

Kadir KarakuƟ   Turgut AygĂŒn   S.Seçkin Tuncer   M. Fatih Çelen   and Siddik Keskin   

Animal potential, suitable natural conditions for animal husbandry and in terms of population of animal breeders in Eastern Anatolia Region have an important place in our country. However, stocks supply, input costs of products are high. Manufacturers are inadequate in terms of quantity and quality of the product to obtain its products live in the issue price and the market, the forces of the lack of competition in the market, the purpose of the event, provided support and resources to benefit from the creation of reasons such as the expected rate of the organization and the organization can be said to be effective in adequately livestock sector in Eastern Anatolia Region. Organization of producers in the region to solve these problems effectively, to solve the problems of animal husbandry techniques, to obtain high quality products by increasing production, marketing, rising standards of living in reaching the level of social and economic well-being, in terms of agro-industrial integration and the creation of agricultural policy in the region will be a very important factor. Provided for this purpose in this study mentioned the importance of organization for the Eastern Anatolia and focused on solutions for the problems.

AybegĂŒn Ton   and Adem Emin Anlarsal   

There are suitable ecological regions of Turkey for seed production of legume forage crops. At the stage of flowering and seed maturation low humidity and high temperature can cause to reduction in seed yield. Ecological conditions of Central and Southern Anatolia are very favorable for seed production in legume forage crops. Alfalfa, common vetch, sainfoin are most important among the forage crops cultivated in Turkey. Some cultivars belonging to above the mentioned species have been developed in Turkey. High-quality seed is essential for good field stands. Seed crops should be produced taking into consideration with seed production rules. Control of seed quality in seed production must conform to statutes of National Certification Standard. High yields of good quality seed are obtained under good management such as sowing time and rate, irrigation, fertilizer, weed control, storage conditions isolation distance and certification rules.

Kashenge Sophia   and Makoninde Emmanuel   

Ongoing forest disturbances in the areas adjoining the Eastern Arc Mountains in Kilombero District associated with growing population and farm expansion led to increasing land degradation and fluctuations of hydrological supply downstream. This threatens not only biodiversity but also irrigated rice productivity. A structured Interview in conjunction with awareness creation was carried out in seven villages (Chita, Mbingu, Kisegese, Namawala, Mpofu, Njage and Mofu) to determine level of understanding among rice growers on the potential of these mountains for sustainable water flow downstream and the ability of farmers to detect and prepare towards impact of climate change. A total of 240 respondents (124 men and 116 women) were involved. Results revealed that, the whole concept of Eastern Arc Mountains and its potential for water availability in rice productivity as well as level of awareness on climate change, its impact, and preparedness reflected limited understanding. Awareness creation program was carried out involving 258 farmers (134 males and 124 Females). The study recommends a joint Eastern Arc Mountains conservation multi-stakeholder task force for preparation of a joint climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Furthermore, the study recommends introduction of agro forestry, promoting cocoa production and introduction of zero grazing among conservation measures.

Rael Jepkemei Taiy   Christopher Onyango   Agnes Nkurumwa   and Kibet Ngetich   

Understanding the socio-economic characteristics of smallholder farmers is important as it provides the basis for addressing the myriad challenges that the farmers face. This study therefore was carried out to determine the socio-economic characteristics of smallholder potato farmers in Mauche Ward of Njoro Sub-County, Kenya. Simple Random sampling was used to select 150 smallholder potato farmers to participate in the household survey. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-economic data from the respondents. Data analysis was done using SPSS and results presented descriptively using frequencies, percentages, bar charts, means and standard deviation. The results indicate that most farmers have low education, mainly primary and secondary education and majority are relatively old. Though a high proportion of the farmers are married, cases of single farmers are common. Potato is a key crop but livestock keeping, particularly cattle and chicken are kept by almost all households. The study also revealed that smallholder farmers earn low income if they depend on on-farm activities alone. Potato farmers in Mauche have limited access to clean potato seed as many of them rely on seed purchased in open air markets and from other farmers. The major constraints to potato marketing are lack of collective action and low prices dictated by middlemen which translate to low farm incomes. Smallholder potato farmers need to increase their income by enhancing productivity through improved crop and land management practices. Engaging in profit oriented off-farm activities such as value addition may also enhance farmers' earnings. There is a need to capacity built farmers on clean potato seed production to ensure timely access to good quality seed at a more affordable price. Farmers need to form cooperative societies to enable them do collective marketing of their farm produce and purchase of farm inputs in order to benefit from the economies of scale.

Yoerlandy Santana Baños   Armando del Busto ConcepciĂłn   Ivan Paneque Torres   Irisley Aguiar GonzĂĄlez   Michel Ruiz Sanchez   Edenys Miranda Izquierdo   Adanay CĂĄndano SĂĄnchez   and Lisandra HernĂĄndez Guanche   

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the biostimulating and nematicidal effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai "strain A-34" and aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) in Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) cv. "PR-92". Two trials were developed, the first in the seed germination process and the second in potting conditions for the treatments interaction and the inoculation of Meloidogyne spp. with tomato seedlings. The results showed that tomato seeds cv. "PR-92" treated with T. harzianum "A-34" and aqueous extract of neem leaves did not affect the percentages of germination, however, the combined use of the preparations promote the seedlings growth. It was also corroborated that the seedlings infested with Meloiodgyne spp. showed lower means for stem length, total fresh mass and dry mass variables, compared to non-infested ones. As for the regulation of Meloidogyne spp., a reduction of the gill index was achieved in 53.5%, 38.5% and 61.5% for treatments where T. harzianum, neem and their combination were respectively applied with significant differences respect to control.

M. M. Hasan   M. A. Baque   M. A. Habib   M. Yeasmin   and M. A. Hakim   

To screen salt tolerance wheat genotypes, germination and seedling growth characters were used as screening criteria. 33 wheat genotypes were tested under 5 different salt concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dSm^-1) at central laboratory, Sher-e-bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, during February to March, 2016. The experiment was conducted with a complete randomize design (CRD) with 5 replications. The results of the experiment revealed that, various germination and seedling growth parameters of the wheat genotypes varied significantly under salt stress. A marked reduction of germination rate, shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight, relative water content, water retention capacity and vigor index was observed with the increasing of salt concentration for most of the wheat genotypes except ESWYT-5, ESWYT-6 and BARI GOM 28. ESWYT-5, ESWYT-6 and BARI GOM 28 showed consistently better performance against salt stress and there were slow linear reduction was observed with the increasing of salt concentration from 0 to 20 dSm^-1. So considering the above fact, ESWYT-5, ESWYT-6 and BARI GOM 28 could be promising salt stress genotype against moderate saline condition.

Pratap Narain   

Need for a coherent and sound data base for policy making and decision taking on food and agriculture related issues was recognized while creating Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO, recognizing this need, developed food balance sheet in 1949 to bring together data on food supply and production for individual country and subsequently improved in stages. The last such improvement was released in 1996 in a publication entitled "System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture" (SEAFA). SEAFA was designed to meet analytical needs for the formulation of plans and policies relating to food and agriculture by integrating various databases on production, consumption, capital formation relating to crop & animal husbandry, forestry, fishery and food production. SEAFA provided support for analyzing efficiency of production of food and agricultural products and evaluating supply and use of food (in terms of level of nutrition intake). Main objectives of agricultural policies go much beyond this. Policy makers would very much like to look into ways and means to secure improvements in the production and distribution of food and agricultural products which could lead to improve the living condition of rural population. Some of these issues have been discussed at various international forums. However, to make a dynamic decision making it is necessary to integrate all issues in a single envelop. Basic architecture of SEAFA is based on production units viz. institutional units (like agricultural households), agricultural establishments and food & agricultural products. This approach does not allow linking other issues like infrastructural needs, state of environment, etc. to the production system. In the present paper a revised extended system based on area as a unit for compiling the database has been proposed. The new system based on micro-macro linkage using bottom up approach for collection, compilation and analysis of food and agriculture data. The system propagates use of indicators. The approach has in-built advantage of optimum use of partial available data.

Evans L. Chimoita   Cecillia M. Onyango   John W. Kimenju   and Joseph P. Gweyi-Onyango   

The agricultural extension agents play important role in facilitating and guiding farmers towards implementing various agricultural value chain technologies. However, despite the availability of extension agents and improved agricultural technologies, there is minimal corresponding uptake and output on the farmers' farms. The current study therefore assessed the influence of extension agents on the uptake of improved sorghum technologies in Embu County, Kenya. The study sampled 51 government and private extension agents from four villages. Data was collected on the agent's socio-economic characteristics and extension, techniques. The study revealed that 65% of the respondents were male and had acquired education up to tertiary level. Further, the agents had acquired over twelve years work experience in disseminating various agricultural technologies. The study findings indicated that majority 73% of the agents disseminated technologies through farm visits, demonstrations, and agricultural shows visits and through radio technologies. There was an association (x²=96.7) between the extension agents and agents work experience with the work experience enhancing the uptake of improved sorghum technologies by farmers. Further, the work experience significantly (p≀0.00) influenced disseminating of the improved sorghum technologies among farmers. It was concluded that agents' gender, work experience, demonstrations techniques and farm visits, agricultural shows method complemented agents' work in disseminating the improved sorghum technologies among farmers.

Onunka, N.A.   Njoku, J.C.   and Ehisianya, C.N.   

Field experiment was conducted in 2013 cropping season to evaluate the effect of integrating different agronomic practices for mitigating crack formation on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) roots. Cracks are malformations on the edible roots of sweet potato which make them look unattractive, form portals for disease and pest invasion, lead to decay and high peeling loss, and reduce marketability and acceptability. The agronomic practices evaluated included; two nutrient sources NPK 20:10:10 and 15:15:15, four different harvest periods 3, 4, 5, and 6 months after planting (MAP) on the three varieties of sweet potato namely TIS87/0087, UMUSPO/1 and CIP440293. It was carried out at the Eastern farm of National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike Abia State which lies between latitude 4⁰ 15¹ and 7⁰ N and longitude 15⁰ 29¹ N and 7⁰ 33¹ E at an elevation of 122m above sea level. The experimental design was a split plot arrangement fitted into a randomized complete block design, main plot was nutrient source, subplot was time of harvest, and sub subplot was variety. There were thirty six treatments replicated three times. The soil was classified as sandy loam. Data were collected on number of roots with cracks, total root number, total root fresh weight, and rot incidence. Results showed that the effect of the nutrient sources was not statistically significant at (P≀0.05) on crack formation more cracks were recorded on varieties UMUSPO/1 and CIP440293 (orange-fleshed) than TIS87/0087 (white-fleshed). Time of harvest was very highly significant (P<0.001) on number of roots with cracks. From this work it can be concluded that time of harvest and variety played important roles in the formation of the cracks in the tuberous roots of sweet potato which reduce the quality of the crop. The type of fertilizer used has no effect on the crack formations, root size and number while early harvest is recommended.

S. Bedhiaf-Romdhani   and M. Djemali   

Analyses of milk data of 74201 lactations from 327 Friesian dairy herds recorded during 1998-2009 and a total of 25,000 lactations from 156 Friesian dairy herds recorded during 1983-1987 under south Mediterranean environmental production conditions identified significant sources of variation by region, herd-year within region countries of origin, month of calving and days in milk for dairy cattle milk yield. The specific objective of this study was to quantify the effect of climate change by examining the effect of month of calving on milk yield of Friesian dairy cattle during two periods (1983-1987) and (1998-2009). In the first period, cows were North American Holsteins (2%), European Friesian (28%) and their progeny born and raised in Tunisia (70%). In the second period North American sired cows were (19%) and European sired cows were (14%). The effect of month of calving on milk yield was quantified by the least squares solutions obtained with the last month restricted to zero. In both periods, cows calving in the fall and early winter (September-January) yielded more milk than cows calving in spring (February-May) or summer (June-August). In the first period, cows calving in January yielded 384 kg more milk than cows calving in August. In the second period, the difference of milk yield between January and August was reduced to be only 220 kg. In the first period (1983-1987), least square means differences of milk yield from January to December (as a basis of comparison) were respectively, (113kg, -34kg, -76kg, -100kg, -189kg, -238kg, -246kg, -271kg, -160kg, 7kg, 35kg, 0). These differences were, respectively, in the second period (-47kg, 6kg, -30kg, -86kg, -203kg, -226kg, -267kg, -268kg, -177kg, -76kg, -47kg, 0). In the second period (1998-2009) and in relation to calving months, there is a clean tendency of a decrease in differences of total milk produced, between what is known in the first period (1983-1987) as traditional cool months and hot months which might be a climate change translation. This study showed how calving month effect on milk yield could be used over time as a measured indicator of climate changes.

Hung Le Thanh   Vo Thi Thanh Binh   Wayoon Poonperm   and Peter Ader   

In the study five iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets were formulated. T1 was a control with DCP (di-calcium phosphate) supplementation, T2 without DCP, T3 was a T2 supplemented with Acidifier (0.3% formic acid), T4 was a T2 supplemented with phytase (750 FTU/kg) and T5 was a T2 supplemented with Acidifier and phytase. Tra catfish fingerlings (15g) were cultured in 500 liter composite tanks in 10 weeks. The study indicates dietary supplementation of phytase (T4 and T5) significantly improved growth performances, ameliorated feed utilization and increased ash content of the whole body and bone phosphorus of juvenile Tra catfish. The study also indicates supplementing acidifier also improved growth performance, ameliorated feed utilization and increased ash content of the whole body and bone phosphorus. The decreased pH value of gastric juice due to the acidifier supplementation can accounts for the present result. However, mixture of phytase and an acidifier in T5 treatment does not have any ameliorated effect when compared to the separated phytase or separated acidifier. It seems the synergic effect of a mixture does not exist in the study. Some studies are needed to find out the suitable mixture of the two feed additives in Tra catfish feed.

Puteri Kusuma Wardhani   and Masaji Watanabe   

Batch experiments with fruit and vegetable waste and sludge from biogas plant as the feedstock were conducted in this study. Mathematical models are introduced here to explain the anaerobic processes, and some unknown parameters were determined by solving inverse problems numerically. Numerical results were compared with the experimental outcomes. We conclude that the results only show for situation where there is no inhibition by intermediate compounds such as volatile fatty acids.

Arrival Rince Putri   Masaji Watanabe   and Tertia Delia Nova   

We describe an ODE model and a PDE model. A nonlinear diffusion system of partial differential equations is analyzed for investigation of bird flu transmission process within a poultry farm. Effect of threshold number that gives measure of infectious intensity is investigated. It depends on three factors: removal of infected birds, vaccination, and capacity of the farm. Our analysis shows that the transmission of bird flu within a poultry farm is expressible in terms of traveling wave solutions. It also shows a spatial significance of diffusivity.

Mohan Bahadur Thapa   and Sanjay Dhimal   

Nepal has different ecological belts endowed with different types of climates due to its geographical locations for the production of horticultural crops. Government organizations were not in existence for the development of horticulture sector before 1950, yet growing of fruits, vegetables, spices and flowers started from time immemorial in private sector. After the creation of Department of Horticulture during sixties several horticulture farms were established in different agro-ecological zones where research and extension programs were launched and horticulture development took momentum. There is tremendous scope for commercial horticultural crops production to enter into the international market. Due to subsistence farming system, poor infra-structure, transportation facilities, linkage to the international market and technical know-how, horticulture development could not gain momentum as expected. The productivity of horticultural crops comparing with two giant neighboring countries i.e. China and India does not give matching results but in case of spices especially in large cardamom, Nepal's productivity is higher than these two countries. Large cardamom, ginger, tea and coffee have played significant role in trade balance while in case of fruits, flowers and some of the fresh vegetables Nepal faces still trade deficit.

Taiy Rael Jepkemei   Onyango Christpher   Nkurumwa Agnes   Ngetich Kibet   Birech Rhoda   Maling'a Joyce   and Ooro Patrick   

Participatory innovation in agriculture is key in enhancing food security in Sub-Sahara Africa. The Collective Learning Community (CLC) concept entails bringing people together for shared learning, discovery and generation of knowledge. It enhances formation of networks to promote continuous interaction and communication. Farmers in Mauche Ward of Njoro Sub-County depended on rain fed agriculture vulnerable to rainfall variability and the negative effects of climate change. Linkages needed for innovation to support growth and development in the potato value chain were generally weak; hence inadequate clean potato seed and lack of market access were major challenges to potato production A Collective Learning Community (CLC) comprising of farmers and other potato value chain actors was established to exchange knowledge and collaboratively innovate for climate change adaptation. The Net-Map toolbox was used to assess the links between actors based on exchange of information, sharing of resources and influence. This enabled the CLC to clarify roles and power relations among the actors; and to identify weak points in the network that needed addressing. Membership to the CLC enabled farmers to access climate change adaptation technologies, clean potato seed and negotiate for a better potato price. The study recommends collective learning, positive selection for clean seed production, group marketing of potato and involving of local leadership in climate change adaptation initiatives for sustainability.

Abubaker M.A. Morgan   Abdalla M. Hamdoun   and Nabil H.H. Bashir   

Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC, was introduced in many semi-arid areas of Sudan to combat desertification and provide fuel wood and fodder. However, it spread rapidly into fertile, productive areas, and irrigation and drainage channels, particularly in some of the major irrigated schemes. Nursery experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan, to investigate water uptake by seeds, germination-rate, sowing depth, acid scarification and animal feeding of intact pods on germination and seedling emergence. Pods were collected from town, or the National Tree Seed Center laboratory. Seeds were used immediately after extraction. Petri-dishes with filter paper or plastic pots were used. Treatments were arranged in CRB design, with 4-6 replicates. Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT. The results revealed that the seeds have high ability to absorb water and exhibited high rate of germination, especially in the second wk after sowing (96%). Seeds placed on the soil surface failed to germinate, while those buried at depths of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 cm displayed 100, 75, 60 and 40% germination, respectively. Seedling emergence was delayed by deep burial and amounted to 100 and 50% at depth of 2.5 and 5cm, respectively. Seeds germinated and seedlings have emerged at high rates (100%), when treated with sulfuric acid (60%v/v) for 5 min. they germinated and seedlings emerged normally, when extracted from sheep droppings.

Elly Josephat Ligate   Magdalena Martin Kitila   Can Chen   and Chengzhen Wu   

Salt water intrusion is a challenge on production of human staple foods Zea mays and Oryza sativa in the changing climate, along the global coastal zones. Information on how salinity affects these crops is essential in developing scientific mitigations for sustainable food production. This study was conducted to investigate salt water intrusion and its impacts on Zea mays and Oryza sativa production in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Soil and water samples were collected along 14 km of Wami River for determination of NaCl and pH. Direct observations, surveys and questionnaire protocols were used to collect socio-economic data. Along 14 km, soil pH average was 6.5 (acidic) while that of water was 8 (basic). Salinity was high within 5 km and then declined towards 14 km away. Zea mays and Oryza sativa declined from averages of 18 to 8bags/acre/crop season. The impacts of salinity were clear on farms within 5 km from the Ocean than at 14 km. Salt intrusion is associated with climate change along the Tanzania coastal zone. Agriculturists, environmentalists and policy makers must work jointly to mitigate SWI impacts in Changing Climate. These efforts will help to improve crop production and ensure food security and income of the people along the coastal zones.

Semalulu O.   P. Elobu   S. Namazzi   S. Kyebogola   and D.N. Mubiru   

Moisture stress grossly limits crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Ca-bentonite holds and avails water for plant uptake. However, despite its availability and increasing droughts in Uganda, its use is limited, partly due to inadequate empirical evidence about its benefits. This 3-season on-farm study assessed the benefits accruing from Ca-bentonite use. Crops included: maize (Longe 10H), finger millet (Seremi-2), sorghum (SESO-3), green-grams (Mauritius) and groundnuts (Serenut 6). Treatments were: Ca-bentonite (2.5 t ha^-1), Ca-bentonite combined with manure (FYM) and/or phosphate (DAP/SSP), replicated five times in CR design. Ca-bentonite (2.5 t ha^-1) increased the grain yields of maize, millet, sorghum, green-grams and groundnuts by 11, 20, 14, 17 and 5% above the control. Bentonite combined with DAP/SSP and/or FYM increased maize, finger millet, sorghum, green-grams and groundnuts yields by 14-82%, 22-42%, 23-42%, 32-42% and 4-26%, respectively. Higher grain yields were partly attributed to increased soil moisture following bentonite application. Compared to other crops, bentonite was more profitable when used on the higher priced groundnuts. Considering the high bentonite cost, application on high value crops, blending with other materials and policy support are recommended, to make this locally available resource economically viable for smallholder farmers, thereby help them cope better with increasing droughts.

Franck Cachia   

Understanding to what extent and speed agricultural commodity price changes on international markets are transmitted to consumers is key in assessing the vulnerability of households to price shocks. The importance of these transmission indicators is compounded, in developing countries, by the fact that consumers tend to spend a higher proportion of their income on food items. Regional estimates of food inflation transmission can also be used to predict consumer-level impacts of international price shocks, contributing to improve the information basis on which to base policy mitigation actions and to focus on the areas likely to suffer the most. The aim of this paper is to provide estimates of the transmission of price changes from international commodity markets to consumers in different regions of the world, using monthly data from FAO's Food Price Indices and Regional Food Consumer Price Indices. This econometric analysis, which uses impulse response functions from error-correction models, is useful in establishing typologies of regions with respect to the extent and speed of price transmission processes.

Prakash Ramu Salunke   

The objective of this study was to carry out a taxonomic of Indian phlebotomine sand flies and describe one new species found in human dwelling in the villages of vaseti district panchmal gujarat state India, The gonostyle of one of these, gujarat vasetinov. sp., species group as waldio, has five spines sperm theca uicinikshepd segments, similar to that of phlebotomine papatasi BiobĂ­o 1876 Hewlett 1915 Phlebotomine subgenus Romani and Bertie 1840; Theodor, 1948: Lewis, 1965[6], species group as waldio, but they may be distinguished by the alpha /gamma ratio, which is < 1,0 in the new species, which distinguishes it from the other phlebotomie species, With the description of these one new species of the Indian phlebotomie sand flies has been described, 5 of which belong to the subgenus Gujarat vaseti An identification key for male female species is presented.

Gad Degani   S. Yom Din   and Avshalom Hurvitz   

In the present study, we examined the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1(IGF-1R) transcription using real-time PCR at different stages of oocytes of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) at age 8-9 years and weight 25 kg that were grown under aquaculture conditions. Compare to the pre-vitellogenesis stage, the transcription of IGF-1R increased at the vitellogenesis stages (yellow, gray and black). The mRNA of IGF-1R of oocytes in the black stage is significantly higher than in the gray or yellow stages. However, there are no significant differences between the gray or yellow stages of the mRNA level. Based on previous studies and the result of the mRNA of IGF-1R of oocytes during oogenesis, we proposed a model for the effect of GH, IGF-1 and IGF-1R on the oogenesis of Russian sturgeon, which is a very important process for creating caviar.

Jannatul Ferdous   Md Mamun   and Md. Sarafat Ali   

Photosynthesis is the most fundamental and intricate physiological process in all green plants. For the fruitful occurrence of photosynthesis, each plant has certain environmental requirements. They are impacted by the environmental factors and stress during all phases of growth and development. Examples include light availability, water (soil moisture), senescence, carbon strategy and nutrient deficiencies etc. that cause alteration of the net photosynthesis rate of plants. In this study, to determine the effect of different environmental factors on photosynthesis, a number of experiments were conducted where the net photosynthesis, transpirations, water use efficiency and photoinhibition were measured. To study the effect of light intensity, soil moisture, senescence, on net photosynthesis, respectively Ocimum basilicum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Cotinus coggygria, were used. To compare carbon strategy, Pisum sativum and Zea mays were grown under similar condition. How variable nutrient conditions can affect the photosynthesis was studied using a light adapted plant Epilobium augustifolium and shaded tolerant plant Glechoma hederacea. Observations resulted that light intensity at mid-range increases the rate of photosynthesis but exceeding a certain amount caused lowering the efficiency. Net photosynthesis was the maximum under moist condition for Vaccinium vitis- idaea. On the other hand, the senescent leaf had highly similar transpiration rates as the healthy green leaf. Net photosynthesis rate of C4 plants were higher than C3 plants. Overall, the impact of environmental factors on the photosynthesis rate of different plant species was quite apparent.

C. Simonelli   L. Galassi   M. Cormegna   and P. Bianchi   

The characterization of ten Italian rice varieties has been carried out by chemical analysis which requires the use of more or less sophisticated equipment and of technicians trained to the application of analytical methods. Beside this type of analysis, defined as "traditional", it is carried out a descriptive evaluation of the samples from a sensory point of view. Descriptive analysis is a new experience in the evaluation of Italian rice that allows describing and quantifying the sensory properties of the different varieties. As with traditional analysis the calibration of instruments is fundamental and the choice of the adequate analytical method, so the equipment for sensory analysis is the basic choice of assessors who will be part of the panel and their training. Ten heterogeneous varieties of Italian rice have been characterized both from a traditional point of view, namely, chemical, physical and textural (length and width, gel-time, resistance to extrusion, stickiness, amylose content), and sensory, involving a panel of selected, chosen and trained tasters. The analytical data will then be compared in order to bring out similarities and differences. It appears that there is agreement between the sensory analysis and the chemical physical and textural characterization of milled rice. The sensory characterization undoubtedly provides a more complete and accurate information than the instrumental one.

Tuhin Suvra Roy   Rajesh Chakraborty   Md. Nahid Parvez   Maruf Mostofa   Jannatul Ferdous   and Salma Ahmed   

Maintaining exportable standard of potato is the main bottleneck for the Bangladeshi potato growers and exporters. Bangladesh producing large amount of potato which may give much contribution in world market in future especially in European countries. But, yield and quality of potato is varying with some factors i.e., abiotic, biotic, varietal and nutritional, respectively. From these perspectives, the study was carried out under pot experiment at two consecutive years with due, that; applied chloride may influence the performance of tuber in major salt affected areas where the people wants to grow potato in their field. The experiment consisted of four salt application doses (N₀ = non-saline, N₁ = 5, N₂ = 15 and N₃ = 25g NaCl pot^-1) and three varieties (V₁= Granula, V₂ = Lady Rosetta and V₃ = Asterix). The pot was arranged following completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. Result revealed that; yield, dry matter and specific gravity were decreased with the increasing of salinity levels. Results demonstrated that, non-saline condition of pot soil is favorable for getting the maximum return from studied parameters. Granula and Lady Rosetta performed the significant similar results in case of studied parameters. Although, Granula showed highest specific gravity at 5g NaCl plot ^-1 which was statistically similar to non-saline condition but, Granula exhibited the highest yield and dry matter under non-saline condition of pot soil. Similar trend was also found in case of Lady Rosetta whereas Asterix performed worst one under highest condition of soil salinity. In, conclusion, it may be said that; potato has sensitivity on salinity for its performances, so, the salt tolerance/salt avoidance varieties should be introduced/developed in our country and the further research should be carried out with how much amount of EC of salinity can be tolerated by exportable potato varieties.

Gao Bao-Chun (Kao Pao-Chun)   

Acanthochlamys bracteata is a Chinese endemic plant that first discovered, descripted and denominated by Kao in the West Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan Province. The anatomical characteristics of A. bracteata are very unique in monocotyledonous plants, such as the eustele in rhizome, protostele in root, as well as the leaf-stem compound structure in scape, which is the most special type in monocotyledonous plants, for the first time found. The coexistence of eustele and protostele in vascular bundle system suggested that Acanthochlamydaceae retains the ancestor of the original type, but also evolved derived type. It is absent of scattered bundles, which is the most derived bundles type in monocotyledons, but shows a transitional type between protostele and scattered bundles. The family, Acanthochlamydaceae, is a new monotypic family, which contains only one species. Phylogenetic results showed that Acanthochlamydaceae is a sister group of Velloziaceae. The close relationship with the two families indicated that the close floral relationship between Hengduan mountains and African tropical regions. In this paper, a comprehensive study was performed on the morphological characteristics, the status in the world flora, geographical distribution, phylogeny, origin, and other issues of Acanthochlamys bracteata.

MĂŒge Doğan   Mehmet Nizamlıoğlu   Yusuf ÖzƟensoy   Ercan Kurar   Zafer Bulut   Vahdettin Altunok   AyƟe IĆŸÄ±k   and Aysun Çamlıdağ   

In the current study, the mtDNA D-Loop region was analyzed in South Anatolian Red (SAR, n=51), Anatolian Black (NB, n=50), Anatolian Grey (AG, n=54), Native Southern Anatolian Yellow (NSAY, n=51), East Anatolian Red (EAR, n=54) and Zavot (ZAV, n=19) cattle breeds (n=279) to reveal diversity of mitochondrial DNA, differentiation of breeds, and relevance between genetic differentiations and geographic distributions. Blood samples were collected from native cattle breeds. Genomic DNA was isolated using a standard phenol/chloroform method. MtDNA D-loop region was amplified by PCR. After mtDNA sequence analysis, sequence of the D-Loop region was aligned with reference sequence. Haplotypes were determined and phylogenetic tree was constructed using BioEdit version 5.0.6, DNAsp version 5.10.01, MEGA 4.0 Network, Arlequin, Phylip and TreeView software. The sequence data was examined for nucleotide and haplotypes diversity, genetic distance between breeds visualized with Neighbor Joining tree and Median Joining Network, evaluated with mismatch distribution analyses, neutrality tests and AMOVA analyses. As a result in comparison with cattle breeds throughout the world, the higher nucleotide (π=0.02240, ±0.0005) and haplotype diversity (H=0.9966, ±0.0006) higher haplotype number and also high genetic variation within and between the populations were determined in native Anatolian cattle breeds. These findings support the idea that Anatolia has been situated in a central position during the domestication process of the cattle species.

Maina, J. G.   Wesonga, P. S.   Mukoya-Wangia, S.   and Njoka, J. T.   

This study assessed the status of fish farming in Makueni County, Kenya in 2015 (three years after expiry of Economic Stimulus Programme (ESP). The study sampled 146 fish farmers. Based on the study results, Makueni has a vibrant fish farming activities along rivers Athi, Makindu and Kiboko with 46.6% active fish farmers. Females consisted 43.2 of fish farmers, a good indication in alleviating poverty and food insecurity. Ninety four percent of farmers practice tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) monoculture on a semi intensive system. A situational analysis using Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) identified: Main strengths were catfish (Clarias gariepinus) potential as first choice of fish production, excellent extension-farmer contact links, and private hatchery development. Opportunities that can be promoted include public-private collaboration in infrastructure development, extension, wildlife conflict and research among others. The study recommended that Fish farmers, County officials and National policy makers concentrate on identified SWOT in order to collaboratively develop a sustainable fish-farming sector. Secondly, County government should identify serious fish farmers and increase its collaboration programs that promote suitable pond selection sites, quality affordable feeds, postharvest refrigerated cooling systems and hatchery development. Academic significance of the study is that fish farming can be sustainable practiced in Arid and Semi-arid Lands (ASALs) if there is a collaborative efforts between farmers and the public sector.

A. N. Gautam   R. M. Sahu   and Nidhi Sirothiya   

The present study is an attempt to examine resource use efficiency of wheat crop in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh and also identify of the constraints encountered in production of wheat by the farmers to achieve the potential yield of wheat. The study was conducted in 2013-14 and the results reveals that human labour was found significant for large (0.419) and overall (0.156) farm, while it non-signification for small and medium farms. Machine labour was found significant for all size of farms i.e. small (0.551) medium (0.526) large (0.370) and overall (0.687) farm size. Seed and fertilizer was found significant for small and overall farm. In case of marginal value productivity it was found that in small size farm the factors of production i.e. machine labour (X₂), seed (X₃), fertilizers (X₄) and irrigations (X₅) had been found underutilized, whereas human labour (X₁) implying over utilization under the study area. The constraints related to wheat production i.e. high price of quality seed was reported by 68% farmers followed by lack of knowledge about nutrient content 67%, high price of fertilizer 60%, lack of knowledge of seed treatment 55% etc. were found major constraints.

Kega, V. M.   Kasina, M   Olubayo F   and Nderitu, J. H.   

The African white rice stem borer (Maliarpha separatella Ragonot) is a major pest of rice in Kenya. To understand and develop appropriate management packages, its population dynamics were studied at Mwea irrigation scheme in Central Kenya. This was for two wet and two dry periods. Farmer fields located in different parts of the scheme and outside the scheme were sampled every fortnight. Farms sampled represented five water provision schedules (System of Rice intensification (SRI), rain fed, flood irrigated, sporadic irrigation, and fallow period). Five planting regimes (on season, off season double cropping, ratoon, and late planting) and three management styles (controlled by National Irrigation Board (N.I.B), not controlled by N.I.B and out-growers) were studied. During each sampling, a 1mx1m quadrant was used randomly and pest counted on all the plants within the quadrant. Results showed that the number of M. separatella varied significantly (p<0.05) in the scheme. Pest densities were highest in off season planted rice (13.1). High numbers were also found in Non N.I.B controlled fields with sporadic irrigation (8.1) and the lowest in the N.I.B, fallow (2.5) and this was significant (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in pest infestations on the normal season crop (0.3) and the ratoon crop (0.6) p<0.05 and SRI and conventional irrigated fields (p<0.05). From the results it is recommended that off season planting of rice be discouraged and that efforts are made to ensure that farmers synchronize planting dates and other cultural practices for the crop, within the scheme and in rice farms outside the scheme.

Tuhin Suvra Roy   Rajesh Chakraborty   Md. Nahid. Parvez   Suvomoy Biswas   and Sudip Chakraborty   

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Bangladesh has arisen fast due to economic liberalization coupled with growing urbanization, expanding market options. The potato is considered to be a potential crop to face the challenge of 21^st century. It can serve the food security of the ever growing population, creation of job opportunities and developing agro-based and agro-processing industries in the country for sustainable economic growth. Bangladesh achieved a remarkable success in potato production to take it to 7^th rank in the world map. Potato production is increasing day by day both vertically and horizontally. In 2014, total production was 8.6 million tons and the consumption capacity was 6.5 million tons, rest 2.1 million tons was surplus. So need to export potato to foreign countries. But the major constraints for this is non-availability of sufficient suitable varieties with high dry matter (>21%) and low reducing sugar content (<0.01%). Identification of cropping zones, technology packages for production of export quality varieties, non-availability of resistant varieties for bacterial wilt and technologies for long period storage are other limitations in developing export sectors in the country. To meet the instant need of the processing varieties, the variety introduction procedure may be liberalized under a crush programme to ensure quick inflow of processing varieties in the country. Export of potatoes is an important avenue to expand utilization of potatoes grown in the country.

Evans L. Chimoita   Cecillia M. Onyango   John W.Kimenju   and Joseph P. Gweyi-Onyango   

Agricultural extension and technology transfer services play a vital role in disseminating research knowledge, skills and income generating strategies among the farming communities in Kenya. However, there exists a kind of disconnect between the amount of information and technologies developed in research centres and what is implemented by the farmers. The study evaluated the access and use of extension approaches in promoting uptake of improved sorghum technologies. The study systematically selected 129 farmers from four villages. Data on farmers' gender, age, household leadership, occupation and agricultural extension approaches were collected. The study revealed that 83% of the respondents were female out of which, 67% were engaged in improved sorghum production technologies. Besides, 56% young women (20 to 49 years) had embraced the growing of improved sorghum varieties Gadam and Sila 1. Further, mobile phones and radio services were the main means of access to the improved sorghum technologies. In addition, there was a strong positive correlation (r=0.122, P=0.01) between extension approaches and uptake of the sorghum technologies. Besides government agricultural extension agents, visits to progressive farmers and/or research sites and use of demonstration plots contributed to 68% and influenced uptake of improved sorghum technologies. It was concluded that gender, family position and age of the farmer contribute to the uptake of improved sorghum technologies. Moreover, mobile phones and radio technologies play an important role in access of sorghum technologies.

Ä°lknur Akgun   Ruziye Karaman   Figen Eraslan   and Muharrem Kaya   

This research was conducted in Isparta, Turkey ecological condition to investigate the effects of different zinc application doses on some quality parameters of bread (GĂŒn-91, Altay-2000) and durum (Kızıltan-91, Kunduru-1149) wheat cultivars. The experiment was set up with three replications according to the randomized complete block design with a split-plot design. The cultivars took place in the main plots whereas the zinc application doses (0, 9, 18, 27 and 36 kg ha^-1 Zn) were in the sub-plots. Phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers providing 40 kg ha^-1 of P₂O₅ and 80 kg ha^-1 of N were applied to the plots. According to the result of variance analysis, different zinc application in wheat cultivars had significant effect on the grain quality parameters. But zinc fertilization had no effect on test weight. The effect of Zn treatment found statistically important on sedimentation and wet gluten content of flour, Zn, P and crude protein contents of bran and flour. In all cultivars, Zn application increased sedimentation, wet gluten content, protein, Zn content and P content in bran. However, the Zn application decreased the amount of P in flour. Also, protein, Zn and P contents were higher in the bran than in the flour. In the research results, it was found that Zn application had a positive effect on quality parameters, but high Zn doses affected both grain yield and quality parameters negatively.

Nadia Benbrahim   Mona Taghouti   Abdelmajid Zouahri   and Fatima Gaboun   

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) landrace of Zaer had been on-farm conserved thanks to ingenious farmers' practices. Farmers had selected, produced and maintained their landrace to satisfy their food security, ecological and economical needs. However, the increase of drought incidence had encouraged farmers to gradual abandonment of their landrace for L₅₆ improved variety to increase productivity and incomes. The landrace is therefore threatened for genetic drift by climatic change, varieties innovation and economic development. The main objective of this study is to strengthen the on farm conservation of lentil landrace of Zaer through its promotion under a distinctive sign of origin and quality in accordance with national agricultural policy. Thus, the investigation is focused on analyzing (i) farmers' knowledge through field survey of 41 farmers randomly chosen across Zaer region, (ii) genetic structure of landrace as meta-population and by four geographical locations using biochemical markers (SDS-PAGE), and (iii) genetic relationship between the landrace and L₅₆ improved variety cultivated in Zaer. Data analysis had provide us with valuable information's on seed management according to climate and farmers' category, genetic structure of landrace as meta-population which was shaped by both natural pressures and human practices, and on seeds flow between landrace and L₅₆ variety that might be linked to seed acquisition, spatial organization of production field or to post-harvest seed management.

Ramata Mosissa   Worku Jimma   and Rahel Bekele   

Knowledge plays a great role whenever there is change and growths follow a complex field and competitive. Agriculture in Ethiopia today is such field. Encouraging knowledge in this field is a critical point in the transformation of agricultural sector in Ethiopia. Also managing knowledge within the communities enhances agricultural development. Therefore the main aim of this study is to develop knowledge management strategy in managing indigenous knowledge of land use and agricultural development in western Ethiopia, Ilu Aba Bora zone which is crucial to enhance management of agricultural indigenous knowledge and land Data was collected using focus group discussion, questionnaire, information mapping from local communities, extension officers and land management officers of Ilu Aba Bora Zone. The result of the study revealed that local communities had various IK on land use and agricultural development. However, this knowledge was not acquired, developed, shared and preserved well. The major barriers to indigenous knowledge of land use and agricultural development in the local communities include poor knowledge sharing culture, lack of IK records, lack of trust, no interest to receive IK by younger generation, oral transfer of IK, change of life style and poor recognition of IK. Further research works are recommended to enhance management of indigenous knowledge of local communities.

Sulukhan Temirbekova   Yuliya Afanasyeva   Natalia Ionova   Galina Metlina   Sergey Vasilchenko   Mastibek Norov   Mukhtar Ashirbekov   Sergey Konovalov   and Veronica Bobkova   

As a result of many years of research produced a fundamental result from the access to the application result. As a result at the Center of the gene pool and bioresources of plants of Institute was created cultivar of safflower tinctorius named "Krasa Stupinskaya". Vegetation period from germination to maturity in the years with different meteorological conditions is 105-130 days. Duration of flowering is about a month. Stem is erect, branching, naked, height is about 83-90 cm. Leaves are sessile, lanceolate, elliptic, with small spines. One plant can from 5-7 to 20-50 and more baskets. Seed's coat is hard, it is difficult to crack, reach 40-50% from the mass of seeds. The seeds do not fall off after their maturation. The weight of 1000 seeds - 48-51 g. Productivity in our zone is 0.8-1.0 t/ha. Safflower seeds contain 32-38% of fat, the yield of oil - 240 liters kg/ha. Absolute fat content in the treated seeds reaches more than 60%, and it is fit for food. Marked regularity reduces the cadmium content in seeds in relation to other plant organs. Cadmium contained in the seeds of 5-15 times smaller than in the leaves and 3-5 times lower than in the root. Displaying pronounced barrier properties of various plant organs varieties Krasa Stupinskaya relative to cadmium. Such a tendency is characteristic to a lesser degree for lead and zinc. The copper content in seeds is not lowered. Perhaps this is due to biogenic copper, which is required for normal growth and development of plants in minimal quantities. This cultivar does not affected by pests and diseases, except for enzyme-mycotic exhaustion of seeds (EMES). In wet years EMES causes seed's mass destruction by such diseases as Alternaria, Fusarium and others and as a result is a poor quality of seeds.

Liming Xu   Wu Liu   Baoming Cui   Ning Wang   Jianzhou Ding   Chan Liu   Shibin Gao   and Suzhi Zhang   

Aluminum (Al) toxicity usually occurs in acidic soils with a pH of 5.5 or lower. The selection and breeding of Al-tolerant cultivars is a useful approach for protecting maize from Al toxicity. Rapid and reliable screening methods must be developed to discriminate Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive maize genotypes. The relative root growth (RRG) of the longest root in a toxic Al solution was used to classify 141 maize germplasm lines into three groups with varied Al sensitivity: Al-sensitive, moderately Al-tolerant, and Al-tolerant. Among these lines, the cultivars HZ85 and 178 had the highest RRG values and therefore the highest Al tolerance. Further root assessment of six representative lines using other methods, such as digital imaging analysis of total root length and superficial area or volume, biomass measurement, and hematoxylin staining, was roughly consistent with the classification based on RRG. These results indicated that the RRG of the longest root could be used as a reliable and reproducible phenotypic index for the evaluation of Al tolerance in maize genotypes. Cultivars with different Al tolerances can be used to improve breeding and explore the mechanism of Al tolerance in maize.

Krishna Prasad Paudel   Yuba Raj Subedi   and Sujata Tamang   

The farm and forestry divide was a slip of development strategy of the dominant reductionist views about people and nature. The separate policies, institutional as well as bio-physical boundaries of farm and forestry and the divided roles of the farmers and service providers has resulted the greater extent of failure in both the agriculture as well as forestry to improve the local food system, income/employment and the fragile ecosystem. The community based forestry, traditionally with significant buffering role to farm and forest interface, was dragged and boxed into orthodox forestry domain - leading this failure. This paper critically examines the scope of rebuilding farm forest relations for food security and environmental sustainability analyzing the historical trajectories of farm forest divide. It analyzes the potential of community forestry to bring them together for food security and environmental sustainability. We argue that a transformative agro-forestry approach must adapt in view with to address the key issues of food security, local livelihoods and environmental degradation including climate change hazards. In specific, relatively less labour intensive low input agro ecological approach of producing food, wood and good (public) together can be successfully reintroduced. In the changing socio-economic and environmental context, rethinking on rebuilding farm forestry interface is imperative, and the transformative agriculture can play a significant role in bridging these two systems towards more productive, viable and sustainable solutions for future. However, it demands very genuine initiative towards integrating farm with forest, productivity with sustainability and equity of resources. Along with the appropriate agroforestry technology, the effort should also be in place to transform policies and institutions that address the issues of resource access and ownership.

Md. Mohidul Hasan   Md. Shamim Hasan   Shamima Naznin   Nazia Binta Islam   and Kishowar-E-Mustarin   

Five treatments viz. BAU-Biofungicide (Trichoderma spp.) as side dressing and seed coating, nematicide (Carbofuran 10G) and allamanda leaf extract as side dressing along with a control were tested against root-knot of Indian spinach caused by Meloidogyne incognita. The findings of the study revealed that the number of galls and the number of egg masses in the roots were significantly reduced by the application of all the treatments over control. However, chemical carbofuran 10G gave superior result as it had increased shoot and root length, fresh weight of shoot and root as well as number of leaf per plant correspondingly with the lowest galling incidence and egg mass development in Indian Spinach. The interaction effects of the treatments and the varieties, the BARI Indian Spinach 1 as side dressing with carbofuran (V₁T₃) gave the highest performances on the plant growth characters and reduction of galls and egg masses development by 95.65% and 96.33% over control as compared to the local variety (69.55% and 64.31%). Whereas, BAU-biofungicide (V₁T₂) also showed considerable effect to increase the plant growth parameters in correspondence with the reducing of gall incidence and egg masses by 79.74% and 77.78% over control in BARI Indian Spinach 1 as compared to the local variety (67.83% and 49.95%).

Elkhalil E. Breima   Makeen A. Makeen   Abdelaziz A. Elshiekh   Fathi H. Balldo   and Maruod E. Maruod   

The current study focused on the linkage between climate change and food security of rural householders in Gibaish locality, western Sudan. The overall objective was to explore the level of food security and impacts of climate change variables on the food security of rural householders in the study area.. Multistage-stratified random sampling technique was used to select 70 households. Data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources and analyzed using descriptive statistics, household economy approach, linear programming, partial crop budget, dominance analysis, marginal analysis, sensitivity analysis, linear regression and correlation coefficients analysis were employed. In this study, the household's economy approach for the daily energy received per person per day in K. calories was estimated as 2105. With respect to WHO, minimum rate of 2300 K. calories per person per day was set as standard level. Therefore, this result implies that the household is marginally food insecure. Linear programming results indicated that the maximum combination that maximized farmer's income was attained by millet, groundnut and okra crops combination with a total SDG 11,148 (1 $ = SDG 6.64). When taking into consideration the household's food consumption behavior it was found that increase over decrease was lesser by 184%. These results ensured that the proportional combination of the food items consumed at local level would not enable the households to meet their minimum energy requirement for a healthy and active life. It was also noted that climatic variation in year 2013 cropping season has negative impact on food security situation. Partial crop budget revealed that all crops gave positive net returns. Groundnut and okra gave maximum net benefits of SDG 2056 and SDG 1380, respectively. Dominance analysis showed that Gum Arabic and Roselle were dominated due to their lower net field benefits as compared to other treatments. Results of marginal analysis showed that maximum marginal rate of return of 13733.4% was obtained by groundnut). It is noted that farmers with poor resources can accomplish returns of SDG 1.00 benefits by sowing groundnut to obtain additional SDG 137.3. Sensitivity analysis that assumed costs over run and benefits shortfall revealed that groundnut and sorghum combination was of high Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) of 12,484.9, 12,360 and 537.9 and SDG 532.5, respectively. Linear regression ensured that maximum average temperature significantly (P≀0.05) affected millet production. Other food production crops were not affected by climatic factors. Correlation coefficients showed increasing temperature and rainfall fluctuation was reported as major threats to food production. Sorghum was negatively (-0.705, p=0.01) correlated with time and growing period, millet moderately correlated with time (-0.494). However, sesame, groundnut, Roselle, cowpea and watermelon were weakly and negatively correlated with time. Consequently, millet (-0.385), sorghum (-0.128), sesame (-0.266), groundnut (-0.185), Roselle (0.242), cowpea (0.185) and watermelon (0.034) were not significantly affected, and it has negative and positive minimum correlation with average maximum temperature.

Celestin Bigirimana   Francis Omujal   Prossy Isubikalu   Elias Bizuru   Bernard B. Obaa   Michael Malinga   Jacob Godfrey Agea   and John BoscoLamoris Okullo   

This study explored community knowledge on availability and management of Garcinia buchananii in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) districts of Rwanda and Uganda. Specifically, it was conducted in Bugesera and Kirehe districts (Rwanda), and Buikwe and Masaka districts (Uganda). Household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and case studies were conducted to ascertain the availability status, ecological niche(s), propagation techniques as well as management practices of Garcinia buchananii. Garcinia buchananii was reported to be mostly abundant (0.329±0.471) in the garden and wild. The highly reported methods of propagating were by use of seeds (87.8% in Uganda and 85.4% in Rwanda). In Uganda, knowledge on propagation techniques was influenced by occupation (R² = 0.084; P=0.05) while in Rwanda, none of the socio-demographic characteristics influenced knowledge on propagation of the species. The most common reported practices for managing Garcinia buchananii included weeding, mulching, watering and pruning. Since rural farming communities have always been exploiting indigenous fruit trees for their livelihoods, increased awareness and use of proper extension services plus provision of planting materials could lead to wise use and management of Garcinia buchananii in the LVB districts of Rwanda and Uganda.

Nabalegwa M Wambede   Asaba Joyfred   and Turyahabwe Remigio   

This study assessed the influence of cropping systems on soil loss on agricultural slopes. The specific objectives were; to measure soil loss from different cropping systems and to compare the amount of soil loss from the different cropping systems. Soil loss was monitored for one growing season on experimental plots. Only dominant cropping systems were considered including; mixed cropping (maize and beans), onion on contours, and millet sole cropping system. One control treatment characterized by spear grass and short trees and other shrubs was considered. Data about cropping systems was obtained with the help of observation and questionnaires while that about soil and nutrient loss was obtained through experimentation and laboratory analysis. For experimental purposes, 3 slope sites at different slope ranges were considered as a representative sample for the whole sub county that is, lower slopes (08⁰-16⁰), middle slope (17⁰-25⁰) and upper slope (26⁰-31⁰.) At each of the slope sites, the above treatments were established from which data about run off, soil loss were measured after each erosive rain storm. The data obtained included: The most erosive system at all slope sites was mixed cropping, with7.98 t/ha, 19 t/ha and 25 t/ha at the lower, middle and upper slopes respectively, this was followed by contour with 5.68 t/ha, 12 t/ha and 16 t/ha at the lower, middle and upper slopes respectively while the sole cropping had the lowest i.e. 2.6 t/ha, 10.33 t/ha and 14.52 t/ha at the lower, middle and upper slopes respectively. The control plot had the lowest soil loss at all sites with 0.094 t/ha, 0.36 t/ha, and 0.54 t/ha at the lower, middle and upper slopes respectively. It was recommended that at the upper slopes, sole cropping system should be emphasized. This should be of pasture- like crops especially grain crops that grow close to the surface or/and have fibrous rooting system such as millet, sorghum and upland rice. At the middle slopes, millet (grain) sole cropping system is a better option just like at the upper slopes. However contour cropping system can also be applied, while at the lower slopes, all cropping systems can be applied including mixed, sole, inter cropping and ridging cropping systems.

Mingchu Zhang   and R. Van Veldhuizen   

Barley has been a mono cereal crop grown in the Delta Junction area of Alaska since 1970s. A rotational crop is needed for weed control and conservation tillage for sustainable crop production. Due to short growing season constrains, canola when used as a rotational crop currently resulted low marketability because of high green seed content (>2%). The objective of this research is to determine if glyphosate when used as a desiccating chemical could promote early maturity and reduce green seed content of canola. Four Polish canola cultivars were treated with direct combine (as a control), pushing (to stop growth) and desiccating in two locations in Alaska USA in a randomized complete block design with four replicates from 2007 to 2009. Glyphosate was sprayed, and pushing was conducted around August 15 each year. Results showed that 'Hysin 110' treated by glyphosate consistently had ≀ 2% green seed content in three years in contrast with 'Reward' despite a wide variation of weather conditions. The growing degree days were dramatically different among the three years, with 2009 close to the 29-year norm, 2008 was lower and 2007 was higher than the norm. No residual glyphosate was found in the seeds from the desiccating treatment. In conclusion, desiccating treatment together with a good short growing season Polish canola cultivar can make canola grown as a rotational crop in Alaska’s short growing season conditions.

Mohammod Hossain   Maurice Moens   and Nancy De Sutter   

Three experiments were conducted to find out the feeding type and age structure of nematodes in different soil habitats; to know the efficiency of different extraction techniques of nematodes and to observe the hatching behavior of Meloidogyne juvenile in a Baermann device. Bacterivore, Omnivore, Predator, Fungivore and Plant Parasitic nematodes were recorded in the soil of flower, vegetable, moss, grass, and corn and compost habitats. Bacterivore was the highest feeder (67.5%) in the soil habitats. In comparison of nematode extraction methods, Seinhorst method extracted more cysts (188), but less juvenile (34) and eggs (18) from cysts than stirring (145, 87 and 50, respectively) while AZC was found superior (936) over Cobb method (204) in extracting nematodes. The AZC method also extracted huge juvenile number from roots which was higher than Baermann funnel method. In Baermann funnel, juvenile hatched more in favorable condition than unfavorable condition which led to an increasing and decreasing pattern of hatching.

B. Giovani   G. Anthoine   S. BlĂŒmel   M. L. Cruz   A. de la Peña   E. Steel   M. Maes   M. Schenk   and J.G. Unger   

The Euphresco (European phytosanitary research coordination) network is an ERA-NET initially funded by the 6^th and 7^th EU Framework Programmes as an initiative to enhance public-public partnership in the statutory plant health sector. An inventory was organised in 2015 to collect information on the national phytosanitary research programmes and their research projects in the EPPO region. The information collected through the Euphresco inventory provides precious insights into national research activities to avoid programme duplication and to increase programme depth among the phytosanitary research funders of the EPPO region and beyond.

Fifanou G. Vodouhe   Hubert O. Dossou-Yovo   Flora J. ChadarĂ©   Nancy GĂ©linas   Achille E. Assogbadjo   and Ousmane Coulibaly   

This study assesses the financial value of one hectare of savannah vegetation in Sudanian region of West Africa based on the potential extraction of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Our methodology provides multiple estimations of NTFPs production from each species for two years and also takes into account variation in NTFPs prices. Given the regeneration capacity of harvested species for some NTFPs such as bark or root, we presented the annual financial value of revenue from NTFPs in contrary to some studies which determined their net present value. Results showed that the Net Annual Value of NTFPs collection is US$368 ha^-1 and would justify the interest of sustainable use of these resources. The most valuable products of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve savannah were species leaves (US$164 ha^-1) followed by fruits (US$89 ha^-1) and roots (US$78 ha^-1). However, the Net Annual Value determined here is the potential value of the Sudanian savannah in NTFPs. The NTFPs financial valuation made in this study provided a useful details for comparing alternative land use practices. In view of the sustainable use of natural resources, a NTFP focused management system could be considered economically viable management option. However, they cannot be sustainability harvested in absence of careful species selection, yield studies, monitoring of regeneration and harvesting adjustments. Therefore, there is a need to know more about useful species availability, biology and reaction to harvesting impact, especially for those exploited for their roots, flowers or fruits.

Asnake Fikre   

Grain legumes are principal components of the Ethiopian cropping system. They stand second to cereals both in production and area coverage. Research for development over the last four decades has produced significant progress in productivity, quality, marketability and use values of these crops. Over the last two decades alone, productivity has more than doubled, market values and volumes improved remarkable, the number of household engaging in the sector increased dramatically. The effect of target trait breeding in the sector has enhanced economic, social and biological benefits with high impacts. This brought about intensification based agricultural system as a pathway of profitability in the sector. However, there have still been challenges to tap the potential of the sector. The role of key institutions in the sector is of paramount importance. The future dimension needs even far more innovative approaches and applications of advanced techniques for the sector to remain competent. The review paper tries to present the interactions within and among the research and development entities.

Rogeia Elmahi Haj Alawad Yousif   and Awad Khalafalla Taha   

Laboratory studies were carried out to determine the effects of three plant extracts on adults of the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The three plants were Usher (Calotropis procera), Argel (Solenostemma argel) and Datura (Datura stramonium). Results revealed that at the three doses applied (5%, 10% and 15%) extracts of the three plants tested showed some potential insecticidal effects on the adults of O. surinamensis, with the C. procera (Ethanol) the most effective one. In addition, all extracts showed high repellency action against the pest.

Julius J. Mwanandota   Mercy Macharia   Mpelumbe-Ngeleja C. A. R.   Raphael Sallu   Mmeta Yongolo   and Timothy A. Holton   

ORF virus is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) in the family poxviridae. ORF virus is the causative agent of contagious pustular dermatitis which is a zoonotic and neglected disease of humans and small ruminants. It causes severe exanthematous dermatitis that afflicts domestic and small wild ruminants. Cases of ORFV infections in goats in Tanzania have been reported for many years. The basis of reporting ORFV cases were mainly on clinical signs with no confirmatory tests (Ministry of Livestock Development reports-Tanzania). In this study, a case of proliferative dermatitis in goats was confirmed using PCR. A physical examination of the animal was carried out and tissue scrapings were collected for molecular analysis in the laboratory. The presence of ORFV in tissue scrapings from the lips was tested by GIF/IL-2gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the GIF/IL-2 gene. The results of this study indicated that the disease was caused by infection with a virus which is closely and genetically related to several ORF virus found in the data base. This is the first report to provide phylogenetic information about the ORF virus in Tanzania, which will be useful in prospective public health studies.

Willie Cliffie John Sagona   Owen Kachala   Sophie Matete   and Herbert Jenya   

Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been implemented in the Lake Chilwa basin for over 5 years in response to the rising interest in exploring the potential of CA as one of the sustainable agricultural production technologies in Malawi. Soil physiochemical characterization was carried out in some selected Extension Planning Areas (EPAs) before CA implementation. The aim was to lay basis for future monitoring of the physiochemical soil changes that the CA intervention might bring. Collected soil samples were analyzed in a laboratory using standard analysis procedures. Soils were found to be generally nitrogen deficient during baseline study. The results were attributed to unsustainable land use practices that required interventions such as CA practice. The physiochemical status of the soil was once again reviewed after 5years of CA practice and current results show some improvements in some soil properties and a decline in others. Recorded changes continue to show significant differences (P≀0.05) across the EPAs under study but no significant variation (P≄0.05) along the soil depth (0 – 30cm). The negative decline in soil status is attributed to nutrient loss through heavy leaching under waterlogged conditions experienced in the basin prior to the second soil review.

Mihaela Ioana Georgescu   Vasilica Luchian   Liviu Dincă   Daniel Constantin Potor   and Octavian Groza   

The fact that in a number of locations in Giurgiu, DĂąmboviĆŁa and Arges County rape crop was severely affected by the presence of the Vulpia myuros species this spring, has led us to take the survey and analyse the premises that favoured the species installation and development. Soil samples and Vulpia plants were taken to establish their characteristics. Soil features correspond to the ecological requirements of the species. The morphometric values recorded on field plant are exceeding the data recorded in the literature. Any herbicide used had no effect on Vulpia plants growth. The establishment by direct seeding of rapeseed crops and bare spots in the field were the precondition for the installation and propagation of Vulpia myuros plants that caused severe harvest decrease.

Gabriel Popescu   and Daniela Iordan   

This paper describes the geometric geolocation accuracy of LiDAR footprint, utilizing an aircraft configuration that supports a sensor designed to scan the surface of the Earth, a DGPS and INS/IMU system. It is presented a review of LiDAR's footprints accuracy as a relationship between the input parameters, which include errors of the orbital state, attitude information of the aircraft and the look vector errors of the active sensor (LiDAR scanner), that give us the coordinates of the point of intersection of the line of sight scanning system and the Earth's surface as a function of: terrestrial ellipsoid surface, aircraft position, aircraft velocity, aircraft attitude (spatial situation) and the orientation of the LiDAR scanner. Using the derived error formulas, based on the accuracy of the navigation solution, the boresight misalignment angles, the ranging and scan angle accuracy, and laser beam divergence, the achievable point positioning accuracy can be computed for any given LiDAR system which operates at different flying heights between 70 m - 6,000 m.

Munzanza Dickson   

The Zimbabwe's fast track land reform programme caused among other thing significant conservancy fragmentation which led to serious changes in wildlife distribution and their feeding patterns. This study sought to investigate the impact of conservancy fragmentation on the population distribution and feeding patterns of the Roan antelope (hippotragus simum) in Chiredzi river conservancy of Chiredzi north district. Observations were only carried out by the researcher on the state of the conservancy and feeding habits of roan antelope. The capture and recapture technique in this research was employed to select the species sample that were systematically chosen. The stratified systematic sampling was used to minimise bias in selection as well as to determine the point locations where the Roan Antelopes were to be captured. The species were captured using the trapping net in which the species were driven into the net. This method was environmentally safe in that life was valued because injuries of species during the capturing process were avoided. Four captured Roan Antelopes were fitted with the collar coding system, where the calcium detector was used for remote sensing. This helped in easy tracking and identification during observation and surveying. The observation and tracking process consume twelve months since they observed in four different season of the year. This plays a critical role in analysing the state of feeding area as well as captive breeding area. Field measurements were done on the observed roan antelope and the carrying capacity of the conservancy. The research findings revealed that as from 2000 to 2009 the population of Roan Antelope declined by almost 83%. It is concluded that it is very important to implement appropriate conservancy management strategies for wildlife especially for Roan Antelope. It is therefore recommended that there should be the introduction of intensive protected zone (I P Z) in order to restore the population of the Roan Antelope in the Chiredzi River Conservancy.

Abdullahil Baque   Munmun Nahar   Marjana Yeasmin   Md. Quamruzzaman   Atiqure Rahman   Md. Javed Azad   and Parimal Kanti Biswas   

Pre-sowing seed treated with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) helps to enhance the germination behavior of seed. So, a lab experiment was conducted to find out the effect of various Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) concentrations on the germination behavior of wheat. Wheat seeds of BARI Gom 27 and BARI Gom 28 were pre-soaked in 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% PEG solution and untreated seeds were served as control. Results revealed that seed priming enhanced germination percentage (GP), vigor index (VI) and germination index (GI) of wheat seed. The highest GP (95.55%), VI (201.00) and GI (43.73) were obtained from seeds of BARI Gom 27 pre-treated with 10% PEG solution compared to BARI Gom 28 (75.55%, 128.71 and 27.12 of GP, VI and GI, respectively) and then decreased gradually with increasing PEG concentration. Therefore, seed priming helps to enhance the germination behavior of wheat seed.

Sahar Bennani   Nasserlehaq Nsarellah   Ahmed Birouk   Hassan Ouabbou   and Wuletaw Tadesse   

Bread wheat is the major staple food in Morocco. Drought is the most important abiotic stress decreasing yield. Breeding for drought tolerance may be improved by various plant traits. In order to investigate the best selection criteria to develop drought tolerant varieties, 40 bread wheat genotypes were evaluated under two locations representing the stressed and non-stressed environments, using randomized complete block design with three replications during the cropping season 2014. Under stressed conditions, analysis of variance exhibited significant differences among grain yield, thousand kernel weight, number of plants, number of spikes and tillers per plant, plant height, plant vigor, chlorophyll content and canopy temperature; and non-significant differences for biomass, harvest index, number of days to heading and flowering, and chlorophyll fluorescence. According to correlation and principal component analysis, the grain yield was positively related with biomass, thousand grain weight, number of fertile spikes and plant vigor; and indirectly associated positively with harvest index, plant height and negatively with number of days to flowering, canopy temperature and chlorophyll content. Those traits, correlated to grain yield under stress, can be used as indirect selection for drought tolerance to obtain higher yield potential in dryland conditions. Moreover, thousand grain weight in non-stressed conditions was positively correlated to biomass, number of fertile spikes and its homologue in stressed conditions. Also, the biomass in favorable conditions was correlated to thousand grain weight and harvest index in mild stressed conditions. Thus, those two traits may be used to improve performance in drought prone environments.

Melissa Palma-JimĂ©nez   and MĂłnica Blanco-Meneses   

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is a native species of the Neotropical region. Currently there is not an updated record of these species of mealybug in Costa Rica. The aim of this study was to analyze female mealybugs from Siquirreña plantation, Siquirres, Province of Limón, describing the morphology of the insect through the traditional technique of light microscopy and also a molecular description by three universal genes (18S ribosomal, E.F-1α and COXI). The morphological description was made in the Center for Research on Microscopic structures (CIEMic, acronyms in Spanish), UCR on 2012 and the molecular analysis was done in the Molecular Phytopathology Laboratory ending on 2014. According to the obtained results, the insect was described by the presence of the oral rim tubular duct, which was corroborated by the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy as defining characteristic that differentiates P. jackbeardsleyi from P. elisae. Likewise through phylogenetic trees from molecular results, it was observed that the species P. jackbeardsleyi reported in the GenBank (NCBI) showed no association with any of the sequences of the study; therefore this research presents the first record of P. jackbeardsleyi in Costa Rica.

Aniebo A. O.   Ike I. C.   Ogbuaholu E. C.   and Herbert N. S.   

A 28-day feeding trial involving two hundred and forty (240) 5 week old broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the growth and economic analysis of finisher broiler chicken. For this purpose, an ingredient named 'wheatblood' was prepared by mixing wheat bran and abattoir blood. The test ingredient was mixed at dietary levels of 0% 20%, 25% and 30% respectively, named T1, T2, T3 and T4 where T1 served as the control. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum for 28 days the trial lasted. The parameters considered were feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency and cost benefit analysis. Results showed that feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency of birds differed significantly (P < 0.05) among treatments. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between T1 and T2 in the 3 parameters and between T3 and T4 except in feed efficiency. Feed cost reduced with increase in wheatblood inclusion in the diets. Indeed, all wheatblood based diets were significantly (P < 0.05) cheaper than the control, and thus, cost less to produce one kilogramme of broiler. However, there was no significant difference between T2 and T3 in cost of kg feed and between T2 and T4 in cost of feed per kg broiler which was the cheapest. Therefore, 20% inclusion of wheatblood produced best growth performance and economic gains and provided cheap and efficient utilization of abattoir blood in poultry diets. It is concluded that wheatblood inclusion in broiler finisher ration significantly reduce production cost without adverse effect on growth parameters.

Paul L. Woomer   Canon Norris Savala   Celister Kaleha   and Moses Chamwada   

Designing agricultural transformation strategies that modernize small-scale farming in Africa require actions built upon solid, holistic baselines and proven, affordable technical intervention. A study was conducted in west Kenya to characterize the farming operations and household condition among smallhold farmers. The assessment consisted of a structured survey among 291 randomly selected households and compiled onto a single spreadsheet with rows as household cases and 98 descriptors as columns. Overall summary statistics were calculated, and then stratified by three criteria; household resource endowment, agro-ecological zone and sex of household head. A farming systems diagram was inferred from these results. Overall average farm size is 0.87 ha, family size is 6.8 persons and majorities of those interviewed were household heads (68% of respondents) and women (58% of respondents). A simple parameter of resource endowment describes weighted per capita field area per household member of about 1800m². Household income is $466 per year, food shortfalls last 110 days per year, and households produce 819 kg cereals, 211 kg grain legumes and 74 kg root crops per year. These households raised 2.5 cattle, 1.4 goats or sheep and 13 chickens, deriving annual incomes of $78 from animal enterprise. The 39% of households with lowest resource endowment (< 1000m² per capita) operate on only 0.34 ha per farm, earn only $155 per year, suffer food shortfalls of 122 days per year, and households produce 326 kg cereals and 119 kg grain legumes. Of the three agro-ecological zones within the study area, the Midlands offers the greatest opportunity for interventions as the Lake Victoria Basin is drier and the Upper Midlands is becoming peri-urban. Large contrasts were observed between women- and men-led households, with the former on farms 0.4 ha smaller, annual income $168 less, 18 additional days of hunger per year and producing 248 kg less cereals and 94 kg less grain legumes. Organic resource availability was approximately 3.3 tons per year and allocated in a variety of ways, with women allocating three-fold more manure to grain legumes, and most palatable crop residues being passed through livestock. These findings compare favorably to the four key entry points independently identified by the Humidtropics Program for its West Kenya Action Site; Legume Integration, Striga Elimination, Crop Diversity and Animal Enterprise, and interactions between these entry points offer promising lines to farming systems research in the future.

Abdurrahman Kara   

This study was conducted in purposively selected villages in Erzurum in 2006 in order to determine the effect of rangeland and grazing cow attributes on daily milk yield per cow in rangeland dependent dairy cattle farms. Milk yield was recorded in about 10 study farms in each study village from early June to late September. Farms were visited monthly to check the milk records. In order to be able to see the effect of supplement feed during grazing period, study farms were provided with concentrates to be given one kg daily to lactating cows during the study. Vegetation studies were conducted on carefully selected 12 stops in relatively homogenous areas to represent the village rangelands using Modified Wheel Point Method. Rangeland condition values were calculated based on the vegetation studies in the selected villages regarding the nutritional value of the rangeland plants. Schooling years of the farmers, rangeland condition, bare ground, supplement feed during grazing period, cow breed, lactation order, days of the milking records, closeness of water spots to grazing sites and shading shelter availability were the variables considered in the study. In analysis of the data Least Squares with Dummy Variable techniques were employed. Analysis of the data revealed that schooling years of farmer, rangeland condition and shading facility had significant positive effect on milk yield as the effect of bare ground was significant and negative.

Stephen Gitonga   and Wangia S. M. Mukoya   

Access to information on agroforestry is a key transformer to agricultural productivity. This study was undertaken to find out Information Communication and Technologies (ICTs) sources and factors influencing access and use of these information sources by smallholder agroforestry farmers in Kajiado Central, sub-County in Kenya. A survey of 67 respondents was analyzed using Chi-square at 0.05 levels of significance to determine relationship between socio-economic characteristics of households and access to agroforestry information sources. The results showed 53.7 % of the farming households used face to face communication namely; neighbours and friends, extension agents and group meeting, while 34.1 % actively used ICTs information sources namely; radio, television, telephone and internet; and 28.8 % used demonstrations and publicity events to disseminate (one way) or share (receive and send feedback) information on agroforestry practices. Land size, secured land tenure, education level, monthly income and distance to the shopping centre were socio-economic factors found statistically significantly difference (p<0.05) and positively influencing farmers' access to sources of agroforestry information. The study recommends policy makers, planners and implementers to empower farming households through capacity building, incorporating ICT devices, supporting farmers to farmers meetings to promote agroforestry practices in Kenya.

Avtandil Korakhashvili   and David Kirvalidze   

A set of most released 46 chickpea accessions maintained in the collection of the Legume's Genebank of the Agrarian University of Georgia (AUG) was regenerated using advance growing technology of seed pilling and nano herbicides. For AUG grain legumes are mandatory crops in the frame of country regulations. The level of genetic diversity and the affectivity of new germplasm acquisition for the collection enrichment were evaluated. All of them, safety duplicated 6 years ago, needed regular regeneration for future breeding works, as well as for sending to genebanks of our collaborators and breeder in abroad in accordance with international agreements. A new material was obtained from all the accessions special pilot plots of chickpea. Recently acquired new germplasm contributed all of new entire collection, i.e. almost 100% of collected diversity originated from the recently obtained accessions. Remarkable is also, that all accession carries a unique germination, not present in the remaining collection. Field and lab analysis revealed the importance of collecting missions for the enrichment of collections of genetic resources. They will be used locally and sent to international scientific institutions.

Ronald Walozi   Betty Nabuuma   and Adam Sebiti   

For many developing nations, biogas has traditionally been used for household cooking and lighting. Methane (CH₄) content in biogas has to be increased by removing incombustible carbon dioxide (CO₂) and potentially corrosive constituents such as hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) and moisture. This study set out to increase biogas from 55.8% CH₄, 43% CO₂, 0.85% oxygen (O₂), 75.1 ppm H₂S to >80% methane and non-traceable H₂S without enhancing raw biogas pressure. By using a single scrubber column and varying water scrubbing system operating parameters of packing material type, packing depth, water and gas flow rates, appropriate parameters for achieving the above objective were determined. The experiments were carried out at an average digester pressure of 1.0589bar. Results show that packing a column with steel-wire mesh to a depth of 0.4m increases the volumetric percentage of CH₄ in biogas to >80% for water to gas flow rate ratios 1.9 and above. Increasing the packed depth to 0.8m increases volumetric percentage of CH₄ in biogas to 80% at a lower ratio of 0.7. This increase in packed depth resulted in an improvement from 1800 litres to 700 litres of water for every m³ of raw biogas upgraded. However, to achieve >80% CH₄ in marble packed columns of similar depths, the water to gas flow rate ratio has to be raised above 2.5.

PCD Perera   and Nilanthi Dahanayake   

The abiotic stresses course major environmental factors that determine the most serious yield reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The abiotic stresses tolerant ability can be improved by changing typical chromosome number of plants. The objectives of the studies were to evaluate the performance of callus of rice cultivars (Suwadel and Sulaai) for different Colchicine concentrations to produce polyploidy for enhance tolerant characteristics to drought and salinity stresses. Surface sterilized seeds were introduced to Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium with hormone 2mgL^-1 2,4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 0.1 mgL^-1 BAP (6- benzylamino purine) for callus induction. Callus of 0.5cm² from rice cultivars introduced to different Colchicine concentrations (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mgL^-1) and different time durations (12, 24 and 78 hours). Treated callus were introduced to shoot regeneration on MS medium with 0.1mgL^-1 IAA (Indole acetic acid) and 2mgL^-1 BAP. Colour, texture and regeneration ability of callus were recorded after one month. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replicates was used for study. Statistical analysis was performed with Duncan's multiple range tests using SAS software (version 9.1.3). Results showed that callus treated from Colchicine 30, 60, 90 and 120 mgL^-1 in 12 hours and, 30, 60, 90 mgL^-1 in 24 hours have potential to survive. Increasing Colchicine concentration and time duration showed that regeneration ability of callus reduced in selected rice varieties.

Bhagwan Singh   and A.K. Sharma   

Assessment of the use of improved varieties of cumin (RZ-209 and GC-4) along with treatments of two low cost ecofriendly biopesticides, i.e. soil application of neem cake (NC) and seed treatment with Aspergillus versicolor (Av) were conducted in the farmer's fields at 65 locations in Bheenjwadia village Jodhpur district during rabi seasons of 2010 to 2013. Application of NC in improved variety, increased seed yield by 16.85 and 20.73 % in GC-4 and RZ-209 respectively, over control. Similarly, seed yield of cumin was obtained 18.77 % higher due to use of NC in local variety. Use of neem cake in improved and local variety of cumin provided Rs.3466, Rs.3400 and Rs.5300/ha in local, GC-4 and RZ-209 as net returns over control. A net returns was obtained Rs. 2627, Rs.2110 and Rs. 2193/ha in local, GC-4 and RZ-209 respectively due to seed treatment with Av. as compared to control.

Randriamandratondrakotonirina H. N. F. A.   Rakotozandriny J. N.   and Randriampenohaja A. R. J   

The rabbits have a special feature for adaptation to the different types of food and climate. In addition, the composition of food and the mode of farming have a consequence to the mode of growth and body composition of the rabbit. In Madagascar, the research focused on rabbits is very rare. In this case, we found an absence of documents of reference concerning the growth of existing rabbits in the region of Amoron i Mania. A thorough research for the biological characteristics of these existing breeds is desired in order to improve this field. Then the objective of this study is to understand the type of rabbit growth in this region of study within a mathematical equation. During the conduct of this study, 1052 rabbits from the 100 family farms are measured. For the population of the rabbit measured in this region, the global allometric coefficient is 2.32 which is significantly equal to the theoretical allometry (b = 3), equivalent to an isometric growth. Therefore, the increase in weight is evolving in parallel with the increase in the length. The result by race has always shown the same type of growth except the blue of Vienna variety which presented a negative allometric growth. The distribution of samples by sex and by district has also figured this type of isometric growth. This type of growth belongs to rabbits which reach slowly its weight. This state of slow growth could be a result of the practice of an extensive and traditional breeding system which generally stands on a poor diet to the rabbit. Then this study allows establishing a tool to estimate the weight of the rabbit from the total length. The equation LW = 0,3558LT^2,3224 was chosen as a model of allometric equation applicable to livestock.

Artur Canella Avelar   

Sugarcane is one of the most important of raw materials used in manufactured food products. Its consumption is under public scrutiny for decades, always associated to cavities, obesity and diabetes. Sugary beverage portion sizes have exploded as high as 64 fluid ounces in some fast food chains in the USA. Meanwhile, anthropogenic activities such the application of arsenical pesticides has resulted in elevated (high as 900 g.g^-6) levels of arsenic (As) in surface soils in many historic sugar cane areas of Hawaii, USA. To quantify simultaneously many elements as possible, it was applied the well-established nuclear analytical technique of Neutron Activation Analysis. Hazardous elements such As, Br, Na, some RREs (rare earth elements), Rb, Sc and U were detected and quantified in the product.

KT Chandramohanan   VV Radhakrishnan   and KV Mohanan   

Complex and ecologically responsive rice-fish farming systems have evolved in the coastal wetland regions of India over centuries. Kaippad is such an indigenous rice-fish farming system of coastal North Kerala in India. It is a natural system utilizing indigenous knowledge and local resources. The proximity to sea and subsequent periodic sea inundation ensure the uniqueness of this system. However kaippad farms are decreasing in area and the traditional salt tolerant rice cultivars cultivated in the area are also slowly receding from the scene owing to low productivity. Performance evaluation of five popular rice cultivars was attempted based on performance index and cumulative performance index to find out the most promising among the traditional varieties. The study revealed that the cultivar Kuthiru ranked first based on the cumulative performance index calculated on the basis of thirteen characters including six growth characters and seven yield characters. The cultivars Kuttusan and Orkazhama ranked second and third. Selection and further improvement programmes using these cultivars will give rise to promising rice varieties suited for the needs of this special rice ecosystem.

Mohammed M. A. Elbashier   Mohammed H. A. Ebrahim   Abdelrahaman A. Musa   Albashir A. S. Ali   and Moamer A. A. Mohammed   

The relationships between soil physical and chemical properties play a key role in facilitating the measurement of soil properties, particularly Exchangeable Sodium percentage (ESP) measurement, which is often using laborious and time-consuming laboratory tests. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) model and the ESP-SAR model for prediction of exchangeable Sodium percentage (ESP) from Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) on saline and non-saline soil samples. For this purpose, 23 soil samples were collected from the field of experiment, Jabal Awliya, south of Khartoum state, Sudan. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) was estimated as a function of soil SAR in order to compare the predicted results with measured ESP using laboratory tests. The results show that on saline soil samples, the Standard Error of Mean (SEM) of predicted ESP obtained by USSL model and ESP-SAR model was (1.084) and (1.463) respectively. On non- saline soil samples, the Standard Error of Mean (SEM) of predicted ESP acquired by USSL model was (0.7034) and (0.6070) for ESP-SAR model. The statistical results indicated that USSL model has a good prediction on saline soil samples compared with ESP-SAR model. On non-saline soil samples, USSL model showed less prediction performance than ESP-SAR model. It can be concluded that the United States Salinity Laboratory model can be recommended on saline soil samples and ESP-SAR model is more reliable on non-saline soil samples.

Zhenyu Zhang   and Gary Lynne   

The paper examines individual motivation about social capital, measured by willingness to accept of compensation to leave individually valued social relations behind in moving from an ideal-type mid-western rural community, referred to "Nirvana." The Heckman two steps method is applied to analyze a survey conducted in Nirvana. In Step1, 665 observations are used to run a Probit estimate on the individual decision to move. In Step2, 438 observations are used to perform a Semi-log OLS estimate of social capital value. The empirical analysis suggests that social capital investment is driven by the dual motivation represented in an egoistic based self-interest and an empathy-sympathy based other-interest, both of which are jointly pursued within the own-interest. This finding implies that community development strategies need to determine the nature of orientation when internalizing the own-interest of individuals in the community in question. This paper provides direct empirical evidence to support that both self-interest and other-interest motivate the investment of social capital in a well-developed rural community. It also helps understanding why some rural communities achieve a higher state of economic development and community vitality than others. To answer question about what level of self-interest conditioned by the shared other interest works best, will require further testing in various communities, other than just one case study.

G.D.S.N. Chandrasena   J.D.K.M. Jayawardane   S.D. Umange   and A.D.B.U. Gunawardana   

Panicle Rice Mite (PRM) is the most destructive mite pest attacking rice Oryza sativa (L.) in the Caribbean, Asia and Central America. Schoenoplectus articulates (L.), and the wild rice, Oryza latifolia Desv., were recorded as alternate hosts of PRM in some countries. A survey was conducted to identify alternate hosts of PRM in Sri Lanka and the observations were confirmed by transmission test. Of the 675 weed plants, consisting of 475 grasses and 200 sedges, observed for PRM, Sacciolepis interrupta, Echinocloa crus-galli and Leptochloa chinensis were determined as alternate hosts of PRM. The transmission tests conducted with common rice associated weeds namely, Cyperus rotundus (L.), C. kyllingia Endl., C. iria (L.), Leptochloa chinensis (L.), Echinocloa crus-galli (L.), Paspalum scrobiculatum (L.), Imperata cylindrica (L.), Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) and 5 wild rice species (Oryza nivara, O. echinigery, O. rufipogon, O. granulata and O. rizomatis) revealed that, O. nivara, S. interrupta, E. crus-galli and L. chinensis facilitate the survival and oviposition of PRM. In addition, O. nivara, S. interrupta found to be highly susceptible to PRM than E. crus-galli and L. chinensis.

Shaon Kumar Das   

With the discovery of combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, chemical genetics, chemoinformatics and gene expression profiling, huge number of synthetic compound libraries have generated and the pace of discovery and screening of pesticides has dramatically escalated significantly and have become modern tools in the burgeoning field of agrochemicals. Today, automated procedures allow more than 5 lakhs of compounds to be screened per year under in-vivo high-throughput screening, which is invaluable in the search for new leads. Natural products from microbes and plants offer a broad array of lead molecules with great diversity in their structures and biological activity. Screening methods for active constituents include bioassay-guided isolation, fractionation-driven bioassay, isolate and assay, and with increasing exploitation of lead based biochemical combinatorial chemistry approaches. The contribution of biorational design is continuously rising to identify novel mode of action in the discovery process. These developments will prompt the agricultural chemists to take a new look at the way chemistry was traditionally done in the laboratory. The objective of this review article is to elaborate different screening procedure for development of new pesticides.

Camille Vindras-Fouillet   Vincent Rouellat   Alexandre Hyacinthe   and VĂ©ronique Chable   

Managing complexity within agro ecological systems requires new research organization, such as action or participatory researches. The integration of empirical knowledge remains a challenge for such approaches and should ease the understanding of complex issues and the formulation of new hypothesis. The case study of the quality management of hand-made breads in the farmer-baker sector offers relevant conditions for methodological studies, since empirical knowledge has developed through individual experiments. In this paper, empirical knowledge was gathered from 11 grain farmers (farmer-bakers) via semi-structured interviews aiming at identifying breeding strategies linked to end-use quality. In parallel, morphological and sensory characterization of some farmers' wheat was then used to validate the patterns identified in the interviews. The interviews identified three breeding strategies related to end-use quality: the genetic diversity to stabilize performance, the typicality strategy to differentiate bread and the genetic adaptation by growing landraces. To help breeding, quality markers as dark kernel color or awns presence should be relevant. Those phenotypes show specific aromas, such as the roasted flavor, during sensory property evaluations. Our approach connected objective data with qualitative data from interviews related to practices and cultural values. This last point is of importance as non-measurable variables such as human values should impact significantly farmers' strategies. These results will help to better connect both forms of knowledge required for participatory approaches by integrating empirical and scientific knowledge so as to implement experiments and to analyze complex issues.

Apata, O.M.   A. Awoyemi   and A.A. Babayemi   

Nigeria has a population of about 150 million people, which increases annually. This makes her rank among the fastest growing population in the world. Rice is the most staple food for Nigerians and most people all over the world. There is a huge competition for rice consumption. In recent years, rice production has been expanding at the rate of 6% per annum in Nigeria. With 70 percent of the production increase been attributed to land expansion and only 30 percent been attributed to increase in productivity. The New Rice for Africa (NERICA) was specifically bred by scientist of West Africa Rice Centre (WARDA)) to address the problem of low productivity of upland rice in Sub-saharan Africa. It was introduced to Nigeria in 2002 and the rice has unique characteristics such as shorter duration, high yields, tolerant to major stress, higher protein and good taste compare to the traditional rice varieties. The study was carried out to evaluate farmers' adoption of NERICA rice production and its impact on productivity of upland rice. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select 120 respondents for the study. The socio-economic characteristics and perceived constraints to increase productivity were ascertained using descriptive statistics to analyse the data. The effect of attitude on productivity was also derived in the course of the study. The result showed that NERICA has a high yield compared to other form of varieties with a significant value of 1% and t-value of 2.065. The Pearson product moment correlation analysis shows that the coefficient between productivity (income) and attitude of respondents towards NERICA is 0.661 at a significant value of 0.000 (1%).

Cai-hua Shi   Jing-rong Hu   and You-jun Zhang   

Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) has become the most important method for the quantification of mRNA transcription levels owing to its, specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and efficiency. In order to avoid sample-to-sample and run-to-run variations particularly in RNA extraction, RNA quality and cDNA reverse transcription level ,etc. it is necessary to use housekeeping gene which stably expressing as reference gene. Ideally, the housekeeping gene should not be regulated or influenced by the experimental procedure or co-regulated with the target gene. Studies insect models have shown that the expression levels of commonly used reference genes can differ among different tissue, organ types or physiological conditions. However, improper selection of reference genes will result in inaccurate calculation results and consequently obscure actual biological differences among samples, even opposite conclusion. Therefore, reference genes which specific stably expression in each experimental system should be selected in different insects and different experiments. This review aims to provide research achievements of domestic and foreign scholars on insect reference genes, which provide great promise for the future.

Charles Byaruhanga   James Oluka   and Stephen Olinga   

A study was conducted to document the socio-economic aspects of goat production in Teso region, Uganda. Data was collected by using a questionnaire administered to 114 purposively selected goat owners. Majority (87%) of de fecto household heads were male. About 41.2% of the farmers were aged ≄51 years. The average number of goats per household was 9.2 (range 3-31). Most farmers (63.2%) owned ≀5 acres of land. Indigenous goats were mainly acquired by buying (85%) while exotic goats and their crosses were acquired from government programs (34%). Goats have a number of roles, though mainly kept as a source of cash income (98.2%), followed by socio-cultural values (69.3%). A large percentage of farmers (67%) earned ≀US $40 p.a from goat production. The biggest problem in marketing of goats was high taxation. Majority of goat owners were men (84.86%) but a few cases (average 15.14%) of women that owned goats independently were also reported. Women and children participated less in decision making, although they were responsible for many goat production related activities. In conclusion, goat production can play an important role in improving rural livelihoods. Commercialisation, especially targeting women and youths would be desirable for improved profitability of smallholder production systems.

H. K. Rasangi Priyadarshanie   and A.Vengadaramana   

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is a common postharvest disease of banana fruit in Sri Lanka. The present study was conducted to determine morphological and pathogenic variations and influence of culture media on the growth of Colletotrichum musae isolates, causing anthracnose disease of banana. Six colletotrichum musae isolates were isolated from 3 different banana local cultivars ('Kathali', 'Kappal', 'Etharai'). Length, width and length: width ratio of the spores differed significantly among 6 isolates of C.musae. Among the different media tested, Potato and Carrot dextrose agar media supported significantly the maximum growth of all the six isolates of C. musae. Recommended dosage of the fungicides Homai (Thiophanate-methyl 50% + Thiram 30% WP) and Topsin (Thiophanate-methyl 50%) completely inhibited the mycelia growth of six isolates in vitro. Characteristic symptoms of anthracnose were started to develop by all the isolates of C. musae on banana variety 'kathali' 2 days after inoculation of the pathogen. The present study revealed that morphological and pathogenic variations exist among different isolates of C. musae infecting banana fruits in Jaffna district of Sri Lanka.

Ernst-August Nuppenau   

There is a challenging debate on better ways of linking food production to reproduction of biological resources in agriculture. Currently, food production is mostly considered to be a part of agri-business which uses to profit maximization. This can result in resource depletion and industrial farming working against sustainability. However, peasant economies goals are broader than profit maximization, including reproduction of nature. We use this notion for a revision of objectives. The hypothesis introduced here is as follows: reproduction and production (as goals) are to be connected by joint accounting. The issue is addressed through an approach of energy accounting and through the application of a shadow price analysis. This paper explores how one can apply programming techniques to derive behavioural equations based on energy spending and shadow prices. It is shown how conditional behavioural equations can be readjusted and linked in a system analysis. The adjustment is done in a quasi-market mode, i.e. offered shadow price equivalents are "artificially equated", which provides a joint optimum. As a result, an optimal population for reproduction fitting the slogan of "living within limits" is achieved, i.e. natural reproduction corresponds to food production.

Anil Gawali   Sunil Puri   and S.L. Swamy   

A field experiment was conducted at Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur Chattisgarh India to evaluate the growth and yield of wheat varieties under Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. based on agrisilviculture system. The experiment consisted of 76 treatments combination of three tree spacing treatments (4×4m, 4×6m and 4×8m), four wheat varieties ( Sujata, GW-173, GW-273 and HD-2004) , two pruning regime, three distances (0.5 to 1.0 m, 1.0 to 3.0 m and >3.0 m) and four control plots (for each wheat variety). The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design and it was replicated four times. After 9 years, Growth parameter of Ceiba tree stands revealed that the tree height, diameter at breast height, crown width and length, Number of pod tree^-1, Pod length, seed and floss yield decreased numerically from the lower tree density to higher density. Growth and yields were significantly higher in sole wheat than in wheat grown with C. pentandra. Shoot length in wheat decreased by 4.5-17.1%, while root length decreased by 29.8-35.9% at 60 days after sowing. The leaf area index of wheat did not exhibit any significant variation, but photo synthetically active radiation (PAR) interception was significantly higher in sole wheat and wheat intercrops under 4×8m spacing. The grain yield ranged from 24.0 to 29.1q/ha, Grain yield was highest in HD-2004 variety. The order of yield reduction in different verities was HD-2004 (34.5 %)>GW-173 (17.6 %)> Sujata (14.5%) when compared with HD-2004 variety. Higher grain yield (28.7 q/ha) was obtained in 4x8m tree spacing , while in other two tree spacings the grain yield was ( 25.40 q/ha) in 4x6m and (24.90 q/ha ) 4x4m spaicng. Growth parameters and Grain yield also varied with distance from the tree base.

Irena D. Atanassova   and Stefan H. Doerr   

Hot-water-extraction of water repellent soils from Australia, Portugal and UK eliminated soil water repellency (SWR) in the soils studied. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that the dominant compounds were aromatic acids, short chain dicarboxylic acids (C₄-C₉), sugars and esters of stearic and palmitic acids. Aromatics and dicarboxylic acid contents increased upon saponification due to cleavage of ester bonds of high molecular weight and polar compounds. Specific surface area and pore distribution showed that the sandy loam and loamy sand soils from Australia had micropores and adsorbed water more efficiently than the sands, while the sandy loam soil from Portugal having a higher content of aromatics in the hot-water-soluble extracts, was strongly water repellent. SWR may intensify upon drought. It has an effect upon soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and plant productivity, as well as the microbial community structure and the overall carbon balance.

Randriamandratonirina Nicolas Joseph   Razaivaovololoniaina Helinoro Diamondra   Falinirina Marie Virginie   Razafintsalama Voahiraniaina   and Rakotozandriny Jean de Neupomuscene   

Madagascar is a developing country on agricultural issue. The population growth brings about poverty problems due to the inadequate master of the production technics. The recrudescence of cattle-rustling leads the Malagasy population to adopt a short cycle animal husbandry. Rabbit-breeding is a real source of income and it makes up for the lack of animal protein in the daily nutrition. The increased prolificacy of doe-rabbits for this kind of breeding is not high. The purpose is to assess the production system of rabbit in the study field. The method is about inquiries and field observations close to 100 peasants in this region. The social, economic and technic data of rabbit-breeding are gathered in the bosom of the farmers. The family agricultural exploitation system characterizes the rabbit production hesitating between politic of supply and that of self-sustenance. Such hesitation in the level of microeconomic is aggravated by the low study level of the farmers and a critical attitude of practices towards the modern norms of cuniculture. The majority of the farmers do not dun rabbit-burrdo and the local of animal husbandry is combined with human's habitation. The rabbits cohabit without any distinction by statute. Generally, green leaves are food distributed to them without taking into consideration by statute. A minority of the farmers give treatment to the sick animals. The performances of this breeding is still so weak because the technical management result is by 50% inferior to that of the production of a female rabbit in French and the production remains of a dominance of autosustenance yet. Despite the largely traditional practice and a production system on family bases, this activity is profitable in Amoron'i Mania, but with a scanty source of income. The supervision and training of the farmers on the cuniculture technic are primordial, the popularization of the isolated practices of amelioration and the initiatives of solidarity of the "Fihavanana" (kinship) about the common use of buck rabbit producer and green plants.

Md. Kamruzzaman   Mohammad Ashraful Islam   Sohel Rana   and Muhaiminur Rashid   

The main objective of the study was to determine the survival strategies adopted by the women tea workers in maintaining livelihood. The study was conducted at tea garden of National Tea Industries, at east Shahi Eidgah of Sylhet Headquarters in Bangladesh. Data were collected from 120 women tea workers by simple random sampling throughout January to February, 2014 using interview schedule as principle tool. Most of the women tea workers (70%) had medium adoption of survival strategies. The mean adopted survival strategies were higher for food, health & hygiene and financial aspect than housing and immediate incidence aspect. Taking less preferred cheap food and avoiding protein enriched costly food item in daily diet was the top ranked survival strategy followed by male cut trees from nearby forest & sells fire wood and drinking salted tea to withstand against scorching sunlight while plucking leaves. Formal education, access to credit and communication media exposure had significant positive relationships with the survival strategies adopted by women tea workers.

Shaon Kumar Das   

Early researchers identified key concepts and developed tactics for multiple option management of nematodes. Traditional management tactics include host resistance (where available), cultural tactics such as rotation with nonhosts, sanitation and avoidance, and destruction of residual crop roots and judicious use of nematicides. There have been advances in biological control of nematodes, but field-scale exploitation of this tactic remains to be realized. New technologies and resources are currently becoming central to the development of sustainable systems for nematode-pest-crop management, molecular diagnostics for nematode identification, genetic engineering for host resistance, and the elucidation and application of soil biology for general integrated cropping systems. The latter strategy includes use of nematode-pest antagonistic cover crops, animal wastes, and limited tillage practices that favor growth-promoting rhizobacteria, earthworms, predatory mites, and other beneficial organisms while suppressing parasitic nematodes and other plant pathogens. Certain rhizobacteria may induce systemic host resistance to nematodes and, in some instances, to foliage pathogens. The systems focusing on soil biology hold great promise for sustainable crop-nematode management, but only a few research programs are currently involved in this labor-intensive endeavor.

Zaghloul R. A.   H. E. Abou-Aly   Rasha M. El-Meihy   and Mohamed. Talat. El-Saadony   

Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons at 2013 and 2014, in a private farm at Abuo-Hammad area, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the integrated fertilization management i.e. chemical fertilization (NPK), biofertilization (Rhizobium leguminosarum. bv. vicieae, Glomas bagyarajii, Bacillus circulans) with or without foliar applications of yeast extract (Saccharomyces cereviseae) and micronutrients on enzymes activity, nodulation status, growth characteristics, chemical constituents, mycorrhizal infection (%) and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Master B grown under loamy sandy soil conditions. All estimated parameters were affected by biofertilizers application, especially in combination with foliar applied with yeast extract. The highest values of the most studied parameters were recorded in combination between biofertilizers with foliar application of micronutrients and yeast extract.

Hasanova Turkan Allahverdi   

The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of microorganism, invertebrates, phytomass in grey-brown (chestnut) soils of Garamaryam plateau. Comparative analysis of quantity of microorganisms, soil mezophauna and phytotesting in a phytocenoses and agrocenoses gave us important biodiagnostical results. The complexes (ecogroups) of the invertebrates in the natural and cultivated (cereals, clover) cenozes are comporatively studied with the purpose of their use as biodiagnostical test from grey-brown (chestnut) soils. The results show the quantity of invertebrates, herbs, microorganisms in a grey-brown soils of Garamaryam plateau.

Seyyeda Umme Farwa Naqvi   Ghulam Abbas   Nasir Ahmd   Iftikhar Ahmad   Muhammad Khurram Shahzad   and Sajid Hussain Qamar   

This experiment was conducted to evaluate comparative effect of replacement of maize gluten with rice bran feed supplement on fish growth in composite culture. Two earthen ponds, each measuring 30m x 16m x 1.5m (length x width x depth) were stocked with 100 Labeo rohita, 50 Cirrihina mrigla and 25 Ctenophayrngon idella. Pond P1 was provided maize gluten and rice bran with a ratio 5:0 whilst pond P2 was provided maize gluten and rice bran with a ratio 1:4. Average body weight gain, fork length and total length were affected significantly by replacing maize gluten with rice bran. Results indicated that it is better to supplement maize gluten (30% CP): rice bran 1:4 for more yield as compared to maize gluten (30% CP) alone.

Omran Musa Abbas   and Hassan Ibrahim Mohammed   

A sound maintenance planning is of crucial importance for farm power systems. There is a large potential in cost savings by optimizing maintenance decisions to make utilization of farm tractors more cost-efficient. Reliability and availability are fundamental attributes of organization, scheduling and operation of fleet of tractors in agricultural project of multi-farms. This paper utilizes recursive Markov chain closed–form analytical solution and condition-based maintenance model to evaluate performance of degraded multi-state system. First state of system failure is inspected, analyzed, and classified into partial, or combined or complete failure of estimating the transition matrix for the failure state. At each inspection of failure status a preventive maintenance (minor repair by replacement of parts) or corrective maintenance (major replacement of parts by complete overhaul) is performed to restore the system to "as good as new". The development of condition-based maintenance is used to signify the monitoring of machines for the purpose of diagnostics and prognostics. Diagnostics are used to determine the current status of a machine's frequency of failure (useful life) and prognostics are used to predict its dependability, availability (utility).Hence, the system of evaluation is quantified by six distinct indicators (maximum time before failure, tractor dependability, availability, frequency of failure and operating time between preventive and corrective maintenance) such that appropriate actions can be planned and taken in order to minimize the impact of equipment failure to operation. Simulation results for a dataset of three tractors (T120, C225 and B250) from two workshops of sugar plantation (Gunied and Sennar factories in Sudan) is investigated to assert the magnitude of variation between the tested variables that justify changing current maintenance policy using analysis of variation. The results indicate the applicability of Markov where comparison with condition-based maintenance is the optimal maintenance strategy for tractor high failure rate.

Kega V. M.   Kasina M.   Olubayo F   Kamau G. M   and Nderitu, J. H   

In Kenya rice is the third most important cereal crop after maize and wheat. However production is constrained by rice blast disease (Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc). In order to develop viable pest management practices for rice blast disease we need to understand rice farmers' knowledge of the disease. A study was set up to determine the level of farmer knowledge on rice blast disease. A formal questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 119 farmers at Mwea irrigation scheme on 17-22 February 2011. Farmers were requested to provide information about rice, its importance and rice blast disease. Logit regression model was used to identify factors which influence farmer knowledge of rice blast disease. Logit analysis revealed that age had significant influence on rice blast disease knowledge (p<0.001). Rice cultivation as the sole occupation of household head significantly influenced rice blast knowledge (p<0.001). Rotavating for other farmers (p=0.02), being a casual labourer (p=0.024) agricultural training (p=0.001) and being a man (p=0.001) had significant influence on rice blast knowledge. The implications of this on dissemination of rice blast disease information are discussed in this paper.

Md. Jannatul Adan   Md. Abdullahil Baque   Md. Mahfuzar Rahman   Md. Rafiqul Islam   and Afsana Jahan   

The effect of eight Trichoderma based substrates viz. rice bran, wheat bran, lentil bran, gram bran, black gram bran, mustard oil cake, grass pea bran and saw dust in mixing with peat soil and water were used in the formulation, these were evaluated for sporulations of Trichoderma harzianum and acting against Sclerotium rolfsii for the management of damping off of eggplant seedlings with control. The effect of the treatments varied significantly in terms of production of Trichoderma spore and reducing damping off and tip over increasing germination percentage, plant height, seedling vigor and fresh weight of eggplant seedlings in comparison to control. Among the treatments soil application with T₅ (Trichoderma + Black gram bran + Peat soil + Water), T₇ (Trichoderma + Grass Pea bran + Peat soil + Water) and T₄ (Trichoderma + Gram bran + Peat soil + Water) showed the promising effect in controlling pre-emergence damping off, post-emergence damping off, tip over and increasing germination percentage, plant height, vigor index and fresh weight of seedlings. The highest germination percentage (78.00%) was observed in treatment T₅ at 16 days after sowing (DAS). The lowest percentage (6.33%) post- emergence damping off was observed in T₅ in eggplant seedling at 16 DAS. The lowest pre- emergence damping off and tip over were observed in T₅ in eggplant (2.33% and 1.33%).

EA Joseph   KV Mohanan   and VV Radhakrishnan   

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most popular and important cereal crops, providing the staple food for more than half of the world's population, especially those living in developing countries. Salinity is one of the prominent abiotic constraints for crop plants worldwide. It affects their growth, development, productivity and ultimately the yield. It also triggers a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in plants. Various abiotic stresses lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants which are highly reactive and toxic and may cause severe damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA which ultimately results in oxidative stress. Plants possess very efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems which work together to control uncontrolled oxidation and protect plant cells from oxidative damage by the scavenging of ROS. The major antioxidant enzymes include catalase, peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, etc. Production of antiaoxidant enzymes by some native rice genotypes collected both from saline and non-saline rice tracts of Kerala State of Inda was studied presently in relation to relative induction of salt stress. All the genotypes showed significant upregulation in the production of antioxidant enzymes in response to increase in salt stress applied.

Abu Bakkar Siddique   Md. Rafiqul Islam   Md. Anamul Hoque   Md. Mahmudul Hasan   Muhammad Tanvir Rahman   and Mohammad Mahir Uddin   

A pot experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University to evaluating the effect of exogenous application of proline on the growth and yield of rice under salt stress condition. There were six treatments including T₁ (Control), T₂ (25 mM NaCl), T₃ (50 mM NaCl), T₄ (25 mM NaCl + Proline), T₅ (50 mM NaCl + Proline) and T₆ (Proline). A salt sensitive variety of rice (cv. BRRI dhan29) was used as a test crop. Salinity (NaCl) was induced at vegetative growth stage (35 days after transplanting) of rice. Proline of 25 mL plant^-1 was applied as foliar on the same day of NaCl treatment. All plants virtually died when they were treated with 50 mM NaCl (T₃). On the other hand, foliar application of proline resulted in a significant increase in plant growth parameters of rice. The grain and straw yields plant^-1 decreased with increased salinity levels. When the salt treated plants were supplied with exogenous proline, they produced significant amount of grain and straw yields. Sodium content and uptake by plants were decreased with foliar application of proline. It can be concluded that salt stress in rice reduce to a significant extent due to the exogenous application of proline.

R. K. Chang   Y. H. Wang   X. T. Zhang   G. C. Tang   and Y. Wei   

Currently, the plant physiological information detection technology and diagnostic systems has gradually become a hot topic in the research of facilities crop disease warning. By collecting the relevant data of changes in growth conditions of cucumber by Junior-PAM of CI-340 portable photosynthesis system, the experiment studied the correlation between leaf chlorophyll content and Photosynthetic rate, nutritional status and we like to search for the relationship between the changes in disease infection and chlorophyll content in the growth process of leaf. The experiment used different modeling methods to establish the relational model between fluorescence data such as FO ', FM', FV / FM, FO, FM and SPAD, and then make predictions. The results show that the prediction of harmful levels of disease employing neural network model is the best with its MAE being 0.0025 and the accuracy up to 100%.

Ehsanullah   Azeem Tariq   Mahmood A. Randhawa   Shakeel A. Anjum   Mubashar Nadeem   and Muhammad Naeem   

Maize (Zea mays L.) is considered as high nutrient demanding crop and needs balanced nutrition. It is also regarded sensitive to zinc deficiency. Zinc is mostly deficient in soils and application of zinc fertilizer is required to explore its full potential. Crop species and even cultivars within species vary in their Zn requirement. A field experiment was conducted during spring 2011 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Zn uptake and grain yield in three maize hybrids (Pioneer-32 F 10, Monsanto-6525 and Hycorn-8288) through the application of Zn in the form of ZnSO₄. The ZnSO₄ treatments comprised; soil application at the time of sowing @ 12 kg ha^-1, foliar application at vegetative stage (9 leaf stage) @ 1% ZnSO₄ solution and foliar application at reproductive stage (anthesis) @ 1% ZnSO₄ solution and one treatment was kept as a control. The experimental results showed substantial difference in yield and yield contributing parameters such as plant population at harvest, number of grains per cob, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Statistically maximum grain yield (8.76t ha^-1) was obtained with foliar spray of ZnSO₄ at 9-leaf stage (Zn₂) in case of Monsanto-6525. Foliar spray of ZnSO₄ increased 38% and soil application gave 23.7% more grain yield than control treatment. Foliar spray of ZnSO₄ at 9-leaf stage in Monsanto-6525 hybrid produced higher grain yield and net field benefit. Thus foliar application of Zn fertilizers has a positive effect on economic and biological yield of maize crop.

Moshiur Rahman   Julfikar Ali   and Mehedi Masood   

Seedling mortality is the major barrier to optimum stand establishment in dry direct seeded boro (winter) rice. Two experiments were carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh during January to June 2012 and 2013 to study the effect of seed priming, Trichoderma and fungicide application on seedling establishment and yield performance of dry direct seeded Boro rice. First experiment comprised three seed priming treatments, osmopriming with 3% ZnSO₄ solution, hydropriming and no priming. There were five treatment combinations of Trichoderma and fungicides. These were seed treatment with Trichoderma (T₁), spraying of rice seedling with sulphur fungicide (Thiovit) (T₂); propiconazole fungicide (Potent) (T₃), and combination of Thiovit and Potent (T₄) and a control treatment (T₅) where no fungicide or Trichoderma was applied. The treatment was applied at 20 days after sowing (DAS). In year 2013, the experiment comprised ten treatment combinations of Trichoderma and fungicides viz.seed treatment with Trichoderma (T₁), seed treatment with Trichoderma + spraying of Thiovit (T₂), seed treatment with Trichoderma + spraying of Potent (T₃), seed treatment with Trichoderma + spraying of Thiovit and Potent (T₄), spraying of Thiovit (T₅), spraying of Potent (T₆), seed treatment with Thiovit + spraying of Potent (T₇), seed treatment with Potent + spraying of Thiovit (T₈), spraying of mixture of Thiovit and Potent (T₉), and control (no fungicide or Trichoderma) (T₁₀). Both the experiments used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that osmopriming gave higher number of seedling, length and dry matter of shoot and root and yield than hydropriming. All these attributes were highest with seed treatment by Trichoderma. Experiment 2 revealed that seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum followed by spraying of Thiovit gave the highest yield of rice. The study concludes that sowing of seed after osmopriming with 3% ZnSO₄ and biopriming with Trichoderma and then application of sulphur fungicide at 20 days after sowing could be practiced for ensuring high seedling establishment and yield of rice under dry direct seeded system in boro season.

M. Kamruzzaman   

The main objective of the study was to determine and describe the perception of climate change of farmers. The study was conducted at Sreemangal and Baralekha Upazilla of Moulovibajar district. Three villages from each upazilla were selected as the specific study location. A sample of 150 respondents (20%) was randomly selected from a total population of 800 farmers. Data were collected from the sampled respondents throughout July-August, 2013 through interview schedule. Most of the farmers (69.3%) perceived that climate change started between last 5 to15 years. Almost half of the farmers (48.0%) believe that environmental factor is responsible for climate change than supernatural factor. They felt that both rainy season and cold season delays to start but ends early. Mean duration of both seasons has been significantly reduced in recent past than long time ago. Hot season shows opposite scenario as it starts early but delays to end. Mean duration of hot season has been significantly increased in recent past compared to long time ago. Similarly, they believe that hotness has increased (88.7%) and coldness has reduced (60.0%). Farmers found a reduction in overall rainfall (83.3%) and variation in wind speed, duration of strong wind. They felt the incidence of drought has been increased (73.3%) and flood has been decreased (66%). Level of education and access to extension services had significant association with their perceived cause of climate change. Farmers having more education and high access to extension service perceived environmental factor for climate change than supernatural factor and vice versa.

Dharmadasa R. M   Abeysinghe D. C   Dissanayake DMN. Abeywardhane K. W.    and Fernando N. S.    

Pimenta dioica(Linn.)Merill. (Myrtaceae) is well-renowned, industrially important, aromatic spice plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine, food, perfumery and cosmetic industries. Present study describes the essential oil content, composition, and antioxidant capacity of mature and immature leaves of Pimenta dioica. Essential oil was extracted using Clevenger-type apparatus for 5 hrs. Leaf essential oil composition was analyzed using GC-MS. Quantification of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were carried out using standard methodologies. The oil yield was 0.80 % (v/w) of fresh weight. Twelve compounds comprising more than 97% of total composition were identified by GC/MS analysis. Eugenol (85.33±2.0 %) was identified as a major constituent of essential oil and followed by ÎČ-caryophylene (4.36±0.3%), cineole (4.19±0.3%),linalool (0.83±0.11%) and α-humulene (0.76±0.12%).Immature leaf extracts exhibited the marked Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) (537.18±11.62mg trolox equivalent per g of sample); Total Phenolic Content (TPC) (99.09±3.65 mg Gallicacid equivalent per g of sample), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) (136.71±3.24 mg Rutin equivalent per g of sample). Presence of greater amount of eugenol in essential oil, TAC, TPC and TFC in leaf extracts undoubtedly demonstrated potential of Pimenta dioica essential oil and leaf material as a fabulous raw material for food, perfumery and cosmetic industries. Further harvesting of immature leaves could be suggested for better therapeutic benefits.

Bharath Raj H. R   Mukund Joshi   and Vishaka G. V   

A field investigation on Effect of surface fertigation on nutrient removal, fertilizer use efficiency and economics of inter-specific hybrid Bt cotton was carried out at agronomy field unit, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore during kharif 2012. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications involving treatment combinations of 3 splits (T₂ and T₃), 4 splits (T₄ and T₅) and 5 splits (T₆ and T₇) at 75 and 100 per cent dosages of recommended dose fertilizer as compared to recommended dose of fertilizer through soil application. It was observed that significantly higher N, P and K uptake (160.99, 28.57 and 134.87 kg ha^-1, respectively) was recorded in 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer with fertigation in 5 splits. The higher nutrient uptake in fertigation treatments was attributed to higher fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient availability in the soil as compared to recommended dose of fertilizer through soil application. Among different treatments, application of 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer with fertigation in 5 splits recorded higher net returns (79231 Rs. ha^-1) and B:C ratio (3.41). It is advisable to adopt 5 splits application of all the major nutrients under surface fertigation to achieve higher cotton productivity and increasing B: C ratio, besides higher cost of cultivation.

Dnyandev C. Talule   

Even though the state of Maharashtra has emerged as one of the fastest urbanizing states in the country, the agriculture of the state is not away from making strides. Despite a decline of the share of agriculture in the state GSDP and while on the industrial front the state enjoying quiet a higher position the agriculture sector of the state has been successful in keeping its place intact. Apart from its direct impact on generating incomes and rural employment opportunities its vital secondary linkages with the development of rural nonfarm sectors are more significant. During the period of the economic reforms, the agriculture of the state has undergone a transformation. The sector has made significant strides in its cropping and productivity dimensions. It is with this primary observation the present paper attempts to throw light on the cropping and productivity dimensions of the state agriculture and the determinants of the same. Comparative impacts of the factors determining the crop combination and yield levels are assessed with the help of regression analysis. Paper being depended on secondary sources pulled in for twenty years of period of post reforms of 1990-91 to 2010-11 is spread into seven sections with first giving the introduction while the second section provides cropping and yield perspective of the agriculture of Maharashtra. Third section of the paper provides the sources of data and discusses the methodology and tools of analysis and is followed by a brief review of literature on the determinants of crop yield while subsequent two sections of the paper are based on the results and discussions and the test results and the exercise is completed with the concluding remarks in the seventh section whereas; the referential data tables are provided in the annexure for references.

T. S. Roy   M. A. Baque   R. Chakraborty   M. N. Haque   and P. Suter  

The experiment was conducted at Agronomy research field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, during 10 November 2012 to 10 March 2013 to observe the response of seedling tuber weight and plant spacing on yield and economic analysis of potato. Four weight of seedling tubers viz., 40 ± 2, 30 ± 2, 20 ± 2 and 10 ± 2 g and three plant spacing viz., 60 cm × 25 cm, 60 cm × 20 cm and 60 cm × 15 cm were used as treatment and laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that in general yield attributes such as tubers hill^-1 and tuber weight and tuber yield of gross, marketable and non-marketable were significantly influenced by seedling tuber weight and plant spacing .The highest tuber yield ha^-1 both gross and marketable was recorded in the tuber weight of 30 ± 2 g due to increased number of tubers hill^-1 and tuber yield hill^-1 and the lowest from smaller seedling tuber of 10 ± 2 g. Results showed that tubers hill^-1, single tuber weight and tuber weight hill^-1 increased with increasing plant spacing. The highest gross and marketable tuber yield ha^-1 was observed in the plant spacing of 60 cm × 20 cm and the lowest from closer spacing of 60 cm × 15 cm. For combined effect of seedling tuber weight and plant spacing, the highest gross and marketable tuber yield was observed in the treatment combination of 40 ± 2 g seed tuber with the plant spacing of 60 cm × 25 cm. But economic point of view with high yield performance, the seedling tuber size of 30 ± 2 g with plant spacing of 60 cm × 20 cm was more profitable than those of other treatment combinations.

EA Joseph   VV Radhakrishnan   and KV Mohanan   

Salinity is a major yield reducing factor in coastal as well as arid irrigated rice production systems. Salt induced abiotic stress is an acute problem, interrupting the metabolic processes of plants, resulting in reduced growth and productivity. Proline is an amino acid which increases in plants under abiotic stress. Salinity stress affects the metabolism of plants leading to severe crop damage and loss of productivity. Oxidative stress is one consequence of salinity that may be responsible for much of the damage. We inspected the immediate accumulation of proline in salinity induced stress in seven native rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Among the seven, five namely Orthadian, Chovvarian, Kuttusan, Kuthiru and Orkazhama were collected from a saline rice tract of the region and two namely Kunhutty and Veliyan from a non-saline rice tract of the region. The plants were subjected to different levels of salt stress ranging from 0 to 200 mM of NaCl and the concentration of proline in the leaf samples was inspected. Results showed that proline concentration increased in all the cultivars studied in relation to increase in salt stress and it was progressive along with increase in stress. This property was shown by all the cultivars irrespective of the fact whether they evolved in a saline habitat or a non-saline habitat. However, proline accumulation was higher in the cultivars collected from the saline tract when compared to the cultivars collected from the non-saline tract.

Salih S. H   S.A.M. Hamd   and Y. M. I. Dagash.   

A field trial was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons (2010/11 and (2011/12), at Demonstration Farm of Collage of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology at Shambat, to study the effect of rhizobium, mycorrhiza inoculation and diammonium phosphate (DAP) on growth, nodulation and yield of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill introduced genotype (E01). The treatments consisted of control (without any fertilizer and inoculation), inoculation with Bradyrihzobium alone, and combinations of inoculation with Bradyrihzobium + mycorrhiza (VAM), Bradyrihzobium + mycorrhiza (VAM) + 100 kg /ha diammonium phosphate (DAP), and Bradyrihzobium + vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) + 150 kg /ha diammonium phosphate (DAP). A completely randomized block design with four replicates was used. The results showed that the combination of Bradyrihzobium and mycorrhiza (VAM) produced significantly higher nodulation number/plant. Relative growth rate was significantly highest in combined of Bradyrihzobium, mycorrhiza (VAM) and 100 kg /ha (DAP). Maximum grain yield was significantly obtained at par with combinations of Bradyrihzobium, mycorrhiza (VAM) and 150 kg /ha (DAP) and Bradyrihzobium, mycorrhiza (VAM) and 100 kg /ha (DAP). In general, the effect and interaction of rhizobium, mycorrhiza and diammonium phosphate rhizobium significantly increased nodulation number/plant, relative growth rate and yield of soybean over control. It can be concluded that genotype (E01) of irrigated soybean produced significantly highest growth and yield when combination of rhizobium with mycorrhiza and diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used during winter season under Khartoum conditions.

Evans L. Chimoita   Gatahi Dennis Maina   Dennis Opiyo Olila   and Joseph P.Gweyi Onyango   

Tea production, processing and marketing in Kenya is under management of two sectors. The two sectors include; Kenya Tea Development Agency which manages approximately six hundred thousand small scale farmers and multi-nationals sector for example Uniliver/Lipton teas, James Finlay's and George Williamson holdings manage privately plantations and estates of tea. The volume and frequency of plucking tea leaves enhances net revenue for small scale tea farmers in Kenya. The main objective was to determine the role of Farmer Field Schools extension approach and eventual outcome tea production among small scale farmers in Kenya. The study assessed the trends and the influence of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) approach in addressing productivity of tea leaves. The study employed descriptive statistics and mean trends analysis to determine the influence of FFS in tea production. The study sites were six sub locations of tea growing areas. The sites were purposively since they were pilot areas where the initial farmer field schools were collaboratively initiated by Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) and Uniliver/Lipton teas for enhancement of tea production. The study gathered primary data from sampled tea farmers by use of structured questionnaires. Secondary data was sourced from the KTDA archives records. Research findings revealed a positive trend in green tea leaf production and as well as revenue. Further, it was revealed that social positive effects such as farmers willingness to participate in group activities and sustainable tea husbandry, promotion of self-mobilization and interactive participation enhanced tea production. The positive economic-agricultural productivity effects were; the transfer and adoption of agricultural technologies particularly in tea growing that enhanced revenue, increased access to knowledge and agricultural information.

Rajesh Singh   and Y. P. Dubey   

Spiti valley is endowed with mild summers and cool winters. The valley remains snow bound from mid November to March. Intense sun, high wind velocity, low humidity, scanty rainfall and high transpiration rate are the other features of climate of Spiti valley. Use of bio-fertilizers is gaining momentum by the farmers of Himachal Pradesh in organic farming. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants simultaneously increases P uptake by the plant and crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Rhizobium are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizers. Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a potential cash crop grown in dry temperate zone of Himachal Pradesh. Being a leguminous crop its phosphorus requirement is higher. Among the various components of production technology, fertilizers are the kingpin for improving the productivity of rajmash. The scarcity of organic material in the dry temperate zone indicates that the productivity depends on integrated nutrient management. Thus the present study with two inoculations (Rhizobium and Rhizobium+Phosphate solublising bacteria), four nitrogen levels (0,20,40,60 kg/ha) and two phosphorus levels (75% and 100% recommended) was undertaken. Rajmash yield increased by inoculation. Grain yield increased with increasing N levels. Substitution of 25% P did not increase the yield of rajmash significantly. Similarly straw yield of rajmash differ significantly by inoculation in both the years. Recommended level of P @ 60 kg/ha proved better than 75% of recommended P. After analyzing soil samples at harvest it was revealed that inoculation with Rhizobium+PSB gave more availability of N (222.8 kg/ha), P (26.6 kg/ha) and K (8.96 kg/ha) in comparison to Rhizobium alone.

AdĂĄn Mercado Luna   Enrique Rico GarcĂ­a   Jorge Luis ChĂĄvez ServĂ­n   Alfredo Lara Herrera   and Juan Serrano Arellano   

This study was aimed at evaluating the different concentrations of nitrogen for tomato seedling production (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), hybrid Loreto. Five concentrations of nitrogen were analyzed: 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mEq / L, using as a basis the Steiner nutrient solution. A pilot randomized block design was used with six replications and five treatments. Thirty-five days after sowing, the following variables were analyzed: seedling height, stem diameter, fresh stem weight, fresh leaf weight, leaf area, dry steam weight, dry leaf weight, dry root weight and total nitrogen content. An ANOVA analysis (p <0.05) with post-hoc Tukey test was performed to compare each treatment variables. The results showed that the increase in the concentration of nitrogen has a positive effect on organ growth. The treatment with the highest values in the morphological variables was 16 mEq / L, which shortened the production time of seedlings ready for transplant.

CĂ©cile Bresch   Lydia Ottenwalder   Christine Poncet   and Pia Parolin   

The predatory mirid bug Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur (Heteroptera: Miridae) is commonly employed to control whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), a common pest on tomatoes. In greenhouses of the Mediterranean, tomatoes are important crops and the need to find alternatives to pesticide use is increasing. With the aim to find biocontrol plants which are suited to maintain and multiply the populations of predators and reduce pest presence, a greenhouse experiment was performed. Different combinations were used: crop plant and pest were always present, banker plant (abbreviated as BP hereafter) and predators were present or absent. Numbers of individuals of M. pygmaeus, T. vaporariorum, and plant health were assessed. M. pygmaeus reproduced efficiently on tobacco, with the highest reproduction when only BP were present. The number of pests was significantly reduced on the plants where predators had the highest densities. However, without the presence of predators tobacco acted as an attractive plant for T. vaporariorum. Plant growth in terms of height and leaf number was not significantly different between the treatments with different species combinations. Leaf damage was higher when the BP were in a cage with tomato plants Tobacco acted as incubator for the pests when it was in a cage with tomatoes without predators present. This points to a complementarity of these two plant species to provide good reproductive conditions for the pest T. vaporariorum, an undesired synergy of plants to increase the presence of pests. Therefore, tobacco was an efficient banker plant to support the population of the predatory mirid bug M. pygmaeus, but under absence of predators it enhanced the proliferation of the pests. Its employment as BP in this combination of species is only efficient as long as predators are present.

SL Swamy   and Alka Mishra   

The anthropogenic activities are alarmingly increasing the concentrations of CO₂ in the atmosphere leading to the climate change. Agriculture ecosystem especially tropical agriculture is most vulnerable to climate change posing a serious threat on food, nutritional security and livelihoods of poor farming communities. Agroforestry technologies indeed offer viable opportunity to mitigating the atmospheric accumulation of CO₂ and other Greenhouse gases, and potential for transforming to resilient farming systems and further help smallholder farmers of many tropical countries like India for adapting to climate change. However, the magnitude of C sequestration in many agroforestry systems is still unknown, which primarily depends on the choice of tree species and managerial practices. The present study corresponds to a part of the long term project on Gmelina arborea, Populus deltoides and Ceiba pentandra based agroforestry systems evaluated for C storage potentials in sub-humid tropics Chhattisgarh, India. At 5 years age, total biomass varied from 12.9 Mg ha^-1 to 25.1 Mg ha^-1 in C. pentandra, while 9.9 Mg ha^-1 to 21.4 Mg ha^-1 in G. arborea. The biomass was greater under narrow tree spacing. A significant growth and biomass variation was also exhibited by P. deltoides clones, where the total biomass ranged from 48.5 Mg ha^-1 to 62.2 Mg ha^-1. At 5 years age, total C storage in G. arborea stands ranged from 4.3 to 9.4 Mg ha^-1, P. deltoides from 22.5 to 30.1 Mg ha^-1 and C. pentandra from 4.5 to 10.1 Mg ha^-1. Soil organic C significantly enhanced under agroforestry system. Soil organic C in G. arborea stands increased from 6.8% to 11.9%, P. deltoides from 12.7% to 20.6%, and C. pentandra from 5.5% to 14.5% under different treatments. P. deltoides showed the greater potential for C sequestration than G. arborea and C. pentandra under agroforestry system. Clones 65/27 and D121 of P. deltoides were found outstanding and suggested to adopt under agroforestry. Soybean and wheat yields were decreased under agroforestry systems, which advocate introducing appropriate tree management practices to improve the complementarity to exploit synergies between tree and crop components. The paper discusses the management implications and strategies for sustainable tree-crop production and improving C sequestration under agroforestry systems for mitigating the climate change.

Cherukuri Sreenivasa Rao   Vemuri Shashi Bhushan   Harinatha Reddy A.   Ravindranath Darsi   Aruna M.   and Ramesh B.   

The commercial production of highly cultivated and consumed brinjal is highly dependent on regular usage of insecticides to protect the crop from insect pests. The increased consumer awareness and legal issues on food safety, with special reference to insecticide residues in foods, led us to attempt for cheap and effective methods for removal of pesticide residues to address the issues of consumer and food safety, as the farmers are not following the Good Agricultural Practices i.e pre-harvest intervals. The most commonly used pesticides such as profenophos, chlorpyriphos, dimethoate, malathion, phosalone, quinalphos, triazophos and -cyhalothrin were sprayed at recommended doses at brinjal formation stage, samples were collected at 2 hours after treatment to quantify the deposits. The samples were subjected to various household treatments (tap water wash, lemon water wash, dipping in 2% salt water for 15 min, dipping in 2% tamarind water for 10 min, washing with 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution, washing with 4% acetic acid solution, biowash, cooking), each in three replications, and analysed for residues using validated quick,easy cheap rugged and simple method (Quechers method and GC-ECD, (GAS Chromatography Electron capture detector) FPD(Flame photometric detector) and GC-MS(Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry) so as to estimate the % removal and their effectiveness. Out of all treatments, dipping in 2% salt solution for 10 minutes is very effective in removing 45%, 43%, 52%, 50%, 54%, 48% and 76% of dimethoate, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, profenophos, phosalone, -cyhalothrin and malathion, respectively, and cooking removed insecticides in the range 55-80%. Dipping fruits and vegetables in 2% salt solution for 15 minutes is the best household method for removal of pesticide residues, and also the method is effective in reducing the residues below MRL (Maximum Residue Limits).

Sadia Kaukab   Muhammad Sajjad Saeed   and Aziz ur Rehman   

A 5x5 diallel cross involving five wheat varieties/lines (Kohistan-97, Chakwal-86, 6529-11, 6544-6 and 7086-1) was conducted. Twenty hybrids along with five parents were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications in order to find out the gene action controlling some vital polygenic yield related attributes like plant height, spike length, peduncle length, number of tillers per plant and grain yield per plant. Highly significant differences among genotypes were observed for all traits. Plant height has only significant differences. The graphical presentation demonstrated that number of tillers per plant was ruled by partial dominance with additive type of gene action. While over-dominance was observed in plant height, spike length, peduncle length and grain yield per plant. It showed the potential for the availability of transgressive segregates in later filial generations. The prevalence of partial dominance type of gene action for number of tillers per plant showed that it can be gradually improved by selection.

Sampson Ankrah   Kwadwo A. Nyantakyi   and E.Dadey   

In this paper, models are developed to explain and forecast the effect of world cocoa price on production of cocoa in Ghana by using regression model with time series errors. The focus of the investigation was to find out whether the world cocoa price can assist in forecasting the future behavior of the cocoa production in Ghana. Annual data from 1961 to 2010 were used in fitting the model while 2011 and 2012 were used as out-of-sample data. Based on the behavior of several model adequacy techniques, the regression model with ARIMA(2,2,0) errors was considered as the ‘best' model for the production variable. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), as a forecast accuracy measure, was used to validate the model. Thus, the MAPE of the regression model with ARIMA (2,2,0) errors was 7.97%. However, the conventional ‘best' ARIMA model fitted to the production variable indicated an MAPE of 16%. This shows that, the production variable has smaller MAPE, when it was modeled together with world price using regression with ARIMA errors. Hence, regression model with ARIMA (2,2,0) errors is a better statistical technique in forecasting production of cocoa in Ghana than the conventional ARIMA method.

A. Shrestha   B. K. Bishwakarma   and R. Allen   

Increasing food demand and climate change pose a major challenge to the sustainability of food production systems and safeguarding environmental health. Nepal's economy is primarily reliant on agriculture which is highly sensitive to climate variability. Key concerns in the middle hills of Nepal include declining soil fertility and soil degradation, changing temperature and precipitation patterns, and pest and disease outbreaks, all of which are affecting productivity, prices, incomes, and ultimately livelihoods. This paper describes some simple, farmer-friendly climate smart management options, and analyses their importance, effectiveness and impacts on improving soil fertility and farm productivity. Simple and widely-adopted sustainable soil management and agronomic practices, which are based on efficient use of local resources, include improvement in preparation and management of farmyard manure (FYM) and compost, systematic collection of cattle urine and its use as a base for botanical pesticide and liquid fertilizer, integrating legumes and fodder crops into cropping systems, small-scale collection of rain and run-off water, and improved water use efficiency. These practices have resulted in a statistically significant increase in soil organic matter levels, and have improved soil fertility and structure, workability, and moisture characteristics. Soil organic matter reached a mean of 3.77% from 3.32% after adoption of sustainable soil management practices over the period of 1-3 years in 337 farm sites. The nitrogen content of topsoil significantly increased overall (0.17% to 0.2%) and in 3 of 5 time series. Similarly, nitrogen content of improved FYM significantly increased in 3 of 5 series and overall on 350 farmer's fields over a period of 1 to 3 years. 18.6 kg additional N was annually gained from a mature cattle with improved farmyard manure management techniques and systematic collection of urine. Additional benefits include enhanced soil carbon storage, and improved crop resilience to changes in weather patterns. Adoption of these practices has contributed to increased productivity, enhanced income, improved food security, and a beneficial impact on the workload of women.

Lukac N.   Massanyi P.   Krockova J.   Toman R.   Danko J.   Stawarz R.   and Formicki G.   

In this study distribution of nickel as a risk factor of environment in testis and its effects on the testicular structure in experimental animals and effect on spermatozoa was analyzed. In this study the effect of Ni on the testicular structure after an experimental intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration, concentration of nickel in semen of different animal species and the effect of in vitro spermatozoa incubation with nickel on the spermatozoa motility and membrane changes is reported. Our findings clearly suggest a negative effect of nickel on the structure as well as on the function of seminiferous epithelium. In experimental groups with nickel a significant (p<0.001) decrease of germinal epithelium in comparison with control group was observed. The analysis of nickel showed that the concentration of this element in stallion semen was 0.20 mg/kg, in bull 0.12 mg/kg, ram 0.31 mg/kg, boar 0.06 mg/kg and in fox semen 0.36 mg/kg. Concentrations from 125 ÎŒM Ni/ml in various time periods of culture stimulate spermatozoa motility after 30 minutes (p<0.001), but later inhibit spermatozoa motility. After a culture of spermatozoa with addition of 125 ”M Ni/ml and 240 minutes a typical Annexin–V fluorescence reaction was detected. Fluorescence was detected in mitochondrial segment of bovine spermatozoa. In spermatozoa exposed to higher nickel concentration the Annexin–V positive reaction was detected also on the spermatozoa head membrane. Nickel in very low concentrations (7.8 ÎŒM Ni/ml) stimulates the spermatozoa motility but in higher concentrations (>250 ÎŒM Ni/ml) cause decrease of spermatozoa motility in vitro.

Zeeshan Akram   Sajid Hussain   Mudassir Mansoor   Muhammad Afzal   Adil Waqar   and Imran. Shabbir   

The main objective of this paper is to check the soil fertility and salinity status. For this purpose, a total of 3325 soil samples, collected from all tehsils of Muzffargarh district (from tehsil Muzaffargarh, Jatoi, Kot Addu and Ali Pur), were tested in the Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Cane Development Cell, Fatima Sugar Mills, Muzaffargarh, Pakistan from 2012 to 2014. Samples were analyzed for soil reaction (pH1:10), electrical conductivity (EC1:10), soil organic matter (SOM), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and plant available phosphorus (Olsen-P). The results revealed that pH ranged between 8.5-9.0 in 75 percent of the samples while about 95 percent were normal with respect to salinity(EC < 4 dS/m) and 74 percent were not affected by sodicity (SAR < 15). Soils were poor in organic matter (92 percent samples had less than 0.80 percent OM) and available phosphorus (95 percent samples had less than 15 mg P/kg soil).

Khurram Yousaf   Muhammad Iqbal   Tahir Iqbal   and Muhammad Hanif   

Field performance of the boom sprayer was evaluated at three different plot sizes, three different operating pressures and at three different forward speeds of tractor. Four spraying operations were performed. At the first two sprays only the sucking insects (Jassid, and Whiteflies) were analyzed for mortality as there were no bollworms at that stage. In third and fourth spray bollworms were analyzed for mortality. The experiment was done to find out the effects of pressure and velocity on mortality of white fly, jassid and bollworms and the effect of field size on field efficiency of boom sprayer. The results indicated that increase in velocity decreases the mortality or sucking insects as well as bollworm insects. Best field speed for crop spraying operation was observed to be 4.0 km/h. Working pressure of 400 kPa has a significant effect on insect mortality. For same width of fields, longer the field more the productive time, therefore, more will be the field efficiency of the sprayer. Lower field speed had more sprayer field efficiency than the greater field speed. The reason could be the more time required for turning at field ends to less maneuverability of tractor the operator might had found difficulty in controlling over the tractor holding more wider sprayer mounted behind.

Arshad Hussain Mughal   G. M. Bhat   and J. A. Mugloo   

Ulmus wallichiana is an important multipurpose tree species of the Himalayan region suitable for furniture, leaves are consumed as fodder while as small wood is used as fuel wood. Elm seeds are minute and are generally broadcasted in the nursery beds, thereafter they need to be thinned out or transplanted so that they achieve transplantable height. The study aimed at studying the effect of seedling density and bed type on the growth of Ulmus wallichiana seedlings over a period of two years & was undertaken under All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry at Srinagar centre, India. The seedlings were evaluated in nursery beds, transplant beds and thinned out nursery beds. The study concluded that undisturbed seedling beds with a density of 400 seedlings/m² recorded maximum height of 1.51m but seedling collar diameter was minimum. Maximum diameter of 9.56mm was recorded in undisturbed thinned out nursery beds having a density of only 100 seedlings/m² but height recorded was only 1.39m. Transplant beds recorded a height of 1.19m and a diameter of 7.19mm. In the present study it is evident that the seedlings need not to be necessarily transplanted from seedling beds but in the second year if proper density (100m³) is maintained by thinning, maximum seedling growth in terms of both height and diameter can be achieved.

Steven Engler   and Michael M. Kretzer   

This paper deals with the education system of Malawi with a specific focus on agriculture courses. The role of agricultural education as a form of adaptation to food insecurity will be the underlying basis for this publication. Historical backgrounds will underline the significance of agricultural training to avoid food insecurity. The nutritional condition of learners has a significant influence on their educational performance, just as well as the general circumstances influence individual education in Malawi. Many obstacles like insufficient material, untrained or hardly trained teachers, management at schools, teacher-learner ratio and many others issues hardly enable a meaningful education in Malawi. Therefore, this paper enriches the debate on early child education and future food security.

Panchangam Sameera Sastry   and Nalini Mallikarjuna   

Breeding efforts in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br), one of the most widely cultivated drought- and high-temperature tolerant C4 cereals, are aimed at maximum exploitation of hybrid vigor for both grain and forage yields. Until now, very limited work has been carried out on in vitro production of haploids in pearl millet; while it is being employed as the pollinator which will be further eliminated, resulting in haploids of the recipient species, e.g. wheat, oat. Anther culture experiments were carried out with seven genotypes 841-P3, 843-22B, ICMB 93333, ICMB 89111, XL-51, 4201 and 86-M34 tested on 12 different culture media. Androgenic embryos were induced in the frequency of 13.7, 9.51 and 7.58 % from 841-P3, ICMB 93333 and XL-51 cultivars. Inclusion of 4% maltose as additional carbon source resulted in higher number of multicellular microspores among the responsive genotypes. These experiments form a promising basis to further develop double haploid protocol for pearl mille breeding in the arid and semi-arid regions.

Dnyandev C. Talule   and Guruprasad R. Naik   

As the agro-diversity harbors a great amount of diversity with respect to species diversity, crop diversity, etc which provides a rich amount of a well evolved system over time background support for rich resources. This has facilitated the development of agriculture. However, in Goa in recent years it has been noticed that these systems of ancient nature have itself been threatened due to the intervention of human activities in such and surrounding areas. More particularly the practice of Mining is on a rise for last few decades in Goa, covering huge belt of land and eventually also harming the forest cover of the state. These forests (Western Ghats also form a part of Eastern Forest cover of Goa) have been deep and very rich bio-diversity hot spots in the world and house the diverse flora and fauna. But, due to the constant and prolonged threat of uncontrolled mining activities in the state these forested biodiversity areas are now in deep trouble. Mainly the attempt in the present paper is made to focus on the impact of mining on agricultural and biodiversity of the state of Goa located in the south western part of India. Goa being one of the mineral endowed states in India and the state with no specific mining policy laid down has to face the adversaries of an indiscriminate mining practiced for several decades.

Walle Jemberu Lakew   Belayneh Ayele Anteneh   and Lewoye Tsegaye Ayalew   

The use of available water by reducing all forms of losses is a key to maximize crop yield per unit supplied in dry areas. In this study an attempt was made to investigate the influence of drip irrigation and mulching material on the yield and water use efficiency of onion in low land region of north central Ethiopia. The experimental design was split plot embedded in randomized complete block design, replicated three times with three irrigation levels as main plot and three mulching rates as sub plot. The drip irrigation level consisted of full irrigation (FIL), mid irrigation (MIL) and half irrigation (HIL) levels determined using CROPWAT model. A control plot and mulching material of dry teff (Eragrostics abyssinica) straw with 0.3kg/m², 0.5kg/m² rates were applied to reduce surface evaporation loss. Total marketable onions were significantly affected by both irrigation level and mulching rate. MIL performs best in yield and this is especially effective for mulching rate of 0.3 kg/m². With all forms used to avoid irrigation water losses from the farm (drip irrigation in combination with surface mulching), it was found that on average 1000 litres of water was used to produce 4.56 kg of marketable onion.

Shaon Kumar Das   

Clean up is one of the most important steps to remove co-extractives and undesired interfering substances from the sample before analysis in pesticide residue analysis. Some advanced, sophisticated and efficient methods of clean up have emerged out which is able to save time as well as amount of solvents. These are Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). They are very much efficient for clean up and extraction of pesticide samples. SPE method is successfully used for clean up of pesticide residue from soil and water samples. GPC is now widely used in sample preparation in many residue laboratories and is effectively used for multi-residue analysis. SFC is by far the best method of clean up and extraction, though it involves high cost. Thus, various suitable clean up methods can free pesticide residues from extraneous co-extractive materials in an efficient manner and helps to prepare a good sample for further analysis.

Susan Singas   and Peter Manus   

Pond fish farming, although introduced in the 1960s, remained undeveloped due to no policy support. In the past decade, it has been revived, due to government support through NFA with collaboration from ACIAR. As part of this program, four innovations were disseminated to farmers to improve their production and income. This study, conducted in Potsy, was aimed at assessing the extent of and the factors that influence the adoption of the innovations disseminated. Pond liming and fertilizing innovation was adopted quickly as it was introduced while feed formulation, stock density , and sampling and sexing innovations were, for majority of farmers (<50%) practiced when needed. Moreover, majority of the farmers (89%) rated problems they faced as high problems. Lack of knowledge and skills was ranked number 1, followed by cost of commercial feed, lack of marketing facilities, lack of local quality feed, misuse of funds and lack of credit facilities. Age was found to be significant but negatively influenced extent of adoption and problem confrontation while farm size was significant and impacted positively on farmer problem confrontation. Although the innovations were disseminated to improve production and income of farmers, their dissemination was not adequately supported through farmer training and extension, market access and credit acquisition.

Mohammad Ghorbani   Suren Kulshreshtha   and Mohammad Mehdi Farsi   

The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between underground water extraction (depletion) and development of pressurized irrigation using data for 30 provinces in Iran. A spatial regression was used to study the relationship between variables for data in 2010.Results show that pressurized irrigation, long-run rainfall, spatial dependence and cultivated area in a region have a positive and significant effect on the extraction (depletion) of underground water, while the number of deep and shallow wells did not show such a relationship. In light of these results, it is recommended that the Iranian government should be more watchful of the regions with higher rate of extraction (depletion) for future investment in irrigation systems.

GurynV.A.   and Radchuk M.I   

The main criteria for determining the reliability of the culvert and water control structures reclamation purposes. The analysis of the technical condition of culverts and water control structures on the basis of which are characteristic of their damage and requirements to ensure their operational reliability. This technique allows to determine the suitability of the building for further use on the basis of visual inspection and robustness of concrete elements of buildings.

Koech O. K.   Kinuthia R. N.   Mureithi S. M.   Karuku G.N.   and Wanjogu R.K.   

Seed yields of six range grass species grown at 80, 50 and 30% field capacity (FC) soil moisture content and rain fed condition were evaluated. The grasses included Chloris roxburghiana, Eragrostis superba, Enteropogon macrostachyus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana and Sorghum sudanense (Sudan grass). Watered treatments had higher seed yields compared to rain fed for all the grasses. Chloris roxburghiana had higher seed yields at 50 and 30 % FC (516.1 and 633.4 kg ha^-1, respectively), and lower yields at 80% FC and rain fed treatment (103 and 54.3 kg ha^-1, respectively). Eragrostis superba and Enteropogon macrostachyus showed no difference in seed yields across watered. Cenchrus ciliaris had no significant difference among watered and rain fed. Chloris gayana produced higher seed yields at 30% FC (1066.8 kg ha^-1) while 80 and 50% FC and rain fed having 766.9, 866.8 and 123.7 kg ha^-1, respectively. The highest yield was observed in Sorghum sudanense at 80% FC and was different (p≀0.05) from the others (1250 kg ha^-1), with 50, 30% FC and rain fed having 700.5, 533.9 and 150.7 kg ha^-1, respectively. Sorghum sudanense was highest yielder under rain fed (150.7 kg ha^-1) with least being Cenchrus ciliaris (21.8 kg ha^-1). Chloris gayana and Sorghum sudanense have demonstrated potential higher seed yielders under lower moisture supply.

Sajid Hussain   Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq   Zeeshan Akram   Muhammad Afzal   Imran Shabbir   and Shahbaz Hussain   

A pot culture experiment was conducted to estimate the behavior of maize under saline soil conditions in the wire house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. There were three treatments with different levels of salinity and equal amount of Ammonium Nitrate (NH₄NO₃) in all pots including control was applied to three genotypes of Hybrid Maize i.e. 32F10 (Poineer), King Cross (Auriga), and NK-8441 (Syngenta), in five replications. Treatments were applied according to Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Plant and soil samples were collected for determination of different physiological and ionic expressions. Genotype NK-8441 comparatively performed better at all salinity levels. All studied physiological parameters viz. relative water contents, membrane stability index, total chlorophyll contents, CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate showed a declining trend at higher salinity level, remarkably. However a very small decline was observed in NK-8441 compared with other genotypes. Due to salinity stress plant uptake of K⁺, NO₃^-, and N from soil was reduced and Na⁺ uptake was increased significantly as the salinity level was increased. NK-8441 showed its worth by up taking more K⁺, NO₃^- and N and discouraging Na⁺uptake.

Adil Bashir Karrar   Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed   Haitham Ragab Elramlwai   and Atif Elsadig Idris   

Agricultural production in Sudan is largely rainfed. For most Sudanese people sorghum is the staple food and its production is critical for national food security. Crop forecasting is the art of predicting crop yields and amounts of production before the harvest actually takes place, typically couple of months in advance. Several techniques can be used for crop forecasting. Crop forecasting relies on computer programs that describe the plant-environment interactions in quantitative terms. Such programs are called models. A twin-track approach was adopted, in which the fieldwork was linked to computer modeling. The outcome of the modeling effort was the development of the crop growth and water productivity prediction model. The model is a deterministic, process-based physical model with daily time-step cropping systems. The model can simulate the soil-plant water budget, crop canopy and root growth, and dry matter production for Sorghum crop. Experiments were done at Sinnar, AbuNa'ama and Gedaref areas during the same season. A simple, two layered soil, water balance model is used, based upon assumptions that the soil has a moderate hydraulic conductivity and no drainage impediment, there is no storage of water in excess of field capacity beyond one day, the water table is deep and there is no significant contribution from groundwater, the water content of the root zone is uniformly distributed at the end of each day, model takes no direct account of soil fertility, technology (mechanization, fertilizer use), varietal differences and farming practices. Inputs are daily date since sowing, mean or average daily temperature in degree Celsius, daily pan evaporation (mm), daily rainfall (mm), which is the only source of infiltration into the soil. Sorghum grain yield is estimated by the model as the main output. The ability of the model to provide reasonable estimate of rain-fed sorghum yield according to Chi square test is reasonable, and therefore, the model can be used for forecasting sorghum yield in the study area.

K. M. Basnet   N. R. Adhikari   and M.P. Pandey   

An experiment was conducted in 2008 at the horticultural farm of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal to evaluate the collected Nepalese/ local and exotic mungbean genotypes based on eight qualitative traits. The genotypes were grouped into 6 clusters according to UPGMA hierarchical techniques. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes together with greater genetic similarity; the clusters did not necessarily include all genotypes from the same origin. Some cluster consisted only of the local or the exotic genotypes while in others, both categories were grouped under the same cluster. This was primarily due to similarity in the different genotypes for the qualitative traits observed. Although Principal Component Analysis (PCA) did not form robust group as outlined by the cluster analysis, it surely supported the groups formed in the dendogram. In general, the clusters formed displayed the closeness of the local and exotic genotypes among themselves than for the mixed population consisting of both genotypes. Principal component analysis showed that five Principal Components (PCs) together accounted for 92.30% of the total phenotypic variability observed in the mungbean genotypes. The first three PCs had nearly 78% of the total variation with individual share of 40.60%, 22.30% and 14.70% respectively.

Martin Angula   Benisiu Thomas   and Bertha Ijambo   

In this paper, we attempted to identify determinants of farmers’ participation in Green Scheme project and determinants of profits once farmers are in the project. Furthermore, we have attempted to investigate whether there is any difference in profitability between project farmers and other farmers operating own horticultural enterprises within the vicinity of the project. This paper has focused primarily on Etunda Green Scheme Project and other farmers in the Olushandja area. We used the Heckman’s Sample Selection Model to address the issue of farmers’ self-selection into the project. The study found that owning a car (proxy for wealth) and the project plot size are the most significant determinants of farmers’ participation in the project. The study also found that the level of education and ability to hire labor are critical determinants of profitability for project farmers.

S. Bera   and R. K. Ghosh   

The effects of Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC on microflora population and soil physico-chemical properties in potato were investigated over two seasons (2008-9 and 2010-11). The treatments are as follows: oxyfluorfen 23.5%EC @100, 200 and 300 g a.i. ha^-1 as pre-emergence, atrazine @ 1000 g ha^-1 as pre-emergence, pendimethalin @ 1500 g ha^-1 as pre-planting incorporation, farmer practice (hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAP) and unweeded control. Among all the treatments, oxyfluorfen@ 300 g a.i. ha^-1 recorded minimum weed population as well as biomass. Potato tuber yield was maximum in oxyfluorfen 23.5%EC @ 300 g a.i. ha^-1 (35.032 t ha^-1) which is statistically at par with oxyfluorfen 23.5%EC @ 200 g a.i. ha^-1 (34.706 t ha^-1). Excluding atrazine @ 1000 g ha^-1 and pendimethalin @ 1500 g ha^-1, no phytotoxicity in potato plants was observed in the herbicidal treatments. Bulk density, water holding capacity, moisture content, soil pH, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, as well as total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents were analyzed along with microflora population (total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi). Soil physico-chemical properties were unchanged. Though, herbicide treatments resulted in decreases in microbial counts initially but with the degradation of applied herbicides within a considerable time, the population even exceeded later than the initial count.

Vijayalakshmi D.   and Bangarusamy U.   

An investigation was carried out to understand the physiological mechanisms of male sterility in rice. The critical sterility temperature and critical stage of thermosensitivity of the selected TGMS (Thermosensitive Genie Male Sterile) line, TS 29 was studied using a Phytotron. Variations in the physiological traits were analyzed at Stage VII of panicle development (Filling phase of pollen, floret and panicle reach full length and colour turns to green). High significant reductions in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, hill reaction, sugars and carbohydrate contents were recorded. The high temperature induced male sterility in TGMS line was associated with accumulation of starch and higher diffusive resistance. However a reverse of all the above responses was found in the TS 29 grown under fertility inducing low temperature and in the variety CO 46. The results revealed that some physiological traits play an important role by acting as signals or messengers in response to temperature leading to pollen abortion.

Ghulam Ali   and Qamar Zia   

Irrigation has been described as one of the most subsidized activity in the irrigated agriculture in Pakistan. The farmer’s thinking about the canal water is as, a free commodity. The farmers observed the scheduled irrigation on weekly basis in cotton without knowing the cost and its impact on cotton crop. This study was conducted to empower the farming communities in developing and adoption of water scouting strategies at farm level in cotton ecosystem which resulted in enhanced water use efficiency and the number of irrigations was cut down up to 33.4% without affecting the seed cotton yield.

N.J. Umuhoza Karemera  and Sylvestre Habimana  

Studies on ripening, shelf-life, physico-chemical parameters and organoleptic evaluation of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) Cv. Alphonso were carried out at the A block of mango orchard at UAS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India with the fallowing objectives: to evaluate the different concentrations of calcium chloride on ripening of certain varieties of mango; to study the effect of calcium chloride spray on shelf-life of different varieties of mango; to study the effect of calcium chloride spray on physico-chemical properties of mango and to study the effect of calcium chloride spray on organoleptic qualities of mango. The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design wherein mango trees were sprayed with CaCl₂ in the following treatments: T1: Control (no spray), T2: 0.50% spray of calcium chloride at 30 days before harvest, T3: 1.00% spray of calcium chloride at 30 days before harvest, T4: 1.50% spray of calcium chloride at 30 days before harvest, T5: 0.50% spray of calcium chloride at 15 days before harvest, T6: 1.00% spray of calcium chloride at 15 days before harvest, T7: 1.50% spray of calcium chloride at 15 days before harvest. The results revealed that 1.50% CaCl₂ significantly increased the number of days taken for ripening of fruits, the shelf-life of fruits, physico-chemical parameters and organoleptic evaluation of mango fruits compared to control.

Ayoub Zeyada Elhag   and Abdalla Mohamed Hussein   

This study was conducted to find an optimum sowing date and plant population for bean cultivars suitable for export in Khartoum State. A field experiment was conducted in winter in 2011-2012, at the College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan. Two sowing datesS₁ and S₂ (7^th and 26^th of November, respectively) and six plant populations obtained by three plant spacing (10, 15 and20cm plant spacing) and two planting densities (2 and 3 plants/hill) on 70cm ridges were tested in completely randomized block design in four replications. The results showed that early sowing date (S₁) had positive effects on both growth and pod yield and quality compared to late sowing (S₂), irrespective of plant population. Increasing of plant population increased plant height but decreased pod yield. The highest pod yield (105.9 g) was obtained at early sowing (S₁) by 2plants/hill and 20cm plant spacing which was almost double that (56.3 g) obtained at the same plant population at late sowing (S₂). Pod yield /ha was higher at S₁ at all plant population than S₂. However, the highest pod yield/ha was obtained at S₁ by the highest plant population (3plant/ hill at 10cm spacing) and the lowest at S₂ by the lowest plant population (2plants/hill at 20cm spacing). Moreover, all pod quality parameters were positively affected by planting density irrespective of plant spacing. It could be concluded that for optimum green pod yield and quality of beans for export it should be sown as early as the first week of November at 2 plant/hill and 10 cm or 3 plants/hill at 15cm plant spacing on 70cm ridges in Khartoum State and areas of similar conditions.

Uwe Christian Plachetka   

Information systems are essential for "response agriculture". The famous IntiWatanas, the Inca sundials were a technological detail of "response agriculture" as the development of the Inca Empire was a matter of coping with the challenges of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly in the Central Andean Highlands. Such archaic but smart techniques can be understood only when considered in their original socio-ecologic context.

Victor I. Deineka   Michael Yu. Tret’yakov   Maria S. Lapshova   and Ludmila A. Deineka   

Lutein is a health promoting xanthophyll that may be extracted from marigold flowers. But the plant is known also for biosynthesis of phototoxic polythiophenes. Extracts of flowers of some Tagetes species grown in Belgorod (RF) T. erecta L. (cv. Gavaii) , T. patula L. (cv. Petit orange), T. tenuifolia Cav. (unknown cv.), and T. lucida Cav. were investigated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array (DAD) and mass spectomertic detector (MS). It has been found that C₁₃ bithienyl (instead of C₁₂-derivatives being common for hairy roots) was a major thiophene derivative of all extracts under investigation, and that thiophenes are accumulated mainly in the parts of flowers hidden from sunlight by a flower’s sepals. Therefore two methods of petal preparation for lutein diesters extraction were investigated. It has been shown that solid phase extraction on silica is a simple way for lutein diesters purification from thiophenes.

Ali Nejat Lorestani   Sadegh Gawhari   and Sajad Sadi   

Fruits and vegetables with the similar weight and uniform shape are in high demand in terms of marketing value. Therefore, an awareness of grading fruits and vegetables based on weight is crucial. A part of this research was aimed to present some physical properties of Medlar fruit. In addition, in this study the mass of Medlar was predicted with using different physical characteristics in four models includes: Linear, Quadratic, S-curve, and Power. According to the results, all properties considered in the current study were found to be statistically significant at the 1% probability level and the best and the worst models for prediction the mass of Medlar were based on Volume and Length of the Medlar with determination coefficients of 0.996 and 0.580, respectively. At last, mass model based on thickness from economical standpoint is recommended.

Sushma Mishra   and Aruna Jain   

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of INM on vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting of Andrographis paniculata. The experiment was followed in a randomized block design with 8 treatments. The different treatments were T₁- no treatment, T₂- vermicompost, T₃-biofertilizers, T₄-chemical fertilizers, T₅- biofertilizers + vermicompost, T₆- biofertilizers + chemical fertilizers, T₇- chemical fertilizers + vermicompost, T₈- biofertilizers + chemical fertilizers + vermicompost. The results indicated that maximum growth i.e. plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf length and breadth, leaf area, land area occupied by per plant and leaf area index, number of flowers and fruits of A. paniculata was found in T₈ plot treatment compare to other plots. From the analysis of result it has concluded that integrated use of biofertilizers, chemical fertilizers and vermicompost treatments significantly increased growth parameters of A. paniculata.

Muhammad Yaseen   Badar Naseem Siddiqui   Muhammad Ali   and Muhammad Ameen   

The present study was designed to assess the role of private sector in dissemination of agricultural information among cotton growers of Rajan Pur district of Punjab province, Pakistan. All the cotton growers were considered as the population of the study. The sample of the population was limited to 120 farmers selected through simple random sampling techniques. The data were collected through personal interviews with the help of interview schedule. The data were arranged and organized on a tally sheet interpretation. The results revealed that private sector contribute momentous role in dissemination of agricultural information among cotton growers. Private sector should increase their role to boost up agriculture. Furthermore, agriculture department should rethink about their working strategies to play their role in dissemination of information to farmers, which is their duty.

Mohammed M. Hassan  Hussien M. Daffalla  Hanan Ibrahim Modwi  Magdoleen G. Osman  Inas Ishag Ahmed  Migdam E. Abdel Gani  and Abdel El Gabar E. Babiker  

The effects of aqueous extracts of three fungi were evaluated on three millet varieties and Striga hermonthica seed germination. Striga seeds were inoculated with Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and Pencillium spp. in presence of GR24. T. viride at concentration 25% improved significantly Striga germination (90.3%) compared to control (85.4%) in presence of 0.1 ppm GR24. However the same fungi T. viride at 75% + 0.01 ppm GR24 was significantly inhibited Striga seed germination (0%). Seeds of three millet verities were treated with 0-75% concentrations of T. viride or Pencillium spp. The results showed that variety MCSRC recorded 100% final germination (FG) in all treatments. However, Mallit and El-Fasher varieties showed 100% FG when treated with the concentrations 0% (control), 25% or 50% only and decreased with application of 75% inoculums. The maximum viguor index (805) occurred on El-Fasher with 50% T. viride compared to its control (787). The minimum viguor index (335) was recorded by Mallit in 75% Pencillium compared to its control (752). When comparing the three varieties in germination rate, MCSRC showed increase in germination rate with increasing inoculums concentration, while Mallit and El-Fasher showed decrease with increasing inoculums concentration. Mallit recorded the highest shoot length (8.18 cm) with 75% T. viride. On the other hand, El-Fasher recorded the highest root length (15.23 cm), shoot dry weight (8.35g) and root dry weight (4.7g) compared with control. Generally, MCSRC appear to be more tolerant to fungal application in the highest concentration followed by El-Fasher and Mallit although no significant differences were observed among millet varieties.

Abd Elaziz S. Ahmed   and Azhari O. Abdelbagi   

The efficacy of the fumigant action of garlic aqueous ethyl acetate extract (95:5 v/v) from the Chinese garlic was tested against the adult stage of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), under laboratory conditions at the Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan. Garlic extracts were prepared by 24 hrs soaking of garlic powder in water: ethyl acetate solution (95:5% v/v). The tested concentrations were 0.1%, 1%, 5% and 10%. The bioassay was done in plastic cups placed in glass chambers with sliding doors. Result indicated that water: ethyl acetate extract was effective against the test insect. The median lethal doses (LD₅₀) for the extracts after 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours were 0.351%, 1.14%, 0.26%, 0.088% and 0.059% while the corresponding LD90 values were 14.92%, 7.41%, 1.66%, 2.99% and 1.20%. The respective median lethal times (LT₅₀) values at the concentrations 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.1% were 3.56 hrs, 4.35 hrs, 9.87 hrs and 50.63 hrs with a corresponding LT₉₀ of 16.32 hrs, 19.09 hrs, 63.86 hrs and 112.39 hrs. Mortality was found to increase with increase in exposure period and concentration. The responses of test insects were homogenous as indicated by the steep slope of probit lines. Based on the current results 90% mortality can be achieved at concentration 5% within 24 hrs exposure period. No significant recoveries were observed after 4 days following exposure and few non-significant cases of malformation were noticed. Further lines of research were suggested.

Gafar Ali Farah   Yassin M. Ibrahim Dagash   and Samia Osman Yagoob   

A field experiment was conducted at the Demonstration farm of College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of science and Technology, in season (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) to study the effect of biofertilizer (EM), organic fertilizer (pellet granule and compost), and inorganic fertilizer (urea + superphosphate), and (urea + superphosphate + compost) on yield components of two varieties of Rice (kosti 1 and omgar). Application of EM gave a positive increase in all of the studied parameters. Moreover, the interaction of EM with kosti 1 gave more significant increments. All treatments have a significant affect compared with control at all parameters studied (spike length /cm, number of seeds/spike, 1000-seed weight, number of reproductive tillers/plant, yield tons/hectare and harvest index HI). The high yield 2.97 t/ha was obtained by EM x kosti 1followed by urea+sup+comp, pellet granule and urea+sup in both season while the control recorded less yield (1.07) t/ha.

K. M. Mehedi Adnan   Md. Mostafizur Rahman   and Swati Anindita Sarker   

The study was undertaken to analyze the marketing system and post harvest practices of onion both at farmers and trades level. Four marketing channels were identified in onion marketing. The study indicated that longer marketing channel gave lesser share to farmer than shorter channel. The study indicated that shorter channel showed less marketing loss and longer channel it was high. High price gap was found between farmers and consumers level. The intermediaries sorted decayed and removed the outer loose shell of onion before marketing. Proper scientific method for post-harvest practices and co-operative market & market monitoring facility should be introduced by government.

Yassin Mohamed Ibrahim   Atif Elsadig Idris   and Mohamed Abd-Elfatah Marhoum   

An experiment was conducted at the demonstration farm, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and technology, Shambat during April to July 2008 and April to July 2009 to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on two local cultivars of pearl millet (Wad Ahana and Dembi) under irrigation conditions. The experiments were conducted by using a split plot arrangement, two cultivars as main plots and the five nitrogen levels as sub plots. The parameters measured were fresh weight (kg), dry weight (kg), plant height (cm), number of tillers/plant, stem diameter (cm), number of leaves/plant and forage fresh weight (t/ha). The statistical analysis was recorded to separate the means. The results revealed positive significant effects on fresh weight, dry weight, number of leaves/plant and forage yield which indicate the ability to grow millet successfully during April as a forage crop. The results recorded that additional nitrogen rate of 120 kg N/fed obtained significant effects in both seasons. The results showed that Dembi cultivar has a wide response to nitrogen fertilizer under irrigation conditions in both seasons. This study cleared that local cultivars of pearl millet could not obtain positive grain yield due to the effect of temperature and a long day light in April – July, but it was good for forage yield. Furthermore, local cultivars of millet need more genetic and selective experiments to create a new resistant type.

Ahmed Ali Mohamed Osman   Abdel Aziz Hamid Abdel Aziz   and Faisal Suleiman Hag Babiker   

A field trial was conducted for two successive seasons 2006 – 07 at the experimental farm of Shambat Research Station, Khartoum North to compare the yield of 5 cultivars of Rhodes grass and 2 local grass fodders. A randomized complete block design was used. The first cut for all the entries was taken when the plants reached 50 % flowering. The three subsequent cuts were taken at intervals of 35 days in case of Rhodes where as for Abu sabein and Garawya at 50% flowering. The forage yield was evaluated across four cuts. The study revealed that Rhodes grass significantly out yielded forage Sorghum cultivars Abu Sabein and Garawya in all cuts other than the first one. Quality wise the percentages of protein shown by Rhodes grass were comparable if not better than those reported in Abu Sabein or in forage Sorghum in general.

Ayoub Zeyada Elhag   and Maha Hussien Abdalla   

This study was conducted at the nursery of Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology. Sodium chloride (NaCl) tolerance of 2-months moringa transplants ( Moringa oleifera .Lam.) was investigated in plastic pots containing 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% NaCl (w/w of .soil) resembling 1.8, 4, 8 and 16 dSm^-1 electrical conductivity (Ec) of the soil solution ), in a completely randomized design with four replications. The vegetative growth was evaluated as transplant height, number of leaves and root length. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl^- in the transplant parts (stem, leaves and roots) were also recorded Both shoot and root growth parameters were only slightly affected by the different NaCl concentrations. However, the stem height and number of leaves were significantly reduced (30% and 40%,respectively) by the highest NaCl concentration (0.8% NaCl). Mineral ions uptake reflected that Na⁺ and Cl^- concentrations in the different plant parts (roots, stem and leaves) were almost doubled at the highest NaCl concentration, whereas both K⁺ and Ca²⁺ were reduced by 24- 64% compared to control. At the highest NaCl concentration there was a tendency of higher concentration of Na⁺ and Cl^- and lower concentrations of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves. It could be concluded that 2-month moringa transplants might be NaCl tolerant up to 8dSm^-1 Ec. Further studies are required to assess the mechanism of salinity tolerance of moringa. 2-month moringa transplants rather than direct seeding could be recommended for utilization of salt affected areas.

M.Ramananda Bhat   D.V.R.Murthy   M.B.Saidutta   and Sahitya Reddivari   

Urea briquettes suffer from major disadvantages such as relatively rapid dissolution, high soil urea concentration around shrinking briquette and susceptibility to leaching losses. Coatings, such as kokum wax applied on the briquettes, can mitigate these problems. Concentration of urea developed in soil, due to release from kokum wax coated briquettes, were experimentally measured in silt loam soil. High soil urea concentrations as observed in the case of uncoated briquettes were not observed, thereby alleviating the ill effects of high concentration of soil urea.

Naila Orucova   

Morphogenetic Diagnostics, Nomenclature and Classification of Azerbaijan Soils has been prepared on the basis of the newest ideas concerning the available printing and fund materials of the field, chamber, laboratorial researches in the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of ANAS. Protection and preservation of the available soils require the soil diagnostics formation which is up to the contemporary requirements. The materials concerning the soil diagnostics, nomenclature and classification constantly expand and improve. The local soil condition and individual characters are assumed as a basis by using of the ideas and principles of WRB, FAO-UNESCO schools, Russian soil science in the given Azerbaijan soil classification preparation. The soils morphogenetic structure is assumed as a main principle in Azerbaijan soil classification. The soil is classified naturally and its morphogenetic diagnostics is given. For the first time great soil taxons (soil class, section, type) and low taxons (soil subtype, sort, type, diversity, line) which are up to the international and national requirements separated and a large diagnostics has been given. Formation of the soils contemporary diagnostics and classification concerning the International standards will be basis for the preparation of the Red Book of Soils.

А.А. Mushinskiy   

Improvements were introduced in technology of potato cultivation under irrigation in the conditions of the Southern Urals steppes. Key elements of agronomical complexes aimed to cultivate the crop were developed in experiments. They provide control of light regime and feeding schedule, phytosanitary characteristics of seeds to gain different levels of the expected yield. We defined water consumption regime of the crop in ontogeny for regional conditions. On the result of multivariance evaluation we defined percent of impact of the examined factors on potato crop capacity. It was set out that if water and feeding regime of soil are combined in the optimum way the potato crop makes 49 tons per 1 hectar.

Ekta Prakash   and Dwijendra Kumar Gupta   

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Cuminum cyminum Linn ethanolic extract using in-vitro study. Following seven human cancer cell lines Colon 502713, Colo-205, Hep-2, A-549, OVCAR-5, PC-5, SF-295 were taken. The anti-cancer properties of cumin seed was determined using SRB assay. Activity was found to be 25%, 61%, 40%, 31%, 31%, 28%, 27% against SF-295, Colon 502713, Colo-205, Hep-2, A-549, OVCAR-5, PC-5 human cancer cell lines respectively. Cuminum cyminum Linn extract showed 61% maximum activity against Colon 502713 cell line.

Mohmed Osmsn A.A.   Osman A.m.   Abu Assar A.H.   and Dagash.Y.M.I.   

Estimation of the genetic variability among 18 local genotypes of Maize (Zea mays L) was recorded. In a genotype X tester fashion, 16 genotypes were crossed with low testers. All the 32 F₁ genotype and their 18 parents were sown for two seasons (2007/08 and 2008/09), in summer (Autum). The results in season 2007/08 indicated highly significant differences for Number of leaves / plant while significant for the--- character--- day's to 50% tasselling, stem diameter, leaf area, Cob bareness% Cob diameter, Cob weight, yield/ plant and yield (t/ha). On the other hands in season 2008/09, a highly significant differences were shown for three characters (day's to 50% tasselling, Cob diameter and yield t/ha), while significant for six characters (stem diameter, Number of leaves/Plant, leaf area, Cob bareness%, Cob weight and yield per plant).

Pradip Hajong   Md. Moniruzzaman   M. Idris Ali Mia   and Md. Mostafizur Rahman   

The study was undertaken to investigate the storage system and seasonal price variation of potato. Ten cold storage owners, 20 potato traders and 30 potato growers of Rangpur district in Bangladesh comprised the sample frame of the study. Both the primary and secondary data were collected. The primary data were collected through direct interview method with the help of pretested questionnaires during the months of August and September, 2011. Storing of potato in the cold storage plants certainly reduces the excessive losses of potato but all farmers can not avail the facility of cold storages due to several reasons, such as high cold storage charge, uncertainty of future market price, financial insolvency, bad communication and inadequate transport facilities and lack of any provision in getting compensation for damage of potato in the cold storage plants. Prices of potato began to increase by April and reached the peak in December. During the harvest period, potato price remained low and then it gradually rose up to the start of next harvesting period.

Shaikh, Javaria Manzoor   Ali Tania   and Ali Hyder   

The agricultural land around Moenjodaro has high salts content and this is increased by the irrigation system: nearby fields are inundated with water for weeks and this makes the water table rise. As a result water tends to migrate towards the structures and salts crystallize on the surface. There is an urgent need to stop the cultivation of paddy crops to overcome the problem of high water table due to high irrigation of rice plant around the site. The aim of this paper is to study the main threats affecting Moenjo Daro, an archaeological site that prospered from 2350 to 1800 BC. The major hazard for the preservation of the site is the rising water table. Here the Master Plan and the solutions are presented to maintain the equilibrium of the permanent vegetation and forest, as well as irrigation which is but away from the site. The major causes of the decay is soil salinity, hence Moenjodaro the phenomenon of soluble salts decay takes place in a twofold way: Subsoil water is driven upwards by capillary action through the structures and in so doing it carries soluble salts. Such salts effloresce on the brick surface if the evaporation is slow and subfloresce if the evaporation is fast.

Kashif Nadeem   Muneeb Munawar   and Saeed Ahmad Shah Chishti   

Information regarding genetic base, nature and strength of association and effect of different yield component and quality traits on final yield is prerequisite of a crop improvement program. Twenty one genotypes of tomato were sown in triplicated complete randomized design to access this information. All traits showed considerable genetic variation with variable environmental influence. Additive gene action was involved in expression of days to 50% flowering, vine length, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight. Dominance played major role for number of fruit clusters per plant and lycopene contents. Number of fruit clusters per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit firmness and lycopene contents had strong positive association with fresh fruit yield per plant at genotypic level. Number of fruit clusters per plant had maximum direct effect on fresh fruit yield followed by fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and days to 50% flowering. It was concluded that number of fruits per plant is more important for varietal development while for hybrid breeding, number of fruit clusters per plant should be main concern along with fruit firmness and lycopene contents.

V.Divya Rao   and Y.Avasn. Maruthi   

Visakhapatnam is famously known as the “city of destiny”. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have increased the levels of pollution in soils causing insignificant loss of ancient plant species and soil microflora.AM fungal association is present with almost all the plants. Residential and commercial area were taken into consideration and percentage AM colonization was identified. Two ornamental plant species were taken namely S. scutellarioides and I.herbistii. Glomus sp and Acaulospora sp showed maximum colonization.There was increase in the levels of Phosphate with S. scutellarioides plant species and about 72% of colonization was seen in both the residential and commercial sites.The Phosphate levels were not upto the mark with I.herbstii species where colonization also resulted the same with about 32% in both the residential and commercial sites.

Muhammad Ajmal Bashir   Waqas ahmad   Khawaja Shafique Ahmad   Jamil Shafi   Muhammad Asif Shehzad   Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar   Imran Ghani   and Muhammad Iqbal   

The study showed the significant effect of foliar application of micronutrients on all the parameters. The height of plants in T2 increases by 5ml/1000ml solution. The application of micronutrients solution increases the number of branches per plant in T₃ (6.69) by 5ml/l 000ml solution of water as compare to control followed by T₂ (7.77), T₁ (6.21), and T₀ (4.87) respectively. Foliar fertilization improves the growth and development by providing essential nutrients. The T₂ (35.87 cm) showed the maximum length of branches per plant. Therefore plants that received no fertilization of micro nutrients, show less length of branches per plant. Data regarding number of leaves per plant depicted significant results for treatments. These results have similarity to results of number of branches per plant indicated that plant which fertilized with essential micro nutrients that represent more number of leaves per plant as compared to other treatments levels. Application of micro nutrients solution increases the number of leaves per plant in T₂ (8.10). A significant superiority of T₂ treatment over T₁ was observed. Emergence days was shorter for plants fertilized with T₃ of micro nutrients solution compared to those received no fertilization but was longer compared to plants receiving other fertilization treatments. Fertilization had greater effect on the flower emergence as compared to control. Therefore we can conclude that plant which received fertilization of micro nutrients solution show significant results as compared to those which received no fertilization.

Lydia Mumbi Chabala   Elias Kuntashula   and Peter Kaluba   

Zambian rural communities are vulnerable to climate change because most farmers depend on rainfed agriculture. While efforts on adaptation are being spearheaded, information on the extent of climatic shifts and occurrence of extreme climatic events is limited. Therefore, a study was undertaken to assess changes in climatic variables of rainfall and temperature in Zambia’s Agro-ecological zones. The objective of the study was to assess the extent of change in rainfall and temperature and to ascertain the occurrence pattern of extreme climatic events. Daily climatic data records were obtained from the Meteorological department in Zambia. Time series plots were prepared for trend detection in the inter-annual mean rainfall and temperature. A five year moving average was used to obtain the regression equations. Floods were defined to extremes greater than 40 mm in a day and to obtain their return period (T) in year, the cumulative probabilities, F, was transformed by using T=1/(1-F) or T = 100/(100-P) for percentages. A distribution free approach was fitted for estimation of return periods of dry spells in cases where rainfall totals may be zero. Results among the five stations (Choma, Petauke, Mpika, Serenje and Chipepo) considered, indicated that mean temperatures had an increasing trend which was statistically significant only for Choma district. Rainfall trends were variable with some stations (Mpika and Chipepo) showing increasing trends while others (Petauke and Serenje) showing decreasing trends. Floods were frequent in all stations analysed from January to March rather than October to November. Dry spell of 4 days duration were much more frequent than those of 7 and 10 days. Choma was found to be the most susceptible to dry spells while Mpika was the least affected. The study further revealed that the optimal planting widow was the last week of November up to the first week of December for rainfed crop production.

Mohsen Azadbakht   Hassan Jafari   and Mostafa Esmaili Shayan   

Simple gears are used as one of the simplest transmitting factors of the power in parallel shafts in gearboxes. Gearbox in MF285 tractor is from sliding gear type and power transmission is done by simple gears. In this study, first 3D model of gearbox in MF285 tractor was designed in SOLIDWORKS 2010 and additional software of Geartrax and then designed model was used for analyzing by finite elements method in ANSYS WORKBNCH 11 software. The values of exerted stresses were calculated by Von-Mises theory in both engaging gears together. Maximum stress values were estimated by ANSYS WORKBENCH 11 and in proportion with those points, a safety factor was obtained. Result showed that increasing numbers of gear, maximum stress value will increase and in edge of gears is more failure than the rest.

Izzeldein Adam Mohammed Radma   and Yassin Mohammed Ibrahim Dagash   

Field experiments were conducted in the Demonstration Farm of Mohammed Osman Salih ( Blue Nile North of Gezira state / ElBagir area) for the two consecutive seasons ( summer 2007 /2008 and 2008 /2009 ) to study the effect of nitrogen and weeding levels on yield of five cultivars of maize (Zea Mays L.) under irrigation. The treatments used consisted of three levels of nitrogen control (N₀) , 86 kg N/ha (N₁), 129 kg N/ha (N₂), two levels of weeding non-weed control (W₀) , weeding (W₁) and five cultivars, open pollinated Giza-2 (V₁) , Var-113 (V₂) , Hudiba-1 (V₃) and Hybrid cultivars, Hycorn-90 (V₄) and Hycorn-675 (V₅).The 30 factorial treatments were executed in randomized complete block design, with four replications. The results obtained showed that nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on final seed yield and some yield components as cob yield and number of seeds per cob when different nitrogen doing with no-weeding was not significant for seed yield. The results from these experiments showed that hybrid cultivars maize efficiently utilized nitrogen without weeding better than the open cultivars except Giza-2.The results obtained showed negligible differences between the two seasons for yield. This justifies growing maize in summer with 129 kg/ha nitrogen and good cultivation.

Muhammad Adil Waqas ahmad Khawaja Shafique Ahmad Jamil Shafi Muhammad Asif Shehzad Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar Muhammad Salman Muhammad Imran Ghani and Muhammad Iqabal 

The present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of different sowing dates and temperature on growth, yield and quality of two important cultivars of Gladiolus grandiflorus L. Rose supreme and White prosperity .The results showed that different planting dates have significant effect on number of days taken by gladiolus corm to germinate. A significant superiority of T1 5.5 days over T2 with 9.10 days on all the treatments was observed. Among the treatments maximum sprouting percentage was recorded in T2 with 94.66 % followed by T3 82.19 % on all the treatments. The days to 6-leaves stage depict highly significant difference in variance of treatments, interactive effect of treatments and cultivars. The maximum plant height (115.33cm) was recorded in T2 followed by T3 with 111.04cm. Mean values of number of leaves indicated significant superiority of T2 with 8.02 leaves and T3 with 7.93 leaves on all other treatments. The maximum chlorophyll contents 71.60 were recorded in T2 followed by T3 with 67.65 on all the treatments. Spike length showed highly significant difference in variance of treatments, interactive effect of treatments and cultivars. The maximum number of florets (17.16) was recorded in T2 followed by T3 with 15.83 florets. Among the treatments maximum corm diameter (6.19 cm) was recorded on T2 and T6 showed maximum number of cormels (5.96 cm). It is suggested that proper planting date reduce the production cost by reducing the crop time and also produce elite flowers with increased market value.

Aziz Ahmed  Tanveer Arif  Mahar Amanullah Humaira wasila Imran Ahmad Bharumal Amrani Saeed Akhtar Abro Siraj Ahmed Channa and Zahid Hussain Jalbani 

Participatory oriented actions were taken in district Tharparkar (South-eastern Pakistan) to combat desertification effects through conserving Commiphora wightii, an endangered medicinal plant and local biodiversity protectionat large scale. Synergies of various stakeholders at different levels were undertaken to strengthen local ecosystem conservation projects in Nagarparkar area of district Tharparkar by involving indigenous communities through in-situ Commiphora wightii proliferation, plantation and awareness raising programmes. Optimistic results were achieved from local communities’ participation in various activities, plantation of 4250 Commiphora wightii(three and half months old)was carried out through vegetative cuttings at the selected natural rangeland sites in the study area.

I.A. Radma and Y.M.I. Dagash 

Field experiments were conducted in the Demonstration Farm of Mohammed Osman Salih ( Blue Nile North of Gezira state / ElBagair area) for the two consecutive seasons ( summer 2007 /2008 and 2008 /2009 to study the effect of different Nitrogen and Weeding Levels on Vegetative growth of Five Cultivars of Zea mays. The treatments used consisted of three levels of nitrogen control (N0) , 86 kg N/ha (N1), 129 kg N/ha (N2), two levels of weeding non-weed control (W0) , weeding (W1) and five cultivars, open pollinated Giza-2 (V1) , Var113 (V2), Hudiba-1 (V3) and Hybrid cultivars, Hycorn-90 (V4) and Hycorn-675 (V5). The 30 factorial treatments were executed in randomized complete block design, with four replications. The results obtained showed that nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on growth of maize cultivars, particularly plant height, leaves number and dry weight of plant. The results from these experiments showed that hybrid cultivars maize efficiently utilized nitrogen without weeding better than the open cultivars except Giza-2. The results obtained showed negligible differences between the two seasons for vegetative growth. This justifies growing maize in summer with 129 kg/ha nitrogen and good cultivation.

Pallabi Dutta Partha Nath Dutta and P.K. Borua 

The objectives of this study were to estimate variability and genetic parameters of sixty-eight rice genotypes for twelve agronomically important characters. Significant variations were observed for all characters. Considering genetic parameters, high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations, high heritability (broad sense) and high genetic advance as percentage of mean were shown by eight characters viz. tillers per plant, days to 50% flowering, harvest index, spikelets per panicle, spikelets per plant, spikelet density, panicles per plant and grain yield. Thus these characters were under the influence of additive gene action and a satisfactory selection programme for agronomic improvement on the basis of these characters is possible.

M.O. Gafar A. Z. Elhag and M.A. Abdelgader 

This study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology Farm to evaluate the impact of Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, and Sevin, a carbamate insecticide, on the growth of snake cucumber and soil. The results revealed that both Malathion and Sevin had significant negative effects on cucumber growth (plant height, leaf number and shoot fresh and dry weight) at all doses used compared to control. However, the recommended dose showed the lowest negative effect compared to both lower and higher doses used. Both pesticides had also negative effects on the soil as they reduced both soil nitrogen (by 36%) and phosphorus (by 20%) contents as well as its CEC. They also increased soil aggregate and salinity. Malathion showed the greater impact on growth compared to Sevin. However, it could be recommended that for use of both pesticides on cucumber not more than the recommended dose should be applied.

Isaac Rahimi Kourosh Qaderi and Amir Mohammad Abasiyan 

Recently application of optimization techniques has been suggested to derive reservoir operation policies for multi-objective reservoir systems. Water use involves a large number of stakeholders with different objectives. In reservoir operation some of objectives often are conflicting objectives, hence Optimization techniques are expected to provide balanced their solutions. This paper presents an efficient and reliable swarm intelligence-based approach, namely a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach to Multi-Objective optimization Problems (MOP), called Time Variant Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (TV-MOPSO) technique, to derive a set of optimal operation policies for a multi-objective reservoir system. Classical optimization methods are often unable to attain a good Pareto front. To overcome this problem for Multi-Objective optimization Problem, this study employs a heuristic algorithm, Time Variant Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization to generate a Pareto optimal set. To show practical utility, TV-MOPSO is then applied to a realistic case study, namely the Doroodzan reservoir system in Iran. The reservoir serves multiple objectives comprise of minimizing domestic supply (industry) deficits, minimizing irrigation deficits and maximizing hydropower production in that order of priority. The results obtained demonstrate that Time Variant Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization is consistently performing better than the standard Particle Swarm Optimization. This study demonstrates the usefulness of Time Variant Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization for water resource management problem.

Mohsen Azadbakht Mostafa Esmaili Shayan and Hassan Jafari 

Shaft in combine is one of the most important components of transformer of power to the wheels. One of the main failures in combines is breaking shaft which repairmen refer it. For analyzing stress, a typical sample from a type of combine was selected, called JD955 combine. Long shaft in this combine was analyzed with finite element method by the generic package of Ansys13 under static load. Conducted analysis showed that there is a maximum stress in contact surfaces of indentations and also in place of changing diameter. Safety factor value is low in parts of the shaft and this increases the probability of failure at these points.

Temel Ćžahin Ä°lker Zeki Kurtoğlu and Fikri Balta 

The effects of different extenders and storage periods on the motility and fertilization rate of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) semen were evaluated after short-term storage. Semen was collected from anesthetized males by the abdominal massage. After determination of main semen characteristics, the pooled ejaculates were diluted with 4 different extenders at a ratio of 1:3, and stored at 4℃ for 72 h. During preservation, spermatozoa motility (%) were determined every 12 h. Fertilization was carried out using the dry fertilization technique. The sperm-egg ratio was approximately 0.5x106 sperm/egg for optimum fertilization success. The highest motility (64.4±5.27%) and fertilization rate (94.3 ± 0.58 %) were obtained from semen stored with glucose based extender after 72 h storage. These results indicate that glucose based extender is a better preservative than the other solutions used in the study for the short term preservation of rainbow trout semen.

Samia Osman Yagoub and Mohammed Hamad Adam Hamed 

Soybeans (Glycine max Merrill) genotypes G1(1904 E) and G2 (1905 E) were planted on five sowing dates: S1(2 June), S2(9 June), S3(16 June), S4(23 June), and S5(30 June) for two seasons ( 2009/10-2010/11). The experiments were conducted in split plot design, in semi-desert region in Sudan. In season 2009/10 the result showed that S4 (23 -June) and S5 (30-June) obtained the lowest values of yield components. The results of season 2010/11 showed significant differences for number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pods and highly significant difference was obtained in weight of pods/plant, weight of seeds/plant, 100seed weight, yield and harvest index. The S3 (16-June) mid June, obtained the highest values and S5 (30- June) gave the lowest values of the above parameters. There were no significant differences between two genotypes of all parameters of yield and yield components except weight of seeds/plant, yields and harvest index. Genotype G1 (1904 E) showed the highest values. The interaction of different sowing dates and two genotypes of soybean were showed no clear differences. In conclusion, the sowing date in mid June is the best sowing date, and sowing date in late June must be avoided due to reduction in yield and yield components.

Md. Faruque Miah Fahmida Haque  Mohammad Robin Mia Enaya Jannat Hafij Ali M. M. A. Quddus and Kawser Ahmed 

This study was carried out for molecular identification and sexual differentiation of freshwater mud eel, Monopterus cuchia which is most important for induced breeding. Traditional classification of freshwater eels has always been obscurerd and unreliable due to their morphological ambiguity. A rapid and cost effective molecular markers, mitochondrial 16S rRNA and glutamine synthetase gene was used to establish molecular standards for identification of this fish. Similar bands were seen in all the individuals at the level of 250bp length by using 16s mitochondrial DNA of 24 individuals and 544bp length for partial sequence of glutamine synthetage gene in 11 individuals. A successful protocol was developed to identify male and female M. cuchia through morphological, anatomical and histological analysis.

S.N. Sushil J. Stanley N.K. Hedau and J.C. Bhatt 

The impact of planned honeybee pollination on the seed production of three Brassica vegetables, Brassica oleacea var. italica, B. rapa pekinensis and B. oleracea var. gongylodes and the pollination behaviour of Apis mellifera was studied under Indian Himalayan conditions. Among the three crops tested, more number of bees were found visiting broccoli crop under net house condition (6.05 bees/plant) followed by kohlrabi (5.35 bees/plants) and Chinese cabbage (5.05 bees/plant). Bees spent more time in Chinese cabbage flower (6.92 sec) while it was 6.50 sec in broccoli and 5.54 sec in kohlrabi. Bees in the open conditions were found to spend less time in a flower as compared to the net house conditions. Honeybees played an important role in enhancing the seed production of all the crops under study. Planned honeybee pollination was found to inflict maximum impact on the seed production of broccoli with an increase in seed yield of 29.2 per cent. The net profit was also more in case of broccoli, which was calculated to be 1324.60$ per ha in honeybee pollinated broccoli crop when compared to the natural pollinated crop.

Soumen Bera and Ratikanta. Ghosh 

An experiment was conducted to know the effect of atrazine 50 % WP on the weeds, cane yield of sugarcane and its effect on soil microflora at ‘C’ Block Farm, BCKV, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India during 2010-11 to 2011-12. Higher dose of atrazine @ 4.0 kg ha^-1 recorded better weed control efficiency (84.51, 81.74 and 78.94 %, respectively at 10, 35 and 60 DAA). All the treatments of weed control gave the significantly higher cane yield over the control. The data on cane yield revealed that highest cane yield was recorded where the Atrazine 50 % WP @ 4.0 kg ha^-1 was applied as pre-emergence but it was at par in case of lower dose of atrazine 50 % WP @ 2.0 kg ha^-1 followed by ametryn 80%WP@2.0kg a.i. ha^-1.Weed management treatments recorded no significant variation on brix %, sugar % and CCS%. All the herbicide treatments recorded detrimental effect on soil microflora (total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) immediately after application but after their persistence period, their populations were recovered and sometimes exceeds than their initial count.

Shamima Sultana Md. Asaduzzamana and Hasan Muhammad Zubair 

Temperature and weed interference often occur simultaneously during the life cycle of wheat. Laboratory investigation was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of temperature and annual ryegrass seedlings interference on wheat seedlings at Agronomy laboratory, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia, during 2013. Seedlings of both species were grown simultaneously under two different temperature cycles (i) light/dark for 12/12 h at 20℃/15℃ and (ii) light/dark for 12/12 h at 25℃/15℃. To evaluate wheat interference, two wheat densities e.g. 10 and 20 seedlings/medium were used against 10 seedlings of ryegrass. The results demonstrate that the high temperature cycle increased the seedling growth of both wheat and ryegrass. The root growth and seedling biomass of ryegrass increased dramatically at high temperature even under high interference of wheat. These preliminary outcomes indicate that ryegrass has the ability to persist under both high temperature and crop interference conditions. Thereby, such growth profile of ryegrass will may lead to become widespread weed flora under future elevated temperature climatic condition.

Parmar H. N., N. D. Polara and R. R. Viradiya 

The field experiment conducted on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb) cv. Kiran at Fruit Research Station, “Lalbaugh”, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, J.A.U., Junagadh during summer season of 2010 to study the effect of different mulching material on growth, yield and quality of water melon cv. Kiran. All the plant growth, yield and quality characters were superior with silver on black polyethylene mulch while, plants without mulch (control) resulted poor growth and yield. With economic point of view, silver on black mulch resulted in the highest net return and found to be more economical with highest cost:benefit ratio.

Osman A. G. Hassan M. M. Rugheim A. M. E. Abdelgani M. E. and Babiker A. E. 

A pot experiment was conducted at the Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute, NCR, Sudan to investigate the effect of organic (Elkhairat (T) and Elkhasseb (X)) and microbial (Azospirillin (A) and Phosphobacterin (B)) bio-fertilizers and their combinations on S. hermonthica growth and development in Maize. Results showed that all treatments reduced emergence of the parasite, except inoculation with A which enhanced Striga emergence compared to control. Treating maize plants with Striga, irrespective to treatments reduced maize height as compared with free maize. Plants fertilized with T sustained the highest plant growth at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS). It increased maize height by 79% as compared to infested control. At 6 WAS fertilization with X, B+T and A+B+T were significantly increased plant heights as compared to infested control. Leaf number was affected due to Striga infestation. At 6 WAS, all treatments significantly increased leaf numbers except B, A+B and X as compared to infested control. While at 10 WAS, results showed that only A+B+T was significantly increased leaf numbers compared to infested control. Averaged across all fertilization treatments, maize plants infested with Striga had smaller leaf areas than did uninfected plants. At 6 and 10 WAS, X sustained the highest leaf area index compared to all other treatments. Maize treated with X and A+B+T sustained the highest shoot dry weight as compared to infested control . Maize fertilized with X, A+T and A+X showed the highest root dry weight as compared to infested control.

Abdellatif Y. Idris Abdelmohsin H. El Nadi Yassin M.I. Dagash and Siddig A.M.Ali 

A field experiment was conducted during the period of 2007 to 2009 in semiarid region of Khartoum State, Sudan to investigate the effect of two irrigation intervals of 8 and 12 days (W1 and W2) on growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) under drip and sprinkler irrigation. The daily rate of water application was 8 mm. Therefore, the amount/irrigation was 64 and 96 mm for W1 and W2 respectively. The irrigation treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The measured parameters were fresh and dry weights of the fodder, leaf/stem ratio and the actual water used by the crop (Etcrop) between two successive cuts. The calculated values were crop water use efficiency (WUE), field water use efficiency (FWUE) and the crop factor (kc). The results showed that the fresh and dry weights and leaf/stem ratio under W1 were greater than those under W2 for both irrigation systems, with superiority of these parameters under drip irrigation. WUE and FWUE under W1 with drip irrigation were always higher than those of W2 with sprinkler irrigation. The highest value for the crop factor (1.33) was during early April to late June with decreasing values during mid July to mid August.

Mohsen Azadbakht Ahmad Taghizadeh-Alisaraei Amin Hashemi and Reza Janzadeh Galogah 

Straw walker crankshaft has an important role in combine harvesters and at high speeds must withstand high stresses. At work different forces applied to this instrument which can change its shape. In this research, stresses on straw walker crankshaft of John Deere 995 combine harvester has been investigated during its works. First a 3D model of this crankshaft has been designed on Solid Works 2010 software then by using finite element method on Ansys Work Bench 11 software the fabricated model has been analyzed and using Ansys 11 software the maximum stresses obtained and associated with these points (stresses) a safety factor has been determined.

S. J. Shila M. R. Islam N. N. Ahmed K. M. G. Dastogeer and M. B. Meah 

Seed-borne bacteria that impair germination and emergence of seedlings and reduce yield and quality of cucurbits are of major concerns for cucurbit production throughout the world. The present investigation has been carried out to detect bacteria from the seeds of eight cucurbits viz. cucumber, bottle gourd, wax gourd, sweet gourd, ridge gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd and snake gourd collected from the different shops of Mymensingh town during July to November 2011. Seed samples were tested to detect seed-borne bacteria by nutrient agar plate method, cassette holder and liquid assay method. Only one bacterium was isolated and identified through nutrient agar plate and liquid assay method. The bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas syringae based on creamy white color colonies on the nutrient agar plate. The Pathogenicity test revealed that the bacterium was able to cause leaf spot symptom on the seedlings of all cucurbits confirming that the bacterium was Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Hypersensitive response (HR) test on tobacco leaves caused partial death of local cell of tissues (HR) within the infiltrated area of tobacco leaves (cv. Bankete -A1). Gram staining and KOH test indicated the bacterium was gram negative and it was not able to grow at temperature 37℃ and above. Positive reactions were observed in levan test, catalase test and sugar utilization test, but soft rot test, arginine dehydrolase and Kovac’s oxidase was negative.