Friday Oodee Philip-Kpae   Lloyd Endurance Ogbondamati   and Kingsley Theophilus Igulu   

Quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on the precise control and optimization of quantum states for enhanced secure communication. This study focuses on optimizing quantum state evolution through external control fields while minimizing decoherence and energy consumption. The key challenge addressed in this research is the trade-off between achieving high fidelity in quantum state transitions while reducing the environmental loss impact, which significantly affect QKD performance. The study employs a mathematical framework based on the quantum master equation, incorporating system Hamiltonians, control Hamiltonians, and loss functions to model quantum state evolution. Optimization is achieved using an optimal control functional that balances fidelity and energy consumption. Additionally, key generation rate maximization, quantum error correction strategies, and channel loss modeling are incorporated to enhance QKD efficiency. Numerical simulations evaluate the secure key generation rate, error mitigation, and fidelity of quantum states over time. Results demonstrate that at an initial quantum state value of 0.50, the system undergoes an oscillatory decay, stabilizing near zero at t=10, indicating the impact of decoherence. Secure key generation analysis reveals that with an error rate of 0.1, the key rate is maximized at 0.72, but declines sharply to nearly zero when the error rate exceeds 0.5. Fidelity measurements indicate an exponential decline, starting at 1.0 at T=0T = 0 and reducing to approximately 0.61 at T=50T = 50 and 0.37 at T=100T = 100, reflecting the challenges of maintaining quantum coherence. Error correction strategies successfully mitigate errors, achieving a quantum error correction rate of nearly 99% in optimal conditions. The findings support policies aimed at enhancing quantum communication reliability by emphasizing robust error correction methods, efficient energy management, and adaptive control strategies to counteract decoherence. Future work should explore real-time adaptive optimization frameworks to further enhance QKD performance under varying noise conditions.

Hassan Belaid   and Anas Hajaji   

In light of recent advances in the field of metamaterials, this research examines the electromagnetic performance of a Circle enclosed Square Split Ring Resonator (Ces-SRR) based negative permittivity metamaterial, designed with an electric physical size of 0.079λ × 0.079λ and assembled on a slab of Rogers RO4350B substrate. The numerical analysis using CST revealed that the proposed metamaterial displays a triple band resonance frequency at 2.97, 6.98, and 9.68 GHz, collectively covering the S-, C-, and X-bands. The negative electric permittivity response was obtained across three distinct frequency regions: 2.93-3.023 GHz, 5.33-7.3 GHz, and 8.31-9.68 GHz, along with near-zero magnetic permeability at the resonance frequencies. The Effective Metamaterial Ratio (EMR) of the unit cell is calculated to be 12.63 at 2.93 GHz, indicating the compactness of the structure. The simulation results and metamaterial design were validated using other Maxwell equations solvers, HFSS and COMSOL MultiPhysics, showing good agreement between both software packages and attesting the reliability of the proposed material. With these leading advantages, the presented metamaterial structure is suitable for enhancing emerging satellite communications and radar applications. Further investigation of a Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) antenna using CST Microwave Studio software indicates that the metamaterial-modified LPDA outperforms the regular LPDA antenna in terms of gain particularly at regions where the electric permittivity is negative.

Vivek Nath   and D. K Samabriya   

This article illustrates the application of an intelligent controller for load Frequency Control (LFC). A two-area interrelated power system (IPC) is considered for the LFC study. The study is further extended by considering a three-area interrelated power system. A reheat thermal power system is taken into consideration. Non-linearity such as, Governor-Dead-Band (GDB) and Governor-Rate-Constraints (GRC) are also considered in this article. Analysis of different intelligent controllers is done in this paper. The study focuses on the application of a Fuzzy-PID controller for load frequency control in interconnected areas. Artificial-Bee-Colony (ABC) optimization Technique is implemented for optimizing the PID controller parameters. Intelligent controllers such as NARMA-L2 and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy controller (ANFIS) are also proposed to see their effectiveness for Load Frequency control (LFC). The results of the suggested controller are compared with the conventional PID controller tuned with different optimization Techniques described in literature based on IAE, IATE, and ISE error metrics. Based on the settling time of the responses, the comparison is also done. By varying the Time- constant parameters of the system, the reliability and rigidness of the suggested controllers are observed. A load perturbation of 1% is given to each area of the interconnected system, and the frequency-response and Tie-line power response are observed in the MATLAB simulation environment. For absorbing the stability of both systems, eigenvalue analysis is also conducted. The models are simulated and analyzed in MATLAB 2018 @ Version.

Ephraim T. Iorkyase   

Partial Discharge measurements contain valuable information about the state of the insulation system that is useful for the diagnosis of electrical equipment. Signals that result from on-site PD measurement are often completely buried in noise. One critical task for PD analysis and diagnosis is the recovery of clean PD signals from heavily contaminated measurements. Removing noise from PD measurement remains a serious challenge because the majority of the noise encountered during on-site measurement has similar time and frequency characteristics to the desired PD signals. This paper presents a sophisticated technique for denoising PD measurement. More specifically, we propose to combine Wavelet Transform (WT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to recover PD signals buried in excessive noise. The first phase is based on multi-resolution signal decomposition via wavelet. In the second phase, the coefficients that result from signal decomposition are filtered using PCA to retain the most informative signal characteristics of the measured PD signal. PCA automatically discards the uncorrelated noise that remains in the wavelet coefficients. An assessment of the proposed denoising technique is carried out, by processing experimental PD data. The results indicate that the proposed technique not only suppresses all kinds of noise present but also effectively preserves the features of the PD signals.

Ayodeji Ireti Fasiku   Oluwaseyi Olawale Bello   Abiodun Dare Kehinde   and Adewale Abe   

The Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm is a communication network that is used on a chip to facilitate parallel interaction among all cores, thereby enhancing inter-core performance. However, the NoC's ability to improve performance is hindered by high latency and energy dissipation resulting from multi-hop communication over long distances. To address this, Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) was introduced to improve the efficiency and performance of the system. The efficiency of the WiNoC architecture is dependent on a good choice of virtual channels (VC) allocation for organizing the cores into subnets. By reducing communication latency, adding a wireless router per subnet with a better routing algorithm helps to improve performance. This research examines impact of VC, subnet size, and routing algorithms in WiNoC by tuning the packet injection rate with three traffic distribution, network architectures of the 64, 256, and 1024 cores. Hence, this paper makes two major contributions: firstly, a detailed implementation of a NoC router in terms of VCs (2, 4, and 8), and secondly, a WiNoC with a parameterizable number of VCs along with four subnets (2, 4, 8 and 16). The study evaluates and compares the latency and throughput performance of the four routing algorithms and three traffic distribution patterns in terms of PIR using a cycle-accurate Noxim simulator based on system C. This study showed that virtual channels (VCs) significantly enhance energy consumption in network-on-chip (NoC) architectures, whereas energy consumption in WiNoC architectures is significantly decreased. However, the performance of WiNoC architecture had a noticeable effect by the choice of subnets and routing algorithms.

Ahmed Abdolkhalig   

As communication errors change in the dynamic properties of the protection relay and control system, the preset relay tripping time is no longer applicable. To ensure reliable operations and avoid any problem linked to grid stability, the impact of these errors on the transient characteristics of the power system must be investigated. To investigate the impact, a very simple and effective scheme based on an Ethernet communication network is proposed in this paper. The scheme relies on Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) digital over-current relay which has two added functions, one is for phasor estimation and the other is for detecting the delays in tripping time. First, the IDMT over-current relay is fed by fundamental amplitude from the phasor estimator through an Ethernet-based network. Next, the delay that arises due to the insufficient allocation of bandwidth or noise is detected and measured by the detection function. Finally, to evaluate the impact of the communication errors on tripping time and consequently, on the transient characteristics of the power system, a test system consisting of a plant and two sources is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB software in combination with True-Time software. The results show that impact of these errors is dramatic and cannot be ignored especially when insufficient bandwidth is allocated.

Ahmed Abdolkhalig   

This paper presents a review and performance evaluation of a DC-servomotor control loop that is set up based on three different types of real-time-based communications. The aim is to illustrate the effectiveness of communication errors such as sample loss, network latency, and bandwidth on the controlled signal and how the transient response may degrade according to such errors. The control performance is evaluated for three types of communication in a local area network, which are CAN, Ethernet, and switched Ethernet. The loop of the control process is simulated by using a MATLAB/Simulink® based simulator for real-time control systems. The closed-loop control system of the DC- servomotor is realized with the help of a discrete-time proportional differential controller. As a result of doing this, a threshold can be found which outlines the limits of the real-time-based communication network in which the performance of the DC-servomotor remains stable. Through a detailed discussion, the type of networked control method that can be used for improving the quality of performance is recommended. The performance is judged through the comparison of process response plots side-by-side and makes denotative statements about which real-time-based communication can give a better result based on peak overshoot ratio and settling time.

Eyitayo Olaleye   Jacob Oluwoye   Deden Rukmana   Joyce Pressley   and Aschalew Kassu   

One of the creative innovations of the twenty-first century is the electric vehicle (EV). Unlike mainstream internal combustion cars, EVs do not rely on fossil fuel products (especially gasoline) to function. EVs are thus environmentally viable, bolstering the sustainability efforts of governments and institutions. However, the diffusion rate of EVs has been slow, notably in the United States. This study is therefore aimed at examining the role of value attributes of EVs in determining their embrace among residents of two underserved communities in the U.S. In the context of a survey design, a questionnaire was administered to obtain perceptions of the respondents, and data were analyzed using frequency counts, rank index, descriptive statistics as well as t-test technique. Findings reveal that safety, comfort, purchase price, and charging stations are areas of concern on the priority value attributes that the respondents expect a given EV to possess. We, therefore, conclude that car manufacturers, transportation planners, and metropolitan authorities should consider these attributes in their quest to make EVs popular among the general population.

Mohammad Shariful Islam   

Solar 51��Ƶ System (SHS) is a stand-alone power solution in an isolated area where the national power grid connection is not accessible. Presently using the off-grid solar home system has one solar panel, one lead-acid batter, one PWM Solar charge controller, and 12V DC power operated lamp solutions, fan, television, radio. Various solar home system packages have been introduced so far, which have offered different product features with price variations. Solar home system size is small, so producing energy is insufficient to fulfill the customer's demand. This research paper presented a novel feature analog PWM solar charging techniques through the algorithm of the fixed frequency current mode controller, which also satisfy the requirements of existing off-grid solar home system users to reduce self-power consumption thus purchasing at an affordable cost. This design set up four periods voltage threshold points as a safeguard for the battery to consider battery voltage level, cable length resistance, battery internal resistance, and EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) effects. PWM solar charging improves the charging strategy by protecting against surge voltage and lightning. The study is divided into three sections: solar charging, regulating signals, and voltage comparator. Accordingly, high-sophisticated fixed-frequency current mode controllers are a noise-free switching gate drive signal with simulation data. The design feature also ignores the EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) noise impact on digital IC's input signals.

Khaled A. Mahafzah   and Hossam Fraihat   

Induction motors are commonly used in different industrial, housing and medical applications, such as air conditioners, transportation, elevators and others. These motors are rugged, reliable and economical. Generally, the reliable operation of the motor and its drive system is very important in industry so that any expected fault must be detected immediately by a monitoring system. This paper reviews and simulates a three-phase induction motor model and different types of faults that may happen in the drive system. Due to short circuit severity on the overall drive system, this study focuses only on short circuit faults, e.g., when any Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is shorted out and DC link capacitor is shorted out. Also, an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) algorithm is programmed to detect different types of faults and classify them. The ANFIS system takes two parameters as input from the motor: the first one is the load torque whereas the second one is the stator current. Whereas, the previously published works analyze only the motor's stator current. MATLAB is used to train the ANFIS system and also to analyze samples. Additionally, LTSpice is used simulate the drive system. The ANFIS system shows very high accuracy in short circuit fault detection and classification.

Mayamiko Hara   and Carl Kriger   

The continued adoption of renewable energy and distributed generators has resulted in a rising number of supply points within the traditional electric power grid, necessitating the need for enhanced monitoring capabilities. The IEC 61850 standard can become an enabling technology for enhanced monitoring, but prohibitively high costs and complexity of compliant devices could become an impediment. Open-source IEC 61850 libraries, coupled with single-board computers and digital signal processors, provide a possible low-cost solution. This work presents the process of modelling and implementing such a device using an IEC 61850 open-source library, a Raspberry Pi embedded platform and an ADE9000 analogue front-end. Measurement accuracy and interoperability compliance tests are conducted to determine the suitability of the device for use in an industrial setting. A key contribution of the findings in this paper is the modelling and implementation of a viable, interoperable and low-cost IEC 61850-based power quality monitoring device using off-the-shelf components and an open-source software library. The implementation of this device provides a platform that is easily modifiable for use in a range of applications. Another contribution is the method of modelling IEC 61850 logical nodes and functions to analogue front-end measurement registers. The knowledge demonstrated shows how device modelling techniques can be used to extract additional information for mapping to existing logical nodes or to develop new ones. The paper's findings result in a low-cost IEC 61850-based power quality monitoring device. The device has applications as a general utility-scale monitor for DER plants, check metering, IEC 61850-based power quality mitigation algorithms and short-term power quality studies. It may also function as a low-cost entry point to IEC 61850-based communications in smaller municipalities, and additionally as a lab test and prototyping tool for technicians, engineers and university students.

Amjad Abu-Baker   Khaled Bani-Hani   Firas Khasawneh   and Abdullah Jaradat   

Designing efficient and reliable data transmission systems is an attractive area of research as it has become an essential requirement for the cutting-edge technologies. Error Control Coding (ECC) is a method used to control errors in a message to achieve reliable delivery through unreliable or noisy channel. Employing ECC in a communication system enable the sender to encode the message with redundant bits to form a codeword and transmits it over a noisy channel to the receiver, and then the receiver detects and corrects the errors which may occur during transmission without requesting for retransmission. In this sense this communication system becomes reliable and energy-efficient. To this end, this paper addresses two techniques of ECC: Hamming code and cyclic code. Besides, this work investigates the impact of these codes on M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) systems over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel in terms of coding gain. The simulation results show significant coding gain for these codes. Another finding is that cyclic codes show better performance than Hamming codes for lower modulation order, while both of them show similar performance for higher modulation order. These findings can provide essential guidance when designing reliable and energy-efficient system.

Rubén Villafuerte   Jesús Medina   Rubén A. Villafuerte S.   Victorino Juárez   Manuel González   and Erika Barojas   

This paper was developed with the purpose of knowing the behavior of radial distribution systems that operate in balanced conditions. Two algorithms were used to calculate the voltage at the network nodes and with them the load flow in each line. With the application of Kirchhoff's laws of electrical circuits, a one-dimensional arrangement of order N and a two-dimensional arrangement of order Nx5 are generated, both depend on the impedances and the shunt admittances. With these two arrangements, a non-linear function f (V1, V2 ,,, VN,, Sc) was generated, which depends on the voltages Vi and the complex power Sc demanded at each node of the distribution system. These equations were solved iteratively, two methods were applied; In the first method, the Halley formula with an acceleration factor α was used to solve the non-linear function f (V1, V2 ,,, VN,, Sc), in the second method, the Gaussian method was applied in the same way that it is used for load flows in interconnected systems. The two algorithms were applied to test systems of 40, 70 and 80 nodes, obtaining results similar to those reported in the specialized literature where they make use of other solution methods. In the author's opinion, the proposed algorithms represent alternatives for the study of energy distribution systems. An advantage of the methods is that they are simple code and there are differences between them, the second method has a faster convergence.

J. S. Daba   

In this work, the performance of ultra-wide band systems (UWB) in high-speed wireless networks is studied. At the physical layer of wireless personal area networks, dual carrier modulation driving multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is implemented for 480 Mbps data rates over 4 classes of UWB scattering channels (CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4) bundeled as per the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB standard. Generalized wireless fading models are presented and canonical expressions for mean bit error rates (MBER) are derived for different modulation and receiver diversity combining schemes. A generating model in terms of the characteristic function of the signal-to-noise ratio is introduced for MBER under general statistical fading conditions, which further develops our previous work. The power density spectral characteristic of the multi-user noise is tuned to a novel generalized innovation-matched filter (GIMF) which is at the core of the UWB receiver. Because of its robustness at also capturing the fading characteristics of the UWB channels, the GIMF detector yields better performance than the classical matched filter and a 10-finger RAKE receiver. The relatively flat CM1 channel is proven to have the best performance, while the highly frequency selective CM4 suffers from the worst performance. CM3 channel slightly outperforms CM4 channel between 0 and 5 dB and exhibits significant improvement over CM4 above 5 dB SNR. CM3 and CM4 channels are proven to have nearly identical performance below 0 dB margins. A comparative analysis was also conducted for the MBER of our model and that of the CF-based model at a 10-finger RAKE receiver developed by Wang et al. It was found that our model outperforms that of the CF-model for CM1 and CM2 channels for a wide dynamic range of SNR values. For CM3 and CM4 channels, our model's performance was superior for SNR values below 8 dB.

J. S. Daba   and O. M. Abdul-Latif   

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a statistical learning tool that was initially developed by Vapnik in 1979 and later developed to a more complex concept of structural risk minimization (SRM). SVM, as a supervised machine learning tool, is playing an increasing role in applications to detection problems in various engineering problems, notably in statistical signal processing, pattern recognition, image analysis, and 6G wireless communication networks. In this paper, SVM is applied to signal detection in 6G communication systems in the presence of channel noise in the form of fully developed Rayleigh multipath fading and receiver noise generalized as additive color Gaussian noise (ACGN). The structure and performance of SVM in terms of the bit error rate (BER) metric is derived and simulated for these advanced stochastic noise models and the computational complexity of the implementation, in terms of average computational time per bit, is also presented. The performance of SVM is then compared to conventional M-ary signaling optimal model-based detector driven by M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) modulation. We show that the SVM performance is superior to that of conventional detectors which require as much as 7 bits-coding (M≥128) to produce comparable results to those of SVM. Finally, the SVM-based detector is implemented in an uplink SIMO system using both Equal Gain Combiner (EGC) technique and Root Mean Square Gain Combiner (RMSGC) technique in which the later technique will be proven to be superior to the earlier.

K. Venkata Pavan   and S. Shanthi   

This paper is about security assaults in LTE/LTE-A Systems. The Long haul Development (LTE)/LTE-Progressed (LTE-An) arrange gives propelled administrations to billions of clients with its higher transfer speeds, better range effectiveness, and lower dormancy than heritage cell systems. Be that as it may, regardless of whether it experiences new security dangers because of its everything IP-based heterogeneous design. Accordingly, there is a basic need to play out a fast and precise system security estimation in LTE/LTE-A system. To accomplish LTE/LTE-A system security estimation, security-applicable information (in short security information) assortment and information examination for assault discovery are required as essentials. Be that as it may, the majority of the current work just spotlights on information assortment and examination for a specific sort of LTE/LTE-An assaults. Little work has been done to exhaustively perform information assortment and examination for identifying different assaults on LTE/LTE-A system. Not quite the same as past work, In this paper we focused on DOS, DDOS Man-in-the-Center (MitM) assaults, rebel base station assaults and the answers for such assaults were broken down to secure LTE and LTE-A systems

Sureshkumar Pittala   and Sasikala Duraisamy   

In recent years, processor cores for biomedical signal processing play a vital role for portable devices. The processing unit in the device performs acquisition, feature detection and decision making. The computing algorithm comprises of adders, multipliers, registers, and buffers. Adders are the basic building blocks of multipliers, filters and feature extraction units. Discrete Wavelet transform is one of the important methods used to filter and extract information from biomedical signals which can be one dimensional or multidimensional. Fault avoidance and tolerance have been approached in past for achieving efficient and reliable system. These prevention and tolerance through redundancy can avoid failures. Different redundancies are adopted through information processing, hardware, software and time redundancy. Fault tolerant circuits can improve the efficiency of the biomedical system like DWT cores. The main objective is to design a reconfigurable full adder with self-checking and self-repairing faults for the DWT architecture. This paper presents a proposed FPGA based fault detection and repairing circuit including the fault location. The existing method uses an on-chip based adder which is complex and is less efficient and not suitable for reprogramming. In the proposed design, DWT architecture was designed using the reconfigurable multiplier, fault tolerant adder and Flip Flop. The implementation was carried out in Quartus Tool for different FPGA kits designed with 90nm and 65nm CMOS technology. Parameters like LUT, power dissipation and delay are investigated. The proposed approach is suitable for portable devices.

Mohammad Alia   Ahmad Al Janaideh   and Tariq El - Hassan   

The focus of this work is on investigation of LabVIEW electric power tool in particular and LabVIEW software in general for the analysis and design of electric power systems. Here we are targeting the solution of different electrical engineering problems which we very often face in teaching the course of power system analysis. At the time being, at Zarqa University, we are preparing a self study report for submission to ABET for accreditation of electrical engineering program. ABET considers that the application of different software tools during the learning process is essential and must be covered. Thus, power system analysis course has been selected as one of the courses that are decided to reach this outcome. As a result of that, a literature survey was conducted and several relevant topics were selected to be investigated. This included the following: simulation of on-line measurement of RMS and instantaneous values of electric power, calculation of symmetrical components using matrix analysis, on-line estimation of symmetrical components, use of phasor analysis to find phasor magnitude and phase angles, conversion of star to delta and delta to star configurations, and simulation of rotating phasors. All designed virtual instruments were analyzed, tested, and chosen solved examples gave very accurate results.

Ojo S. I.   Adeyemo Z. K.   Ojo F. K.   Adedeji A. A   and Semire F. A.   

Cognitive Radio System (CRS) is of paramount importance in wireless communication for spectrum management. However, channel impairment affects accurate Spectrum Hole Detection (SHD) in CRS resulting in harmful interference to a licensed user. Conventional Equal Gain Combiner (EGC) which is one of the techniques being used to solve the problem suffers from hardware complexity resulting in high Sensing Time (ST). Hence, in this paper, an Enhanced EGC (EEGC) for SHD in a CRS is proposed to reduce the hardware complexity of conventional EGC. Ten thousand (10,000) bits are randomly generated, modulated using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) scheme and propagated over Rayleigh fading channel. The received signals through three antennas are scanned by three Selection Combiners (SCs) to select the branch with highest Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The outputs of the three SCs are then combined using conventional EGC. The output of conventional EGC is used as input to single Energy Detector (ED) to determine the energy of the combined signal. A mathematical expression for Probability of False Alarm (PFA) for the proposed technique is derived using X² distribution to set thresholds at 0.01 and 0.02. The proposed technique is simulated using MATLAB software and evaluated using Probability of Detection (PD), ST and Probability of Missing (PM). The results obtained show that EEGC gives better performance with lower ST, higher PD and lower PM.

Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed   and Fatma Ahmed Mohamed   

This paper presents the control and design of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system with a battery bank for an electric vehicle (EV) battery charging. It also describes the necessary requirements and power electronic converters design for the EV battery charging station. The design of a bidirectional converter to allow for bidirectional power flow control to regulate the charging and discharging of the battery bank is presented. The PV system connected to the battery bank system is used to enhance the power output of renewable energy sources, regulate electrical power to effectively charge batteries, draw maximum power from solar panels, and provide a high-quality DC output for electric vehicle charging. The PV is the primary power source of the system, and a battery bank is used as a backup storage system. A comparison between the performance both of lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries based on using it as a backup storage system for the off-grid PV system is presented. The proposed system has been designed and simulated in the MATLAB-Simulink environment. The effective performance of the proposed station for EV battery charging is achieved through the simulation results. A proposed charging station cost estimation is performed to present a powerful index of the proposed charging station's effectiveness.

Adeyemo Z. K.   Ojo S. I.   Omowaiye R. O.   and Bamikefa I. A.   

Wireless communication system has found worldwide acceptability in providing acceptable services due to its portability, flexibility and ease of usage. However, the system is characterized by severe multipath propagation effects that degrade its performance. Selection Combiner (SC) as one of the techniques being used to address this problem is associated with poor performance due to fixed constellation of the modulation scheme. Hence, in this paper, an Adaptive Selection Combiner (ASC) using Constellation Adaptation Algorithm (CAA) with an expression over Log-normal fading channel is proposed. ASC is developed using conventional SC (CSC) and CAA. Ten thousand randomly generated bits are modulated using each of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) schemes. The modulated signals at varying paths are scanned by CSC to choose a path with the highest Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The output of SC which is a function of Channel State Information (CSI) acquired is used to determine the channel gain. The constellation size is then adjusted based on the value of channel gain through CAA. The proposed adaptive technique is simulated using MATLAB software and evaluated using Bit Error Rate (BER) to determine its performance. The results obtained show that ASC gives lower BER values than CSC due to the self-adjustment of the constellation size. Therefore, the proposed ASC can be deployed to improve the performance of wireless communication systems.

Asma Rebaya   Karol Desnos   and Salem Hasnaoui   

Matlab & Simulink is is widely used as a defacto standard to design industrial applications, video coding & decoding, and signal processing applications. However, with the spectacular increase in the number of the cores available in hardware platforms over these last years, passing from Simulink to multi-core execution becomes more and more complex. In this context, several researches are done to take benefit from the high degree of parallelism and to perform multi-core programming of Simulink applications. In this paper, we present an automated method for transforming hierarchical Simulink applications to embedded parallel software implementation. Our method consists of using IBSDF (Interfaced based Synchronous Dataflow) as an intermediate representation to extract parallelism. Moreover, our approach permits preserving synchronous semantics and hierarchical behavior of the Simulink model. The model-based approach makes it possible to verify the key properties of the system at compile-time, such as deadlock freeness and memory boundedness. The method has been implemented as an extension of the rapid prototyping tool named Preesm. Experiments show that our proposal gives, as a transformation result, a schedulable IBSDF graph equivalent in size to the Simulink model and allows better multi-core implementation performance than Matlab & Simulink sequential execution.

Hazim Shakhatreh   and Waed Malkawi   

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is growing rapidly across many civil application domains, including providing wireless coverage. Most studies on UAV-based wireless coverage typically consider downlink scenarios from an aerial base station to ground users. The uplink scenario in which ground wireless devices transmit data to an aerial base station is only considered by few studies. However, the frequency bands that are used in these studies are not Millimeter Wave frequency bands, and this limits the applicability of these applications when one needs to consider 5G networks. In this paper, we are motivated to explore if the placement of UAV can enhance the time durations of uplink transmissions of wireless devices in Millimeter Wave UAV networks. First, we present a realistic Millimeter Wave path loss model and describe the tradeoff introduced by this model. Then, we study the problem of optimal UAV placement, where the objective is to determine the placement of a single UAV such that the sum of time durations of uplink transmissions is maximized. To this end, an algorithm to find the optimal UAV location is proposed. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Abd-Alrahman Khalid   and Nabeil I. Fawaz   

The Maxwell equations are considered as fundamental formulation of wave propagation for a dielectric slab waveguide at frequencies in the IR region. In this article, the theoretical analysis of electromagnetic waves propagating through the zinc sulfide (ZnS) semiconductor planar waveguide at wavelength of 1 µm is reported using 2013 MATLAB software. Additionally, a comparison of the waveguide parameters using two modes namely transvers electric (TE) and transvers magnetic (TM) is demonstrated in details. This could be attributed to the interference of effective refractive index value. In particular, the penetration depth has demonstrated values of 0.2419 and 0.2445 µm for TE0 and TM0 modes at thickness of 2.69 µm, respectively. Subsequently, the effect of temperature on the effective reflective index has been elaborated. Furthermore, the propagation angles in TM modes exhibited lower values than TE modes with respect to the core thickness; and lower wavelength resulted in higher cutoff frequency with respect to the number of modes. While, the relation between neff and temperature for both TE and TM modes showed that TE mode exhibited advanced values as compared to TM mode. This work demonstrates a short pathway for a theoretical analysis of electromagnetic waves through ZnS planer waveguide using both TE and TM modes.

Roopali Agarwal   and M. Shukla   

The 5 G wireless offers many advancements over the prevalent 4 G LTE communication networks, such as enhanced data transmission rates (in order of Gbps), Substantially reduced latency, many times increase in the Base Station Capacity and praiseworthy betterments in the QoS offered to the users. IDMA has already proven its potential in 5 G and it can be easily integrated in to massive MIMO systems. The ideology behind the concept of Massive MIMO is to match the requirement for efficient usage of spectrum, and is implemented using several numbers of antennas at the Base Station, catering to a number of subscribers concurrently using same band of the given frequency. However, the cost and complexity of implementation of such large-scale antenna systems is quite high. Thus for reduction in the number of radio frequency chains, the technique of Transmit Antenna Selection is used. In this paper, we propose two transmit antenna selection strategies considered for individual user or overall users based on selection criteria maximum sum rate or minimum bit error performance considering for (MIMO) multiuser multiple input and multiple output single carrier frequency division multiple access based interleave division multiple access wireless system (MIMO-SCFDMA-IDMA). We have taken this scheme for the uplink communication and selection of the subcarrier is through the bulk selection. The performance may get degraded in case of heavy load of multiple subcarriers attached to one antenna, which will in turn call for the role of power amplifier and thus efficiency of the system may go down. Therefore, here we prefer bulk subcarrier selection instead of per subcarrier selection. It is shown in this paper that enhanced sum rate can be achieved as more users are allowed to transmit concurrently, and thus multiuser gain is achieved. We also demonstrated the comparison with simulation result of sum rate performance and Bit error rate performance of varying users. Result shows that antenna selection based on overall system is better than the antenna selection considering each user.

Ayman Al-Quraan   Hussein Al-Masri   and Ashraf Radaideh   

This paper presents a technical assessment of wind power potential for five promising wind sites in Jordan: Tafila, Zabda, Royal Scientific Society, Al-Alia and Al-Reesha wind sites. This assessment is based on developing a new methodology of estimating the wind energy by estimating the main wind parameters for a specific wind site. The developed methodology is originally based on a website data provided by the national wind energy atlas. Microsoft excel environment is used to estimate the total wind energy, the maximum repetition wind speed and the wind speed contributing the maximum energy in a specific wind regime. The validation process for this methodology has been carried out using measured wind speed data provided by the Energy Research Centre. The error between the estimated wind energy and the measured value is less than 10% for all cases. The highest energy is available in Tafilah wind site with around 6 MWh. In order to obtain an accurate comparison for the selected sites, the wind energy was estimated at uniform height, selected to be the standard height (10m). The importance of this model is that it can be utilized routinely to assess the wind energy potential in a specific location, so a decision can be made whether a wind farm can be built or not in that location without any need to install anemometers.

K. Pranitha   G. Kavya   and M. Arun Kumar   

This paper aims to provide consolidated procedure to design and implement VLSI block in Arty A7 kit using VIVADO HLS. Sine wave signal with appropriate pulse width is implemented and default hardware part is selected in VIVADO HLS tool and verilog code has been written in VIVADO IDE for the implementation of Arty A7 kit. Using high level synthesis, an engineer has the contingency to add libraries for the corresponding project and further proceeds with the achievement at superior level of entrancement. The procedure of implementing sinusoidal signal and the performance of implementation in Arty A7 kit using vivado HLS is illustrated along with simulation, synthesis, implementation results and project summary report. Timings, Design rule check (DRC) violations, utilization, total on-chip power are charted in project summary report. The proposed research work is based on FPGA implementation based image compression/decompression using VIVADO HLS. Proposed work is widely used in medical application especially in telehealth where patient records are transferred from remote area to the hospital to make consultation in easier manner. Likewise FPGA implementation based image compression/ decompression is used in fields like remote sensing, oceanography, earth observation etc. to predict the future weather conditions and it helps to take precautionary steps in order to detect the disaster before it occurs. Initial proposed research work has been done based on FPGA implementation of sinusoidal signal using VIVADO HLS. Future research work, FPGA implementation based image compression/decompression will be carried out using VIVADO HLS. The main advantage of Vivado HLS tool is to obtain high speed performance and low power consumption while implementing in hardware.

Menisha Alemu   

We analyze the quantum properties of the light generated by a three-level laser with an open cavity and coupled to a two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir via a single-port mirror. The three-level laser consists of three-level atoms available in an open cavity and pumped from the bottom to the top level by means of electron bombardment. Applying the large-time approximation scheme, we have obtained the steady-state solutions of the equations of evolution for the expectation values of the atomic operators and the quantum Langevin equations for the cavity mode operators. Using the resulting steady-state solutions, we have calculated the mean photon number, the variance of the photon number, and the quadrature variance for the two-mode cavity light. We have seen that the light generated by the three-level laser is in a squeezed state and the squeezing occurs in the plus quadrature. It so turns out that the maximum quadrature squeezing of the two-mode cavity light is 45:68% for M0 = 0:59 and N0 = 0:27 below the vacuum-state level. In addition, we have shown that the effect of the squeezed parameter is to increase the mean and variance of the photon number.

Thi Ly Tong   Hiep Binh Nguyen   Duc Thanh Cao   and Tung Lam Nguyen   

Roll-to-roll (R2R) system can be found and applied in various fields, such as paper manufacture and printing process. The matter regarding tension control is still a challenge because this tends to rely on elasticity of web materials with its elasticity and roll inertia which change. Additionally, another issue is limited stiffness shafts connecting the web handling system and driving motor. Due to non-rigid nature of the shafts, un-wanted vibration can be released, and this impact to the system. Therefore, the tension control is more complicated. In this paper, a control solution for a roll-to-roll web-transport system with flexible couplings will be performed. The connection of this system coupled with motors through non-rigid driving shaft is formed as a two-mass system. Moreover, the paper shows that the thickness of web material is assumed to be conscious in order to achieve a simple calculation of roll inertia momentum. By using backstepping control technique, control laws for unwinding and rewinding roll are defined. The control schemes ensure a linear velocity and tension tracking performance of the system. Extensive numerical simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. The simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed control, web tension and position are driven to desired values.

Geetha K   and Sreenivasappa B V   

Grid-Tied inverter has gained the attention of many researchers and power generation industry due to its capability of integrating distributed power generation systems using renewable energy resources with the existing centralized power generation system. Yet the inclusion of a transformer in the Photovoltaic (PV) inverter makes it bulkier, heavier and more expensive. A primary solution to the aforementioned problems is the transformerless PV Grid-Tied inverter. This paper presents a review of different transformerless, single-phase Grid-Tied inverter topologies. The objective of this paper is to study parameters such as leakage current, common-mode voltage, total harmonic distortion, and the efficiency of transformerless Grid-Tied inverters. The paper also provides a discussion on existing Grid-Tied inverter topologies, such as H5, oH5, Novel H5, H5-D, FBDC, H6D2, Hybrid H6, High-efficiency MOSFET H6, Improved H6, 3L H6, H6-A, B, High-Efficiency H6, H6-N, Improved H6, H6-active clamping, Active clamped snubber based H6, Heric, oHeric, Enhanced Heric, Heric-with mid-DC-link, Active clamping, PN-NPC, Improved FBNPC, T-Type 3L, ANPC, HBNPC, NIFB-NPCI, VNIIFBC, M-NPC, Virtual DC bus based inverter, Active Virtual Ground, Type I, Type II, Type III Common Ground, Flying Capacitor and Multilevel Common Ground. Though it is found that many topologies available in the literature, other new topologies can be proposed to improve the performance of the inverter. Furthermore, it is also noted that the performance analysis of the inverter must be carried out in the presence of junction capacitance and shoot-through problem so that new strategies can be introduced in the existing typologies to address these issues.

Mohammad Zeighami   Mohammad Hassan Bastani   and Fereidoun Behnia   

The use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveform in place of Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) signal is one of the latest topics in the field of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging. The advantages of imaging by this technique include resistance to certain types of radar jamming techniques, reduced ambiguity in Doppler spectrum with an increase in the number of sub-bands, and extraction of target phase history based on phase approximation of all OFDM subcarriers. In conventional SAR imaging algorithms, it is assumed that the targets are stationary in the imaging zone as these algorithms do not have the required efficiency to image moving targets, leading to blurred images and high Integrated Side Lobe Ratio (ISLR). To circumvent these problems, there is a requirement of designing appropriate imaging algorithms, keeping in mind the important issues related to the moving targets in the imaging zone. Thus, in this study, we propose the implementation of the OFDM waveform for imaging moving targets alongside the first-order keystone transform to solve the above-mentioned problems.

Lagrini Lakbir   El Habti Idrissi Anas   and Moulay Brahim Sedra   

The discovery in 1993 of the turbo codes Berrou C., A. and P. Glavieux Thitimajshima at the International Conférence of Communication Florida has revolutionized communication. This innovation made it possible to rediscovery the error correcting codes invented by Robert Gallager in 1963 and rediscovered by Mackay in 1995, currently called Low Density Parity Check (LDPC). This code is one of the error correction codes introduced by the transmission channel that have the fastest and most effective level of protection and correction of the information transmitted during the communication. This code has been almost generalized in communication standards such as satellites. The objective of our article is to minimize the number of iterations and in some cases completely remove the iteration produced by the LDPC code bit flipping algorithm. The result of this algorithm, if we take for example the LDPC code (n, k), the number of possible syndromes which we can find is 2^k-1 and for each syndrome different from zero, we can do almost four iterations to correct the errors, which gives 4x(2^k-1) iterations in totality. On the other hand, the proposed algorithm removes the iteration for k syndromes and reduces iterations for the rest of the cases from four to two iterations. This study of the new design gave more performance results and the results of the simulation below according to a hardware description language used in digital electronics using quartus software tools show the importance of this algorithm.

Panem Charan Arur   Deepak Chodankar   Rajendra S. Gad   and G. M. Naik   

In the Modern Wireless Communication Systems, there is a direct need for the enhancement of the network capacity, in order to support more and more data. This paper describes the data reduction methodology for enhancement of channel capacity based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) based untether communication system. The communication system has employed 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) scheme with LDPC for channel coding method for error correction. The proposed method here utilizes the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for data reduction which transmits only the feature vectors i.e. Eigen Vector for the set of composite data for large numbers of signals data over time-stamped. The effectiveness of the proposed work is evident through the simulation results of the systems incorporating 1×1, 2×2, 3×3, 4×4 MIMO networks. We have presented RMSE analysis for the PCA regression for verification of the signal fidelity and the BER for confirmation of the recovery of the data over MIMO channel over LDPC coding. Here we observe that our proposed work has achieved much better results.

Santosh Parajuli   Ram Kaji Budhathoki   and Hyongsuk Kim   

Memristor, one of the fundamental circuit elements, has promising applications in non-volatile memory and storage technology as it can theoretically achieve infinite states. Information can be stored independently in these states and retrieved whenever required. In this paper, we have proposed a non volatile memory cell based on memristor emulator. The circuit is able to perform read and write operations. In this memristor based memroy cell, unipolar pulse is used for writing and bipolar pulse is used for reading. Unlike other earlier designs, the circuit does not need external read/write enable switches to switch between read and write operations; the switching is achieved by the zero average bipolar read pulse given after the completion of write cycle. In our proposed memristor based memory cell, single bit can be read and any voltages from 0 to 5 volts can be written. Mathematical analysis and the simulation results of memristor emulator based read write circuit have been presented to confirm its operation.

Hebat Allah O. Selim   and Waheed Sabry   

Multitaper method (MTM) is an unpopular method that used for spectrum detection. MTM is a good candidate to detect spectrum holes in cognitive radio networks. MTM is accurate, efficient and reliable technique. Cepstrum MTM is described as an effective tool for variance reduction beside its ability in increasing spectrum dynamic range (SDR) due to its isolation property which can be applied to the multiplied mixed signals. As a matter of fact, introducing cepstrum with MTM has achieved better detection performance with the available constraints. In this paper, an algorithm is prepared as a cepstrum MTM for optimal detection and applied to cognitive radio networks. Simple and computationally efficient mathematical expressions of the mean and variance were derived. A closed form expression for the probability of detection (Pd) and false detection (Pf) were obtained accordingly. Analysis of the suggested MTM based cepstrum detection is provided. Different aspects of spectrum sensing parameters were considered in the simulation. A receiver operating characteristic curve is tested where there is a relation between Pd and Pf. The required sample size to achieve certain detection, and the relation of Pd versus signal to noise ratio were also verified. Simulation results were obtained under different affecting factors of the proposed scheme such as probability of false alarm, number of sample points (N), and number of tapers (K). Simulation results reveal that the proposed detector outperforms conventional available tools at the worst scenario operating conditions. The proposed scheme outperforms convention MTM and energy detection by 20% and 45% respectively.

Siddikov Isamiddin Xakimovich   Umurzakova Dilnoza Maxamadjonovna   and Yadgarova Dilnoza Baxtiyarovna   

One of the ways to improve the quality of the process of managing dynamic objects, in the presence of various types of uncertainty of external and internal factors, due to insufficient information about the object and useful signals and noise acting on it, is to develop new and improve existing methods and algorithms for solving problems of structurally parametric synthesis of neuro-fuzzy control systems that can significantly expand the capabilities of dynamic systems. An analysis of existing approaches showed that at present, traditional methods of controlling the absorption process do not meet modern requirements, due to the lack of a system analysis of the entire set of control systems as a whole, the structure of the system and the relationship between its functional elements, etc. The aim of the work is to create an automatic control system dynamic object, allowing to overcome the difficulties associated with the non-stationary process, structural and parametric uncertainty and variability of external influences. A technique for the synthesis of a high-speed control algorithm based on fuzzy-logical inference is proposed, which allows to eliminate empty and zero solutions when determining the architecture and calculating the weights of arcs of a neural network. To correct the parameters and structure of the fuzzy-logical controller, an adaptation block is proposed in the control system loop. The originality of the proposed synthesis method is to ensure high speed of finding control actions due to the possibility of eliminating the redundancy of computational procedures associated with discarding empty and zero solutions in the formation of control devices when choosing the architecture of a neural network and calculating synapse weights. The proposed structural-parametric adaptation algorithm in the process control problems allows to reduce the number of iterations in the process of network training, to reduce the error in the calculation of control values 8 to 1%.

Ivan Maradzhiev   Tsvetana Grigorova   and Emil Dinkov   

The paper presents a comparative analysis of different modulation techniques for BLDC motor control in terms of several types of losses in the system inverter – BLDC motor in motor mode. The experimental investigated modulation strategies are: unipolar modulation of upper (PWM-TOP or UT) transistors, a bipolar PWM-ON modulation (PWM-ON-BIP), a symmetrical modulation (PWM-PWM), a vector control and non-modulation mode. A simple equivalent circuit for the BLDC motor is used to calculate different losses and the system efficiency. On the basis of the equivalent circuit for the different modulation techniques, simple design procedures are discussed for the determination the eddy current and mechanical viscous loss, the copper loss, the hysteresis and mechanical friction loss, the voltage-drop loss of the inverter transistor and diode. Loss distribution experimental data for the brushless DT4260 motor when operating with different modulations and load torque are presented. On the basis of the obtained values for the efficiency of the studied modulations, references for use in battery powered devices such as electric vehicles, electric scooters and more are made.

Krishnan Sinha   Sikder Sunbeam Islam   and Mohammad Jakir Hossain   

In the field of electromagnetism, artificially constructed metamaterial has opened a new hope for the researchers. Metamaterial is developed artificially and not found available in nature. This composite material shows more irregular properties than the natural materials. Negative refractive index (NRI) is one of the exceptional properties of it. Therefore, many researchers have started investigation with this material. Some metamaterials found in literature have NRI properties but very few of them are found operating simultaneously in C-and X-band. In this study, a new combined WU-shaped NRI metamaterial unit cell is presented. Here, three different substrate materials have been adopted for sensitivity analysis. The used substrate materials are FR-4, Rogers RT6006 and Rogers RT6010 and their permittivity are 4.3, 6.15 and 10.2 respectively. Finite integration technique based numerical tool is adopted for all analyses. The electromagnetic properties are determined by Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method. Perfect electric-magnetic boundary condition is applied for simulation. The metamaterial unit cell exhibits negative refractive index (NRI) within C-band and X-band for all these substrate materials. C-and X-band are widely used for satellite and long distance communication. Moreover, the proposed material shows better effective medium ratio with increasing relative permittivity which ensures the materials proper operation and sensitivity for any applications.

Mohammad Reza Gholami Dehbalaee   Gholam Hossein Shayci   and Majid Valizadeh   

This paper suggests a new PSOHHC algorithm for solving the economic dispatch (ED). This algorithm was created by integrating two algorithms: PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm, an evolutionary algorithm based on collective intelligence, and a new search algorithm for HHC (Hybrid Hill Climbing) which is based on searching. The aim of presenting this algorithm is to improve the performance of the PSO algorithm in terms of convergence to achieve the best possible solution with the required accuracy. This new algorithm is able to improve the responses obtained from the PSO algorithm with a controllable local search. The most important goal of economic dispatch is the optimal allocation of each generator's contribution to provide the load and reduce the costs of active units in the power system. This is generally due to the nonlinear factors and limitations, such as: the effect of steam inlet valve (valve point effect (VPE)), the balance between the production and consumption of the system, the prohibited operating zones (POZS), production limits, slope rate, and lines' losses. This algorithm is implemented on 3 test systems of 13 units, 31 units and 40 units with different operating conditions, independently and also in combination with the PSO evolutionary algorithm, and simulation results illustrate the efficiency of this algorithm in solving ED problems.

Siamack Ghadimi   

The relay network has many advantages, such as reliability against failures, and offers redundancy, selfconfiguring, and self-healing. The purpose of his paper is to simulate an Asymmetric Modulation (AM) for wireless Two Way Relay Channel (TWRC) system in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) to compute Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of transmitted data. Finally, by utilizing a novel algorithm, which named Optimal Decision Decoding Algorithm (ODDA) the BER has decreased, and performance of the system improved.

Shunmugakani P   and D. Kirubakaran   

In this dissertation, a hybrid strategy is intended for performance investigation of Quasi Z Source Inverter (QZSI) fed Induction motor (IM) drive system. The hybrid strategy is the fusion of both the binary version of grey wolf optimization (bGWO) and random decision forest (RDF) and commonly called as bGWO-RDF technique. The main contribution of the dissertation is to control the QZSI for enhancing the stability and the performance of IM drive system using the proposed hybrid strategy. The input of the proposed strategy is the speed and three phase current of IM. With the help of input parameters like actual speed and reference speed of IM, the PI controller gain parameters are optimized using bGWO technique. In order to train the RDF, the PI controller output like reference quadrature axis current and actual quadrature axis current is chosen. By utilizing the RDF, the reference three phase current is generated. By utilizing the actual and reference three phase current, the control pulses are generated at the final stage. Finally, the proposed technique is executed in the MATLAB/Simulink working platform. The effectiveness of the proposed is compared with various existing techniques such as ANN, PSO, PSO-SVM and GSA-SVM. The effectiveness of the proposed and other existing techniques is analyzed in terms of ripples and harmonics reduction, rise time, settling time and steady state error. Furthermore, the statistical analysis is also performed and compared with other existing techniques. The comparison result reveals that the total harmonic distortion (THD) is decreased and the oscillation period of the stator current, torque and speed are eliminated.

Ivan Maradzhiev   Tsvetana Grigorova   and Emil Dinkov   

The following paper investigates and analyses the electromagnetic processes in an electrical drive system composed of a power source, a power inverter and a brushless dc (BLDC) motor using known pulse-width modulation (PWM) methods. Investigated modulation techniques are: unipolar modulation of the upper transistors (PWM-TOP) and bottom transistors (PWM-BOT), symmetrical PWM-PWM, modulation type PWM-ON and ON-PWM, and bipolar PWM-ON modulation indicated with PWM-ON-BIP. The voltage source inverter is considered as DC-DC buck power converter, when BLDC is operated in motor mode. On the basis of summarized equivalent circuits, the analytical expressions are received for the electromagnetic processes in the system by the different modulation techniques. The efficiency of the system battery-inverter-machine for each discussed modulation is experimentally investigated and compared. These results are also compared with the efficiency of the BLDC driven with vector control. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model is proposed to implement these modulations and to analyze the obtained results. From this model, the harmonic composition of the phase currents for each modulation is investigated.

Mostafa Hefnawi   and Gillian Rideout   

Multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) radar systems possess numerous advantages, such as scanning an entire region much faster than a phased array, enhancing the spatial resolution, mitigating interference and multipath fading, and improving the probability of detection of targets. MIMO radar systems use adaptive beamforming techniques such as the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) to obtain the best possible estimation of the direction of arrival (DOA) of the targets. The MVDR algorithm has been thoroughly investigated for traditional phased array radars. For MIMO radar systems, however, it requires significant signal processing, which can introduce substantial latency, especially in the case of large MIMO systems where few hundred antennas are used; this can be solved by using a Graphics Processor Unit (GPU), which contains thousands of cores and can execute many operations in parallel. This paper presents a MATLAB-based approach for GPU parallelization of the minimum variance distortionless (MVDR) beamforming algorithm in a MIMO radar system. Two MIMO radar systems are considered. The first one is a simulated MIMO radar which is used for automotive adaptive cruise control (ACC), and the second one is an experimental monostatic MIMO radar that is based on a vector network analyzer (VNA). It is shown that the GPU achieved a speedup of up to 7 times while successfully detecting all targets.

Shazly A. Mohamed   

This paper presents a vehicle to grid (V2G) which regulates the charging & discharging between the electric vehicles (EVs) and test systems in order to aid with peak power and system voltage stability. Allowing electric vehicles to charge/discharge without any control technique may lead to variations of the voltage & disturbances to the utility grid, but when the charging/discharging of the electric vehicles is achieved in a smart way, they can support the power grid. In this work, fuzzy techniques are applied to control the power flow among the grid and the EVs. The work introduced in this paper mainly concentrates on the control technique for a V2G system which allows for using electric vehicles batteries to assist the grid voltage stability. The designed controllers maintain the node voltage and achieve peak power. The proposed controllers are tested on (16&6) generator test systems to check the performance of the suggested designs. Two fuzzy schemes are examined to explain the vehicle to grid ability to impact system voltage stability. The main contributions of this paper, fuzzy technique based control tool for vehicle to grid illustrate at a weak bus in the system and comparison of chargers producing active vs. reactive powers.

Deval Verma   Himanshu Agarwal   and A. K Aggarwal   

In this paper, we present an efficient and robust technique for the recognition of offline roman characters. The main strategy is to extract statistical and similarity features using a combination of grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and complementary similarity measure (CSM) method. In this work, the CSM method is used to extract features from binary images and combined with GLCM to boost the accuracy of character recognition. The recognition has been done using four different classifiers i.e. artificial neural network (ANN), Naive Bayes classifier, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM). The standard dataset has been used for experimental work. We have done experiments on the clean and noisy dataset. It achieves the accuracy of 100% for some characters without noise and 94:11% with impulsive noise. A comparison of these four classifiers is recorded with and without a noisy environment. On a clean dataset, the random forest provides the best average recognition accuracy of 84:9% for all characters. On low noise datasets, random forest and artificial neural networks have almost the same recognition accuracy and on high noise datasets, SVM provides the highest recognition accuracy.

Y. Mchaouar   C. Taghzaoui   A. Abouloifa   M. Fettach   A. Ellali   I. Lachkar   and F. Giri   

This paper focuses on the problem of controlling single-phase shunt active power filters (APFs) operating in the presence of nonlinear and uncertain loads. The main difficulties when controlling this kind of filter are the existence of a strong non-linearity of the system and state variables inaccessible to measurements. This paper proposes a double-loop cascade controller developed on the basis of the singular perturbation technique in order to meet two main control objectives: (i) the inner-loop is designed to compensate the harmonic and reactive currents absorbed by the nonlinear load enforcing power factor correction; (ii) the outer-loop is synthesized to regulate the inverter output capacitor voltage. The controller also includes two-time scale sliding mode observer to estimate the network voltage that is not accessible to measurement. In this work, the singular perturbation technique and averaging theory are used for a complete and rigorous formal analysis to describe the control system performances. The effectiveness of this approach has been successfully verified through computer simulations using the Matlab/Simulink environment.

Sruthi Samyuktha Sathyana   Thangadurai N   Saribala Priyanka   Gutti Vaddi Navya   and Gayathri K M   

The IRNSS satellite network covers a large area of the India with 7 satellites, 3 geostationary and 4 that are geosynchronous. IRNSS signals are transmitted in the L5 and S-Bands. The L5 band frequencies range from 1164.45-1188.45 MHz and the S band frequencies range of 2483.5-2500 MHz. NavIC is the IRNSS satellite constellation network that can be employed to a variety of applications. The paper shows the analysis of the azimuth and elevation angle with respect to carrier to noise ratio. This study will be stepping stone for the collection of data using reflectometry. The different graphs were obtained and analyzed. Satellite tool kit is also used for the analysis of the elevation and azimuth angle.

Chika Euphemia Asogwa   

The objective of this study was to examine public perception of the influence of digital media on cyber security. The survey research design was used for the study. A total of 384 respondents were selected from Enugu State to provide data for the study. In the sample, only people with background on issues related to cyber security were included. The questionnaire served as the instrument for data collection. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that the sample studied reported that digital media are significantly and negatively affecting cyber security breaches, and promoting cyber crimes. The result of the hypotheses tested revealed a significant association between digital media and cyber security breaches and digital media and cybercrime. The practical, theoretical and scholarly implications of the results have been explored.

Siddikov Isamidin Xakimovich   and Bakhrieva Xurshida Askarxodjaevna   

The article deals with the design of neuro-fuzzy models in the tasks of creating a system of automatic control by technological processes of steam-generating heat engines. A methodology has been developed for creating a temperature control system for a superheated operating under a priori uncertainties. Such control systems relate to adaptive systems capable of controlling the object with significant, previously unknown, changes in the parameters of the object. The use of an artificial neuron is proposed as adaptive regulation. A fuzzy model of the proportional-integral-differential-regulator adapter has been developed, an automatic control system based on the Mamdani algorithm. The proposed method for constructing an adaptive controller makes it possible to exclude the active identification stage from the automatic tuning process and the associated deterioration in the operation of the regulatory object. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method is proven experimentally. Computer testing of the obtained model in uncertain conditions was carried out, when the values of the transfer function of a complex control object changed. Regulation is carried out on the basis of the proposed hybrid high-speed algorithm of fuzzy-logical derivation of the main parameters: vapor pressure and temperature. The algorithm for setting the weight coefficients of the neuron is presented. The use of an adaptive fuzzy-logical controller allows us to provide a fairly good quality of controlling the temperature of superheated steam. To create process control algorithms, a hybrid application of a neural network and fuzzy logic is proposed, which allows taking into account the uncertainty of changes in the parameters of the object and the environment. The results can be used in the development of adaptive control systems and other heat power devices.

Hamzah Eteruddin   David Setiawan   Atmam   and Burhan Nasution   

Conventional power plants generally emit Greenhouse gases (GHGs) that potentially pollute the environment. Solar 51��Ƶ Systems (SHS) are electrical appliances capable of generating electrical energy by absorbing the sunlight radiation. The operation of Solar 51��Ƶ Systems does not result in pollution. The unlimited amount of solar radiation in our nature makes Solar 51��Ƶ Systems affordable and eco-friendly. In this research, we implemented these Solar 51��Ƶ Systems as a household power supply by taking advantage of diversified roofing conditions in a residential area in Lembah Damai village, Rumbai Pesisir district, Pekanbaru. Different directions and angles of the solar radiation receiver affected the energy output. Observing electrical energy output in five houses as the subject of the research, we found out that House 4's on the side-B roof with a 24-degree inclination and a 72-degree orientation generated the highest power output amounting to 1,265 kWh/yr. Meanwhile, House 2's side-A roof with a 28-degree inclination of and 239-degree orientation generated the lowest power output amounting to 1,073.9 kWh/yr. Thus, the fluctuation accounted for 17.8%.

Viswaprakash Babu   S. Sathik Basha   Y. Mohamed Shuaib   M. Manikandan   and S. Syed Enayathali   

This proposed work describes a novel optimal use of the system to be used for Photovoltaic (PV) based on Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) voltage restoration, voltage regulation functions, and an active filter is represented. The power transmitting in the distribution system needs to be high quality of power to drive a load with efficiency. The most of the loads are non-linear loads. It causes the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) in the system. These THD produces the system oscillation, capacitor overloading, drops in efficiency, voltage fluctuation, which create the poor operating performances of the consumer utilities. Essentially, when the load voltage is greater or lesser (sag and swell) than the actual voltage, the control system will analyses the demanded load voltage and it will be compensate by the solar-based DVR, which will improvise the energy consumption of the system. Technically those sag and swell voltage will be minimized with the help of DVR, but it needs advance control technique which will provide the effectiveness of the system. In this work, the Enhanced Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (ESVPWM) is performing a proper switching pulse to the DVR inverter, which helps to improve the energy stabilization in the distribution system. The proposed DVR has additional benefits the operating voltage will observe from the solar PV which had perturb and observe (P&O) based Maximum power point Tracking (MPPT) system and will efficiently provide the DC power. The execution of solar Fed DVR is simulated under dynamic conditions with the various parameters like steady-state error, Efficiency, Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) in the load. All those conditions performed in MATLAB-SIMULINK 2017bsoftware.

Samer H. Zyoud   and Atef Abdelkader   

The characteristics of a semiconductor laser diode (LD) are highly dependent on the magnetic field that applied on it. This study is valuable in several fields, including the existence of a magnetic field especially in a narrow region, which is difficult to detect by traditional techniques. This will lead to manufacture a micro-sensor to measure a weak magnetic field. In this study, we have investigated the influence of magnetic field, with an amplitude of (zero – 0.55 T) on dynamical characteristics of semiconductor laser diode. This magnetic field has applied parallel and perpendicular on the axis of the active region of the laser diode (LD) chip. The LD used in this study is (Sanyo DL3149-056. ALGanP Index Guided Multiple Quantum will active laser and had threshold current of 11.15 mA and slope efficiency of 189.4 mW/A). It has been found that the full width half-maximum (FWHN), and the peak channel number (PCN) shift, were all increasing with the increased of magnetic field. Finally, the results show that while the peak of the pulse (light intensity) reduces with the increasing of magnetic field, the appearance of more than one peak (abnormalities) on the laser pulse has been founded clearly.

Sze En Sim   Kim Gaik Tay   Audrey Huong   and Wei King Tiong   

Forecasting is a prediction of future values based on historical data. It can be conducted using various methods such as statistical methods or machine learning techniques. Electricity is a necessity of modern life. Hence, accurate forecasting of electricity demand is important. Overestimation will cause a waste of energy but underestimation leads to higher operation costs. Univesity Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) is a developing Malaysian technical university, therefore there is a need to forecast UTHM electricity consumption for future decisions on generating electric power, load switching, and infrastructure development. The monthly UTHM electricity consumption data exhibits seasonality-periodic fluctuations. Thus, the seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) method was applied in IBM SPSS software to predict UTHM electricity consumption for 2019 via Box-Jenkins method and Expert Modeler. There were a total of 120 observations taken from January year 2009 to December year 2018 to build the models. The best model from both methods is SARIMA(0, 1, 1)(0, 1, 1)¹². It was found that the result through the Box-Jenkins method is approximately the same with the result generated through Expert Modeler in SPSS with MAPE of 8.4%.

Nira Mawangi Sarif   Rafidah Ngadengon   Herdawatie Abdul Kadir   and Mohd Hafiz A.Jalil   

This study presents a Discrete Time Sliding Mode Controller (DSMC) application on depth plane of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). The main contribution on this work is an implementation of DSMC on NSP AUV II. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is a robust type of controller and certainly suitable for controlling AUV in the presence of environmental disturbances and uncertainties. DSMC preserves the properties of standard SMC. Linearized dynamic model of NSP AUV II is used in the numerical simulations. Discrete Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers are used for performance comparative analysis. The design of discrete PID and DSMC for NSP AUV II depth is described. Comparative study between the control laws is presented. The simulated results illustrate strong robustness, improve performance and satisfactory stability of DSMC as compared to discrete-time PID controller.

Muhammad Izzuddin Abd Samad   Khairul Anuar Mohamad   Mohammad Syahmi Nordin   Nafarizal Nayan   Afishah Alias   Marinah Othman   Adrian Boland-Thoms   and Anthony John Vickers   

This paper deals with a Band Anti-Crossing (BAC) modelling to investigate the tailoring of band gap energy of Ga1-xInxNyAs1-y alloy based on nitrogen fractions. Three different numerical methods have been adopted to estimate the extended state of conduction band () parameters. The first two methods used Vegard’s law and Varshni’s equation to estimate by considering Ga_1-xIn_xAs as ternary alloy based on temperature dependence, with values of bowing parameter of 0.475 and 0.477, respectively. The third method used excitonic band gap theory for Ga1-xInxAs alloy temperature dependence by considering Passler fitting () and average phonon temperature (). Results depict that optimum nitrogen fraction was in the range of 0.012 to 0.018% to achieve the device response at 1.3 μm wavelength, with an energy band gap in range of 0.955 ± 0.005 eV. Future work shows a potential study on influence of indium fractions in tailored energy band gap of Ga_1-xIn_xN _yAs_1-y alloy and compressive strain of material.

Azmi Khusnani   Moh. Toifur   Guntur Maruto   and Yudhiakto Pramudya   

Cu/Ni thin film has been made by electroplating method assisted by magnetic fields. The solution consists of a mixture of NiSO₄ (260 g/L), NiCl₂ (60 g/L) and H₃BO₃ (40g/L). The magnetic field varied in the range of 0-200 gauss in a direction perpendicular to the electric field. Plating was carried out at a voltage of 1.5 volts, the electrolyte temperature is 60 ℃ during 5 s. The results indicate that the Ni film has been formed on the surface of the Cu plate. Testing of sheet resistivity shows that by coating Ni on Cu substrate the resistivity sheet of Cu/Ni increases. The increase in resistivity is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field. Investigation on the Ni morphology shows that the larger the magnetic field the smaller the grain size so that the composition of Ni particles becomes more tightly packed. Whereas, in sensor sensitivity, all samples showed their role as low-temperature sensors. The sensitivity decreases along with the magnitude of the magnetic field given.

Moh. Toifur   Azmi Khusnani   and Okimustava   

The purpose of this research is studying microstructure, the resistivity of Cu/Ni film produced by electroplating on the various mass fraction of Ni in the electrolyte. Then the film is tested for its performance as a temperature sensor. The electrolyte solution was made from mixing of NiSO₄, NiCl₂, H₃BO₃, and H₂O. Plating was conducted on power 1.5 V and 60℃ bath temperature. The results showed deposits containing Ni and NiO. The X-ray diffraction parameters of Ni[111] and NiO[111] such as intensity, d-spacing and grain size on variations of Ni mass fraction in solution followed the parameters diffraction of Cu[111]. The resistivity is contributed by competition between those three diffraction parameters. Testing Cu/Ni films for sensing the temperature of liquid nitrogen (0℃ to -140℃) shows that all samples have exhibited their performance as low-temperature sensors. The temperature has a linear relationship to the output voltage of the sensor with the sensitivity ranging from 0.75´10^-3 V/℃ to 1.05´10^-3 V/℃. The highest sensitivity in accordance to the sample produced from 8.83 g Ni in the electrolyte.

Nora Kamarudin   Nur Anida Jumadi   Ng Li Mun   Ng Chun Keat   Audrey Huong Kah Ching   Wan Mahani Hafizah Wan Mahmud   Marlia Morsin   and Farhanahani Mahmud   

Driver’s drowsiness is one of the leading contributing factors to the increasing accidents statistics in Malaysia. Therefore, the design and development of driver drowsiness detection based on image processing using Raspberry Pi camera module sensor interfacing with Raspberry Pi 3 board are proposed in this paper. To achieve the aim of the research, the Haar Cascade Classifier algorithm is implemented for eyes and face detection whereas for eyes blink (open and close) detection, the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) algorithm is employed. From several experiments conducted on six recruited subjects, the findings revealed that the accuracy of Haar Cascade classifier to detect the eyes and faces was subjected to correct sitting position (head must facing to the camera) as well as the eyes must not be covered with glasses or shades. Meanwhile, the range of average EAR value detected by the system was between 0.141 (eyes closed) and 0.339 (eyes opened). In conclusion, the image processing-based Haar Cascade and EAR algorithms utilized on Raspberry Pi platform have been successfully executed. For future improvement, the current board can be replaced with Raspberry Pi Touch Screen to minimize the hardware setup and the physiological based analysis using alcohol and heart rate sensors can be added.

Munirah Az Zahra Abdul Rashid   Shaharil Mohd Shah   and Asmarashid Ponniran   

This paper proposed a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna (17.5 × 20.5 mm²) with a triple-notch band characteristic to overcome the interference caused by the three narrow frequency bands that coexist within the ultra-wideband frequency ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz as stipulated by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). Two slots on the radiating patch and a copper trace on the ground plane of the antenna were introduced to reject the WiMAX, WLAN and SHF frequency bands. The dimensions of the slots and copper trace are optimized to achieve the desired band rejections. The compact size of the antenna is in line with the miniaturization requirement of modern wireless communication devices but at the same time is able to support multiple wireless communication services. The simulation result shows that the antenna can function over the UWB frequency range but with band rejections on the WiMAX band (from 3.2 GHz to 3.6 GHz, WLAN band) (from 5.15 GHz to 5.85 GHz) and SHF band (from 7.25 GHz to 8.395 GHz). The proposed antennas are simulated and designed in CST Microwave Studio^® software and fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε_r of 4.5, loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019 and thickness, h of 1.6 mm.

Audrey Huong   Kim Gaik Tay   and Xavier Ngu   

This paper investigated the minimum spectral resolution and optimal spectra range for optical monitoring of skin blood oxygen saturation (S_tO₂). For this purpose, this study recruited fourteen Asian volunteers for demonstration work. The performed measurements included reflectance information collected from the recruits during at rest and after a pressure of 140 mmHg was applied on their upper right arm. The prediction of the required value was via analysis of data of the considered visible ranges of 500 – 660 nm, 520 – 645 nm, 520 – 600 nm, and 530 – 570 nm, with sampling resolutions of 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm, and 10 nm. The offline data analysis using Extended Modified Lambert Beer model revealed that the S_tO₂ value predicted using spectral data in the range 530 – 570 nm showed considerable similarity with that obtained from 520 – 645 nm range at spectral resolutions of up to 5 nm. The mean and standard deviation of the differences in the values obtained from these spectral ranges in the case of 5 nm sampling is given by 7 ± 8.6 % and 14 ± 3.2 % for at rest and blood occlusion experiment, respectively. The higher variability in the value predicted for the latter experiment is likely due to insufficiency of the employed technique to extricate the distinctive features in hemoglobin spectra using the corresponding resolution. The findings of this study may be useful as a guide to facilitate in the design of multispectral imaging system for optical monitoring of one’s S_tO₂ with high speed.

K. G. Tay   Hassan Muwafaq   Shuhaida Binti Ismail   and Pauline Ong   

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) is a developing Malaysian Technical University. There is a great development of UTHM since its formation in 1993. Therefore, it is crucial to have accurate future electricity consumption forecasting for its future energy management and saving. Even though there are previous works of electricity consumption forecasting using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), but most of their data are multivariate data. In this study, we have only univariate data of UTHM electricity consumption from January 2009 to December 2018 and wish to forecast 2019 consumption. The univariate data was converted to multivariate and ANFIS was chosen as it carries both advantages of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). ANFIS yields the MAPE between actual and predicted electricity consumption of 0.4002% which is relatively low if compared to previous works of UTHM electricity forecasting using time series model (11.14%), and first-order fuzzy time series (5.74%), and multiple linear regression (10.62%).

K. G. Tay   Hassan Muwafaq   Shuhaida Binti Ismail   and Pauline Ong   

Forecasting is prediction of future values based on historical data. Electricity consumption forecasting is crucial for utility company to plan for future power system generation. Even though there are previous works of electricity consumption forecasting using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), but most of their data is multivariate data. In this study, we have only univariate data of electricity consumption from January 2009 to December 2018 and wish to do a prediction for a year ahead. On top of that, our data consist of autoregressive component, hence Nonlinear Autoregressive with External (Exogeneous) Input (NARX) Neural Network Time Series from Matlab R2018b was used. It gives the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between actual and predicted electricity consumption of 1.38%.

A. A. Bakar   A. F. H. A. Gani   H. A. M. Ridzuan   A. Ponniran   M. U. Wahyu   and M. A. N. Amran   

The field of power electronics around the world has shown a growth in its development, rising as a specialization in electrical engineering. Along these lines, for further comprehension of the field’s theory, universities should take the lead in developing equipment for hands-on practical training. Several converter trainer kits exist in the market from many companies. A review of previous designs gives adequate ideas on the basics of the trainer and the components used in the trainer. The higher number of components used in the trainer significantly increases the cost, size and complexity of the system. Therefore, this paper outlines the design and development of a DC/DC converter trainer with buck and boost configurations. The proposed 2-in-1 DC/DC converter trainer can be configured as buck or boost at a time. The DC/DC converter comprises identical components but with different circuit configuration and operation. The circuit parameters are first calculated. To verify the effectiveness and functionality of the proposed trainer, a prototype is tested and compared with the simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed trainer uses Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to generate the Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) signals. The findings obtained show that both theoretical simulation and experimental results align with each other. The results show that the proposed trainer can be designed with identical parameter components under certain constraints and conditions.

N. Othman   K. G. Tay   H. Pakarzadeh   N. A. Cholan   N. S. M. Shah   and R. Talib   

The impact of random dispersion fluctuations on two-pump (2-P) fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA) performance in terms of parametric gain, 3-dB amplification bandwidth and saturation power is numerically investigated. The four-coupled amplitude equations which represent the parametric process in optical fiber are solved using the Runge-Kutta method. Based on the results, it was observed that the random dispersion fluctuations reduced the parametric gain, increased the saturation power and had no significant effect on 3-dB amplification bandwidth. The resulted behaviors are mainly due to the changes of phase-matching condition in optical fiber. All in all, the random dispersion fluctuations are potentially limited the 2-P FOPA performances.

Norasikin M Nasar   Rosmila Abdul-Kahar   Nor Shamsidah Amir Hamzah   Fahmiruddin Esa   and Mirza Basyir Rodhuan   

Gold nanoparticle has been explored in different ways to enhance the absorption of light and improve the efficiency of plasmonic solar cell. In this study, various positions of a gold nanoparticle which are at 115 nm, 230 nm and 305 nm measured vertically from the bottom of the solar cell to the centre of gold nanoparticle embedded into silicon layer of plasmonic solar cell is demonstrated using numerical simulation. The aim is to investigate the absorption, reflection and transmission percentage with different wavelength in different position of gold nanoparticle in plasmonic solar cell. The numerical results showed that the highest absorption and lowest reflection and transmission occurred at position 305 nm in the range 100 nm to 1000 nm compared to the simulation without nanoparticle and other position. The overall simulation results proved that at position 305 nm of gold nanoparticle which is near to the top layer is more efficient because this position has high electric field intensity in visible range

Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku   Ahmad Hadi Ali   and Nafarizal Nayan   

Annealing treatment of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films plays a great role in enhancing the optoelectronic properties of the material. Changes in morphological, optical and electrical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited by RF sputtering were investigated after exposing the films to Nd:YAG laser radiation. ITO thin films of 158 nm thickness were irradiated with different laser energy; 25 mJ, 75 mJ, 120 mJ and 165 mJ respectively. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results reveal a smooth surface morphology and enhance grain size as the laser energy increases. Highest optical transmittance value of 96.5 % at 620 nm wavelength was obtained by film treated with 165 mJ laser energy as determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Electrical resistivity measurements as determined by four-point probe show a significant decrease in resistivity and sheet resistance with respect to increasing laser energies. The ITO films optoelectronics properties were enhanced with the film annealed at 165 mJ exhibiting the highest calculated figure of merit. This laser treatment method has effectively fine turned the ITO films properties toward TCO functional properties required for solar cell application.

S M Suboh   N H Baharudin   and O A Basheer   

In recent years, Malaysian government has been searching for an opportunity to realize the first wind farm in Malaysia to achieve 20% penetration of renewable energy by 2025. Even though Malaysia experiences low average wind speed, but rapid advancement of micro-wind turbine technology promises a potential enhancement of wind harvesting in Malaysia in the near future. Concerning of high wind penetration to the grid, severe technical problems because of its fluctuating and intermittent nature will affect the power system stability. In view of that, this paper proposes a dispatch strategy for a wind farm comprising micro-wind turbine generators supported by a battery to minimize the fluctuation where for a monthly interval, a different value of reference power is followed. In parallel, the lower and upper constraints of battery state-of-charge must be satisfied. The proposed strategy is validated using the real wind data measured at Mersing, Malaysia. The results reveal that the proposed strategy successfully reduces the fluctuation and achieves the reference power for most of the intervals while ensuring the battery operates within a safe operating region. Using the simulation results, the payback period is estimated, which exposes that this project as an example, requires about 20 years of period to reimburse the capital expenditure.

Sivacoumar Rajalingam   and Zachariah C. Alex   

An optical input pulse with a duration of nanosecond to femtosecond propagates through a dispersive nonlinear medium, it is subject to an extreme spectral broadening termed as white light supercontinuum (SC). In PCF, dispersion characteristics can be modified by the waveguide geometric parameters and thereby the nonlinear dynamics can be altered. In this article, the fiber parameters like core diameter, doping percentage, and pitch are varied and analyzed to achieve a conclusive zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) and a high nonlinearity. The numerical study presents different designs of solid-core photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) and selection of highly nonlinear fiber with an effective area of 1.14 mm² and nonlinearity of 196 W^-1-km^-1 at 780 nm exhibiting two-zero dispersion wavelength for supercontinuum generation in different regimes. The results exhibit a significant pulse broadening effect when the pump pulse (FWHM) was varied from 25 fs to 100 fs. Similarly, the influences of the pulse energy and peak average power on the bandwidth of the generated SC are studied

M S Yusof   S R A Rahim   M H Hussain   S A Azmi   A Azmi   and N Hashim   

This paper presents a study on hybrid optimization technique for optimal distributed generation (DG) capacity and operational strategy in distribution system. In this study, hybrid method namely Artificial Immune System-Firefly Algorithm (AISFA) is developed to determine the optimal size of the schemes respectively in the distribution system. The Firefly Algorithm (FA) which is a type of meta-heuristic algorithm is inspired by the blinking or flashing behaviour of fireflies that is embedded into Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithm. The aim of this study is to develop the AISFA algorithm in order to improve the voltage profile and minimize losses of distribution system between the different operational strategy and types of DG. The types of DG include DG type 1, DG type 2, and DG type 3. The proposed technique was verified on IEEE 69-bus test system and the program was developed using the MATLAB programming software. The results showed a significant loss reduction in the line losses and voltage profile improvement has been obtained for optimal DG capacity and operational strategy in distribution system. From the simulation, the results were recorded in terms of the total losses and minimum voltage for the system. The results of the optimisation process of DG are utilized for the assistance of power system operators and planners. The power system planner can adopt the suitable sizes and locations from the obtained result for the planning of utility in term of economic and geographical consideration.

F S Abdullah   M A M Piah   N A Othman   and A Din   

Many empirical relations are proposed to estimate the surface leakage current (LC) through the experimental and simulation works. However, there are less exploration on developing the empirical equation that describe the surface LC in correlation with humidity and applied voltage stress. In this paper, an empirical relationship between the surface LC with humidity and applied voltage stress is proposed by using Dimensional Analysis (DA) technique. DA introduces a systematic approach based on Buckingham Theorem to present a complex relationship between the physical quantities into a dimensionless set of products. For validation purpose, the results obtained from the proposed mathematical model are compared to the practical data from the previous researchers. The validation shows that the analytical results are within the range of experimental results. By further analyzing the quantitative error analysis; mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE), the proposed model is found to be able to be used as a predictive model to estimate the performance of surface LC at different relative humidity and applied voltage stress and contribute in reducing the testing expenses.

Thanikaiselvan V   Sivanantham S   and Debopam Dey   

Steganography is the process of hiding secret information in other multimedia files, like image, audio and video, such that any unauthorized person does not have any clue of the hidden secret data. Due to the recent computational advancements, there has been an increased risk in secure communication and thus, steganography has become one of the most researched domains in information security. In this paper, a novel method of steganography is approached where the cover image is scrambled using graph theory; then the secret data is embedded in the LH, HL and HH planes using LSB embedding of the cover image after applying Haar forward transform to get the embedded image. The secret data hidden in the cover image is first converted to a QR-like (Quick Response) image and then to be embedded in the cover media. The stego image is obtained after reverse Haar transform and descrambling of the embedded image. The proposed method when applied to a set of grayscale images, not only gave us stego images with greater embedding capacity but also high Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and a low Mean Square Error (MSE) and very appreciable Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) along with a good Structural Similarity Index Matrix (SSIM) when compared to the cover images.

Min Qi Ng   and Soo Siang Teoh   

Abnormal rises in temperature of electrical equipment could be a sign of electric fault. By measuring the temperature of the equipment, it is possible to detect the early sign of electrical failure. Therefore, preventive maintenance based on thermal inspection is important to ensure the safety operation of the electrical system. Thermal inspection is normally done by using a handheld thermal camera. However, professional thermal camera is expensive and not suitable to be installed at a fixed location for continuous temperature monitoring. In this paper, a low-cost embedded system is proposed for measuring the temperature of electrical equipment based on thermal imaging. The system can be permanently installed to continuously monitor the thermal condition of an electrical installation. The proposed system consists of a Raspberry Pi 3 controller board connected to a MLX90640 32x24 pixels thermal sensor and a Pi NoIR camera. The temperatures measured by the thermal array sensor are converted into a heat map to form a thermal image. The thermal image is then overlaid on the visual image and displayed on the LCD screen. The system can be programmed to generate warning signal when the measured temperature is above a certain threshold value. Experiments carried out on the developed system showed that it is able to locate the hotspot regions of an electrical installation.

N. Abd. Rahman   M. Isa   M. N. K. H. Rohani   H A. Hamid   and Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah   

The Electric Field and Voltage Distribution (EFVD) are an important parameter for assessing high voltage bushing transformer performance. However, conducting laboratories experiment is dangerous, difficult and expensive due to several aspects. Therefore, Finite Element Method (FEM) software is the best option used as a tool for the assessment of bushing transformer's performance in terms of EFVD. But, before an assessment of analysis could be carried out, an accurate model of bushing transformer must first to be designed. In this research, Computer Aided Design (CAD) software has been employed to design the 145kV bushing transformer based on actual dimension. Upon completion, the design has been exported to FEM software for further analysis. In FEM software, measurement and analysis of electric field and voltage distribution (EFVD) have been carried out. The measurements are performed at various locations of bushing transformer such as of the porcelain surface (both air and oil side), along with aluminum foils, and at oil-impregnated paper (OIP). The results obtained have been compared with other researchers and it is found very satisfactory.

Gireesh Kumar A   and C A Babu   

This paper presents coordinated operation of power management strategies for a hybrid system. This hybrid system is modeled based on dynamic variation of load power and its effective distribution strategy. The proposed hybrid system consists of variable speed diesel generator (VSDG) and lithium-ion battery which is able to supply electric power for Power, Water and Communication (PWC) economically and efficiently in rural areas. The variation of power demand in PWC load is highlighted in load profile. The total PWC load is effectively shared by two VSDGs and one Lithium-Ion battery bank. The use of advanced VSDG helps hybrid system to reduce fuel consumption as its speed varies with load demand. The proposed segmentation of high frequency and low frequency components of load currents and their assignation to suitable source helps to reduce the transients during load variations. Also, one of the generators will be switched off when the total power demand goes below specified level and hence significant fuel savings can be achieved. The execution of proposed system is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink model and its validation by experimental test bench.

M S Ismail   Kwan T K   M I Hussain   and Z Mohd Zain   

The purpose of this paper is to design a new concept of an automatic compaction device for composite panel production at layup process in one of the aircraft composite panel manufacturers in Malaysia, known as Company A. The current compaction process in company A requires an implementation of an effective and automatic vacuum bagging/compaction process to replace the current manual way method. The objective is to implement an automatic device to be integrated with the current method in order to make it simpler and more efficient for the operators to do the compaction process. This method could avoid human error in compaction timer hence reducing completed panel defect rate. Vacuum bagging/compaction process is a very important process to consolidate the laminates into a composite. Hence it is important for the precision of vacuum pressure and timing for the compaction process. The automatic device is designed to do the compaction process according to the timer automatically. The approach of designing this device is to use timer and solenoid valve to control the vacuum and a timer with a microcontroller. This device implementation will also reduce the steps of compaction process compared to the current way of doing so in Company A. In addition, it is believed to reduce the redundancy of work of the operators and increase multitasking of the operator and yield of composite panel produced by the company

S Y Chong   S A Azmi   and J H Leong   

In the renewable energy power generation system, voltage source inverters (VSIs) are commonly used due to its stable operation, high efficiency and low cost. However, a dc-dc boost converter is necessary for VSI to operate has increased the system complexity. Thus, current source inverters (CSIs) has become an alternative of VSI due to its ability of voltage boosting and can provide a better output waveform. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of VSI and CSI focusing on topological circuits and basic operational parameters of these inverters. The performances of VSI and CSI are analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink focusing on two operational characteristics which are modulation index, m_a and switching frequency, f_sw. The performance of VSI and CSI are dependent on the modulation index, increasing m_a increase the inverter efficiency. In term of switching frequency, it does not affect much on the efficiency of inverters, yet a normalized switching frequency of odd multiple of three provides better fundamental output and harmonic minimization. Furthermore, CSI presents its voltage boosting capability which can boost 6-27% within m_a of 0.05-1.0 and using the same modulation technique, VSI and CSI have present duality relationship in term of output voltage and current wave shapes.

N H Halim   M F Hairuddin   S N M Arshad   M Isa   Z Adzis   and A W Y Khang   

Electrical grounding is a system to remove undesired electrical charge to the ground via grounding mass. The unwanted electrical charged maybe created due to grounding fault of electrical apparatus and transient. Without proper grounding system, any structure will have exposed to the risk that caused by fault current and lightning. This situation will contribute to the loss of life and damaging the equipment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the behavior of bentonite and coconut husk as additive material to improve the performance grounding system by reducing grounding resistance value. At the same time, the proposed grounding system is also installed in two different topologies which are the single driven rod as the first topology and the radial multiple driven rod as the second topology instead of the conventional method that installing multiple rod in straight line. After the installation process is completed, the measurement of grounding resistance work was conducted using fall of potential method and recorded within 64 days. The data gained then was compared and analyzed to identify the best material to be used as the grounding enhancement or additive material. The results obtained show that the Bentonite has better performance than coconut husk in reducing grounding resistance. This research also found that the new configuration of multiple driven rod topology was able to reduce grounding resistance compared to the single driven rod.

Alvin T L, Teo   and N N Barsoum   

The High Resistance Ground was used at the oil and gas platforms because of the main reason of not having the process in the facility interrupted. There are cases where main high voltage contactor has tripped and disabled the process at satellite platforms due to the lightings module grounded. This is unacceptable to the daily production. In this paper it will discuss on the electrical distribution load flow analysis, capacitive charging system for the HRG designs and the single phase to ground fault control which is offered by the HRG systems. In the oil and gas platform, there is always a case where the ground fault occurs and causes disturbance to the process. With the 3 Generators (Solar Centaur 3125 MVA) power for the overall electrical distribution, all the equipment on the buses is prone to the faults. It has always been the challenge to control and eliminate or reduce the ground faults. The determination of the total system charging current (Ic) is important and thus determining the value of resistor that is able to limit the fault to ground. The limit of current is about 5-10A. This investigation also will compare and analyze the line to ground faults. Symmetrical components are usually widely used for the study of fault calculations.

Debashish Pal   and Shiv Kumar Bhagat   

Nowadays, real-time control networks are becoming an emerging trend in the application of several fields like in remote campaign telecasting. Networked control systems (NCSs) are denoted as spatially distributed systems where the actuators, controllers and sensors are linked over a common band-limited wireless/wired digital communication network. The communication of data in the network plays a pivotal role in a system for its accurate working and as such the network-induced delays becomes a major challenging factor in the transmission of data from one source to another source especially for systems with real-time applications. Therefore, this delay factor should be analyzed and improved further. To overcome this network-induced delay factor along with problems of packet dropouts, fault occurrence and also increasing the stability, a novel technique through this paper is proposed. Here, initially the parameter initialization is done and transmission of data in the network is estimated and evaluated by the use of PID controller which is responsible for estimating the delay factors at the time of communication of data between the nodes. Also, a fuzzy logic parameter is integrated with PID controller to get a measure of probabilistic delay and fault occurrence. Finally, output of this network system is improved by using a novel optimization technique like an improved grey wolf optimization and an enhanced whale optimization. Finally, the performance analysis is done and results thus obtained validates the utility of this method in terms of lower amount of delays with lesser packet dropouts and an enhanced accuracy level in comparison to the traditional methods.

Mohamad Nor Othman   Baharudidn Ismail   and Zainuddin Mat Isa   

Modeling solar cell involved the formulation of the current versus voltage (I − V ) non-linear curve. Obtaining the accurate model parameters value is important for better performance evaluation, simulation and control of solar cell and module. Extracting these values using traditional methods required more resources, therefore, the used of meta heuristic optimization method become an attractive choice. Some optimization algorithms have been used to estimate the model parameters. However, more investigation is needed to improve model estimation. In this paper, the performance of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) technique in identifying the unknown parameters of solar cell double diode model is studied. A measurement data of a 57 mm diameter commercial (R.T.C. France) silicon solar cell is used to observe the performance of this algorithm and the consistency of accurately estimating various parameters. The results show that the estimated and experimental data are accurately fitted and certify a good agreement. Furthermore, comparative study among different parameter estimation techniques is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Maaspaliza Azri   Azrita Alias   Musa   Akmal Afiq Nazmudi   and Zulhani Rasin   

Multilevel inverter structures have the advantages due to the ablility to operate at high dc-bus voltage. It is able to operate at higher power applications by using series connection of switching devices. In addition, multilevel inverter can generate output voltage with very low harmonic distortion and synthesis a staircase voltage waveform by having multiple voltage levels. Various multilevel inverter topologies are introduced; however, cascaded multilevel inverter is commonly used because it is easy to be implemented. In addition, multilevel inverter topologies are able to operate at lower switching frequency and it produces higher efficiency by producing lower switching dissipation. In this paper, MATLAB/Simulink is used to model the seven levels cascaded multilevel PWM inverter by using bipolar and unipolar switching techniques. The analysis of the cascaded multilevel inverter will be done on different types of non-linear loads such as R-load, RL-load and RC-load The THD of voltages and currents on each type of loads that are done and finally the results are compared.

Santosh Vishnu Purkar   and Rajkumar S. Deshpande   

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Scheme is a cost-effective approach to monitor the event remotely. However, the activity of WSN is totally dependent on the energy resource available with each and every node of the network. Thus to prolong the activity period of WSN, it is necessary to utilize the available energy systematically. This aim is well satisfied by the design of hierarchical clustering protocol. This article highlights the mechanism to balance the energy consumption (load balancing) inside WSN. Proposed protocol design follows energy aware heterogeneous network model and modified scheme of cluster head (CH) selection. Secondly, maintain the record for nodes utilized in the role of CH and its capability. Proposed approach explores energy utilization by rotating CH selection, and reduces the internal overheads in network management. Through this approach, we are able to improve the energy efficiency of WSN by clustering multilevel nodes. In this design, CH is selected based on node energy and relative distance attributes. Proposed protocol is simulated and validated with reference to energy based performance parameters. It’s been noted that proposed implementation outperforms the existing protocols in terms of stability period, residual energy, and lifetime of the network.

Osama Elbaksawi   

Different models of the PV system containing many techniques of DC-DC converter are applied in this paper such as, buck converter, boost converter and buck- boost converter which are inserted to be close the power between PV array and load by varying its duty cycle, it is named maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This paper introduces four different techniques of the DC-DC converter controlled by MPPT. The first configuration is proposed as composing PV module connected to buck-boost converter controlled via incremental conductance MPPT algorithm, the system includes PID controller to reduce the error of output voltage. The second model is as the first without PID controller. The last two systems consisting of boost converter with MPPT control and with PWM technique. All studied methods are pretended by using Matlab/Simulink.

Boudjella Houari   Laouer Mohammed   Bouzeboudja Hamid   Ayad Ahmed Nour El Islam   Mkattiri Sara   and Saad Abdallah   

This paper presents a modified harmony search algorithm with dynamically varying bandwidth, named improved dynamic harmony search algorithm (IDHSA) for economic load dispatch (ELD) problems with higher cost functions. The economic load dispatch problem aims to schedule power outputs of the generating units to meet the system load demand at minimum cost while satisfying the equality and inequality constraints. In the IDHS algorithm, the key difference from the conventional HS algorithm is that bandwidth (BW) operator changes dynamically at every iteration. The IDHS algorithm is tested with two different cases of power systems without and with transmission losses. The obtained results prove the accuracy and the effectiveness of the IDHS algorithm in determining the best solution compared than other optimization methods recently published in the literature.

Muhammad Tayyab   Abdul Hanan Bin Abdullah   and Mohd. Murtadha Bin Mohamad   

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is one of the promising technologies having a wide range of applications, which includes underwater natural resources exploration, marine life study and underwater pipeline monitoring. Due to the harsh underwater environment, it is very challenging to provide an energy-efficient mobility-aware routing protocol for data collection. Due to the regular movement of the water currents, it becomes difficult to design a routing protocol that manages mobility of sensor nodes without the need of the localization details and with minimum energy utilization. Another issue of the UWSN is how to efficiently detect and avoid void nodes in a void area. The effect of the void node during routing increases energy utilization of the sensor nodes, which leads to decrease in the network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. In this paper, a Mobility-aware IMU-based Energy Efficient Routing (MIER) protocol for UWSN has been proposed to address issues including i) higher transmission overhead due to flooding of localization information exchange ii) and void node occurrence that leads to higher energy utilization and packet loss. The opportunistic data forward approach has been employed for the node communication. Extensive simulation has been carried out and the results show that MIER outperforms existing related research work in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and network lifetime.

Moses Oluwafemi Onibonoje   Adedayo Olukayode Ojo   and Temitayo Emmanuel Fabunmi   

Fire outbreak contributes greatly to loss of lives, properties and valuables. In order to avert such losses, reliable fire detection, notification, and prevention systems are crucial. Heat, the common indicator for fire development, requires to be monitored and controlled in a flammable environment. This paper has therefore developed a distributed approach to the detection and prevention of fire development by monitoring the inducing heat, smoke and early fire. The study proposes a model for the heat sensing and also for the control function of the system. It designs and implements the four sensing nodes, one base node, and the control and alarm system with resourceful hardware devices. The heat and smoke status of the environment is relayed for prompt action through a local user window on the administrator's personal computer (PC) and mobile phone. The local user interfaces and the internet cloud are designed for data relay and recording. The system is tested and evaluated for real-time deployment and operations. The resulting data are analyzed and reported.

Nedaa N. Gaafar   and Waheed Sabry   

Till the moment, electric vehicles charging statically using stationary stations, microgrids or other known conventional methods still represents a big problem for this industry, and a worrying snag to users. Due to different problems of electric vehicles charging using static methods, most of recent electric vehicles' researches are interested in the subject of charging these vehicles using inductive power transfer (IPT) or the so-called dynamic charging. This method depends mainly on transformer theory. In this paper, an IPT system is proposed, modeled in state-space form, simulated using MATLAB package and analyzed. The IPT system analysis focused on calculating one of the main system parameters - magnetic coupling coefficient and finding its optimal value. At this value, the transient dynamic voltage and current response of the circuit is found. Also, a fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FO-PID) controller is proposed to enhance and smoothen the power signals (Voltage and current).

P. S. Manoharan   V. Shanmugapriya   and P. Deepamangai   

The aim of this paper is to analyze the optical parameters of solar cell materials using the integrating sphere. The optical parameters including reflectance, transmittance, absorptance and emissivity are measured for the samples ZnO with 0.025 M concentration, ZnO with 0.05 M concentration, ZnO with 0.1 M concentration and Cu/Ti/SiO₂ with 0.025 M concentration. The transmittance and reflectance of the samples are calculated with respect to the wavelengths to find whether the samples absorb light of the portion of the solar spectrum. These optical characteristics are measured by using integrating sphere and this work will lead to the analysis of quality of material used for coating the photovoltaic cell in order to increase the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic system.

Lina Alhmoud   

Harmonic pollution in the industrial field causes extra heat dissipation and increased rms (root mean square) values of both voltage and current waveforms, which hence increase losses, decrease the overall efficiency, and increase the energy cost in power plants. Moreover, harmonic pollution results in a decline in industrial investment. A solution to mitigate harmonic pollution is proposed using an active power filter by identifying both the phase current and the voltage and then providing a compensation current the same in magnitude and negative in direction to the distorted current. In this paper, a three-phase active power filter for current harmonic compensation in power distribution lines is adopted. Practical measurements performed on the United Iron and Steel Manufacturing Company bus bar for different factory and Jordanian national power system grid loads demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach using a shunt active power filter (SAPF). Using p-q theory, the results show that the proposed SAPF is convenient for suppressing harmonic current. Hence, the overall power quality of the grid is improved, and the reliability is enhanced. Finally, this work is implemented using simulink/Matlab.

Harish Chandra Mohanta   Abbas Z. Kouzani   and Sushanta K. Mandal   

Reconfigurable antennas are capable of dynamically altering their frequency, polarization, and radiation properties in a controlled and reversible manner. They modify their geometry and behaviour to maximize the antenna performance in response to changes in their surrounding conditions. To implement a dynamical response, they employ different mechanisms such as PIN diodes, varactors, radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF-MEMS), field effect transistors (FETs), parasitic pixel layers, photoconductive elements, mechanical actuators, metamaterials, ferrites, and liquid crystals. These mechanisms enable intentional distribution of current on the antenna surface producing reversible modification of their properties. This paper presents the design process and applications of reconfigurable antennas. The activation mechanisms of reconfigurable antennas, and their design and operation optimization are discussed. The latest advances on reconfigurable metamaterial engineering, and the current trends and future directions relating to reconfigurable antennas are reviewed. Finally, the applications of reconfigurable antennas in cognitive radio, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, satellite communications, and biomedical devices are highlighted.

Ibtissem Tiss   Abdulrahman Alahdal   Kaiçar Ammous   and Anis Ammous   

Power converter optimization by genetic algorithm (GA) is used to provide simpler and more reliable converter design for high efficiency, small size and low cost. This paper presents a Computer-Aided Design Optimization Tool based on GA to determine the optimal structure of single-phase voltage source inverter devoted to grid-connected photovoltaic applications. An accurate non-linear averaged model was used to model the power converter. The hysteresis technique was used to control the output sine wave current of the inverter while the Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm NSGA-II was used to search the Pareto optimal front and the best design in terms of efficiency, volume and cost under electrical constraints. The converter model and the NSGA-II algorithm are developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The problem formulation was detailed. It was shown that the optimization of a power converter, working in a given application without the need of tedious and expensive experimental tests classically used to build this converter, is possible by mean of simulation. This will decrease time to market phase for manufacturers.

Wright J. R., Jr.   Ginter E. S.   David B. G.   Kilbourne B. J.   and Wells J. R.   

The future for robotics in today's world is clear. We must automate our manufacturing processes to remain competitive in the global marketplace. Modern robotics is an important part of that automation. Humanoids, a more recent development in robotics, have a host of capabilities that may reveal potential new uses in industry and modern engineering education. This paper describes how one may advance from a beginning user of an NAO robot to that of an intermediate user of the Choregraphe development software. The authors seek to bridge the gap between the available documentation for the novice and the advanced users/programmers of the NAO humanoid platform within the Choregraphe user environment. The NAO platform was utilized due to its high impact of use by more than 13,000 educators and researchers from more than 70 countries worldwide [1].

Zahra Rostamikafaki   

In recent decades, extensive studies have been conducted on biosensors. Of these, biosensors are of great importance, and various photonic structures have been used to design these types of sensors. In this work, optimization of the performance of photonic crystal-based biosensor has been addressed. The nano-resonant sensor is within the structure and is surrounded by two waveguides. The resonator is formed by the smaller air cavities. In order to increase the optical constraint and better coupling of light between the waveguides and the resonator, two finis waveguides have been used. By connecting the biological molecule to the measuring cavity wall, its refractive index will change and the wavelength of the resonant structure will be shifted. Several parameters such as number, thickness of layers and slope affect this sensitivity. By optimizing these parameters, changes in the refractive index can be detected.

Muhammad Junaid Khan   Daud Khan   Sadia Jabeen Siddiqi   Salman Saleem   and Imran Khan   

This manuscript deals with the simulation and comparison of linear as well as non-linear results for Magnetic Levitation System ED-4810 for different parameters assigned to the model. At first, different results for the simulations are achieved, using Simulink R2017a as a tool. Different results achieved through simulations were than analyzed. Magnetic Levitation System considered in the manuscript, taken as a steel ball suspended in a voltage controlled magnetic field. Furthermore, state space controller is modeled in order to gain the linearity of the system. This study demonstrates the modeling, simulations and comparison of the model ED-4810 upon which, Routh Hurwitz Criterion is executed to accomplish the stability test of the system.

Chong Chee Soon   Rozaimi Ghazali   Shin Horng Chong   Chai Mau Shern   Yahaya Md Sam   and Ahmad Anas Yusof   

The industry processes involving punching, lifting, and digging usually require high precision, high force and long operating hours that increase the prestige in the usage of the electrohydraulic actuator (EHA) system. These processes with the companion of the EHA system usually possess high dynamic complexities that are hard to be controlled and require well-designed and powerful control system. Therefore, this paper will involve the examination of the designed controllers which is applied to the EHA system. Firstly, the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller which is the famous controller in the industry is designed. Then, the improved PID controller, which is known as the fractional order PID (FO-PID) controller is designed. After that, the design of the gradually famous robust controller in the education field, which is the sliding mode controller (SMC) is performed. Since the controller's parameters are essentially influencing the performance of the controller, the meta-heuristic optimization method, which is the particle swarm optimization (PSO) tuning method is applied. The variation in the system's parameter is applied to evaluate the performance of the designed controllers. Referring to the outcome analysis, the increment of 59.3% is obtained in the comparison between PID and FOPID, while the increment of 67.13% is obtained in the comparison of the PID with the SMC controller. As a conclusion, all of the controllers perform differently associated with their own advantages and disadvantages.

Rahmat Alamtaha   Ary Syahriar   and Salim Burdah   

Directional Coupler is one of the devices used in signal transmission techniques in optical fiber communication systems, especially Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). The directional coupler can be used as a sensitive sensor, one of which is based on wavelength shifts and coupling length shift. This paper simulates a shift in wavelength and coupling length based on the influence of temperature in the range of 30℃ to 230℃ based on the characteristics of power output. The wavelength used in this simulation is in the C-Band region, which is around 1550 nm. Temperature changes cause changes in the material refractive index. Temperature changes cause a shift in wavelength and coupling length increase which describes the characteristics of the thermo-optic effects on the directional couplers.

Salim Burdah   Rahmat Alamtaha   Octarina Nur Samijayani   Suci Rahmatia   and Ary Syahriar   

Developments in the technology sector are currently experiencing rapid progress, especially in data transmission technology. The increasing need for fast data traffic in the telecommunications sector requires technology that can send data quickly. Optical fiber has the speed of receiving and sending data at 2.5 Gbps while FSO has a speed of up to 100 Gbps but this depends on Wavelength, the modulation technique used and the distance of the telescope between the transmitter and receiver. The speed of receiving and sending data also depends on the Quality (Q) of the signal, the greater the value of Quality (Q) of the signal, the better the Quality of the signal. FSO is an optical communication system that uses the atmosphere as its propagation medium and Optical Fiber uses silica as its propagation medium. Therefore, in this paper, a performance analysis of Free Space Optics (FSO) and Single Mode Fiber is carried out based on the Quality Factor and Bit Error Rate (BER) of a signal that is carried out using Optical System simulations with a wavelength of 1310 nm, 1380 nm, 1550 nm, 1550 nm and 1560 nm, with 1 km, 3 km and 5 km, respectively. Then, analysis uses an Eye Diagram to analyze the output signal and compare the Factor Q and Bit Rate Error (BER).

Robi Darwis   Octarina Nur Samijayani   Ary Syahriar   and Indrawan Arifianto   

Optical fiber communication has characteristics that really need attention. The characteristics of fiber optic transmission are very important in designing optical fiber networks, one of which is widening pulses called dispersions. Dispersion is the widening of light pulses in optical fibers which reduces data speed, signal to noise ratio and system quality. In addition to dispersion compensation, which is the most important feature needed in fiber-optic communication systems; transmission power needs to be considered to produce optimal signal output. In this paper, we will simulate the optimization effect of power and fiber dispersion compensation on Non Return to Zero (NRZ) and Return to Zero (RZ) modulation on optical transmission systems, with 5 dBm power parameters, 10 dBm 15 dBm and 0 dBm and DCF 5 km, 10 km, 15 km, 20 km and 25 km. Simulation results show that dispersion compensation is very influential on the transmission system. From these two modulations, there are differences in the results between NRZ and RZ. The results of dispersion compensation also affect the input power and DCF length.

Muhammad Rangga Hadisiswoyo   Octarina Nur Samijayani   Ary Syahriar   and Indrawan Arifianto   

FSO (Free Space Optic) is a form of optical technology communication by transmitting light to media free space. In the FSO system, the data transmission can be larger, namely 1-100 Gbps, and this is due to the large bandwidth width. FSO runs at a wavelength of 850 nm and 1550 nm. FSO is usually with a maximum distance of 2-4 km. This paper simulates the FSO optical transmission system using NRZ and RZ line coding in bright and rainy weather conditions. The parameters analyzed are Eye diagram, Optical Spec-trum, photocurrent, and received signal power. In the FSO line coding system, NRZ has an eye height value, received signal power and received photocurrent is greater than the RZ line coding at a distance of 1 km and 5 km in bright and rainy conditions. In the trial of this FSO communication system, it is better to use it at a distance of 1 km, because the received signal power is above 20 dBm and received photocurrent is still above 800 mA for NRZ and RZ line coding. This is due to the attenuation value of sunny weather conditions that are smaller between 0.2-3 dB/km, while in rain conditions between 4-17 dB/km.

Indrawan Arifianto   Muhammad Rangga Hadisiswoyo   and Ary Syahriar   

Theoretical approach to study the influence of temperature of the effective refractive index value for asymmetric nonlinear optical waveguides was developed. Waveguide structures are equipped with linear cladding and substrate. Numerical modeling and calculations were performed to measure the sensitivity of the effective refractive index core thickness for transverse electrical (TE) mode and transversal magnetic (TM) mode. Based on the results, which affect the waveguide refractive index value, we can also adjust the waveguide by varying the temperature value. The waveguide structure is completed by linear cladding and substrate.

Hiba Faraj   and Selma Ozaydin   

Vector quantization codebook algorithms are used for coding of narrow band speech signals. Multi-stage vector quantization and split vector quantization methods are two important techniques used for coding of narrowband speech signals and these methods are very popular due to the high bit rate minimization during coding of the signals. This paper presents performance measurements of multistage vector quantization and split vector quantization methods. We used line spectral frequencies for coding of the speech signals in codebook tables so as to ensure filter stability after quantization. The codebooks were generated by using the Linde-Buzo-Gray (LBG) algorithm. The tests were performed by selecting large amount of input data in training and test stages and to evaluate noise robustness of the methods, both noisy and clean speech signals were used. As a result, different codebooks were designed and tested in many stages and different bit rates to measure quantization performance. It is measured in terms of spectral distortion evaluation. We obtained the best result in 24bit multistage vector quantization codebook with a spectral distortion less than 1 dB for clean speech training data input. When we compared multistage and split vector quantization codebook spectral distortion results, multistage codebooks gave better performance in each option.

K. V Rop   P. K. Langat   and H. A. Ouma   

Traffic management has been and remains to be a major problem especially in urban areas with high vehicle density. Adoption of intelligent transport system (ITS) has been widely experimented with the intention of curbing traffic menace with mixed experiences as the outcome. By communicating with other vehicles travelling on the same road in form of clusters, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) forms an ITS that can allow cooperation of vehicles with less human input. By considering the high mobility nature of the vehicles in VANET, this paper presents a solution to the main menace of VANET clustering by adopting the flexibility of fuzzy logics for cluster formation on a multilane urban highway. It also shows that the stability of clusters is improved by performing the cluster head (CH) selection process based on a combination of fuzzy logics, lane weighting, and utility function with the fuzzy membership function adjusted to increase stability of clusters.

Tusharika S Banerjee   Ayush Saxena   Arti Hadap   K. T. V. Reddy   and Apoorva Saxena   

The aim of this paper is to suggest performance improvements in an A6 relativistic magnetron (RM) using the particle-in-cell (PIC), finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation tool. It is shown that adding conductive strappings to the resonator assists in improving π-mode performance of the device by modulating the beam velocity profile. Comparisons have been made between the performance variables of a strapped and an unstrapped relativistic magnetron. In addition, the tapered mode converting structures are investigated which also assist in the π-mode performance of the RM. Also, a review is made on the basic operation of the RM with elements from both circuit and field theory.

Hazim Shakhatreh   

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used as aerial wireless base stations when cellular networks go down. Prior studies on UAV-based wireless coverage typically consider outdoor scenarios, where a UAV and wireless devices are outdoor. In this paper, the problem of UAV placement is studied, where the goal is to find the optimum location of a single UAV that prolongs the lifetime of indoor wireless devices. First, a realistic Indoor-Outdoor path loss model is presented and the tradeoff introduced by this model is described. Then, the problem of UAV placement is formulated, where the goal is to find the optimum UAV location that prolongs the lifetime of indoor wireless devices. It can be proven that the constraint sets of the problem can be represented by a convex set in terms of three variables. To this end, an algorithm to find the optimum UAV location is proposed. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Ali Krim   Abderrazak Lakrim   and Driss Tahri   

The Kennelly theorem which is widely used in three phase systems allows for the delta-star and star-delta conversion and simplification of several electronic circuits. In the present work, we propose a generalization based on the theorem of superposition and some results of linear algebra. Our demonstration is inspired from the proof of the classical Kennelly's theorem. The proposed formulas are very clear and simple. This will make it possible to convert polygon-start and star -polygon if the number of impedances is odd, greater than or equals three. The advantage of our proposal is that it could be understood and programmed easily by undergraduate student when compared to other methods based on the graph theory, which focuses mainly on the mesh-star conversion, which is not possible in all configurations in both ways. This result can be applied to reduce the number of nodes in circuit type models of electrical components and electronic circuits. Thus, the simulation time is reduced.

Eka Angga Laksana   and Feri Sulianta   

Developing web application from scratch is a cumbersome task. There is a need for a fast and efficient methodology to develop web-based application to realize user's requirement. User's requirement and expectation have increased because of the complexity of business process. This paper introduces a new method which allows web developer to build application faster. Reuse-based software component concept is used to construct cases in case-based reasoning. Case-based reasoning method defined a mechanism for learning on the basis of the previous case in order to solve the current problem. That is the basic idea about how to build application generator as fast development by reuse collection of previous code component.

Yejin Kwon   Jerry H. Seo   and Young Bom Park   

The demands for computing resource allocation, user management, and various contents management are increasing with the proliferation of cloud computing. A cloud service system has to provide the system services that are combined or shared based on the web environment, unlike a single application in the past. It has also evolved to appropriately allocate and combine service resources according to the needs and needs of various users to provide a user-dependent web environment. There is an increasing need for software convergence services in the form of software. In response to these needs, a variety of customized services are provided to a user who promises an optional service environment. Those services can be used in combination according to a user's purpose and needs, instead of providing an environment in which a user purchases and uses software locally. In particular, because cloud computing provides the process that a user gain accessing authority to the system which has been granted a service access right for a certain period of time, and including a process of expire the corresponding right is completed, a various authority access control method is designed. In this paper, we define the roles of users who access cloud computing service, and manage user rights according to each role, provide and expire appropriate service resources according to user's privilege and session information. Moreover we analyzed the procedures for constructing an algorithm for service ripple effects according to the procedure of granting service resources to each user and accessing web services and constructing a new role.

Woon-Yong Kim   and Soon Gohn Kim   

Background/ Objectives: Various attempts have been made to utilize drones to increase information utilization based on the 4th industrial revolution. As the availability of these drone increases, the demand for real time image information at various angles is increasing. So we need to make a research like it. Methods/ Statistical analysis: We propose a drone design model for 360-degree simultaneous multi-recording videos and a real-time video merging technique to provide efficient real-time video service in order to reduce blind spots that can occur in drone adjustment and to provide surveillance efficiency. In order to collect videos at various angles at the same time by using multiple cameras, we analyze the angle of the camera with respect to the split plane of the drones, and provide real-time video information service through efficient 360-degress videos construction and videos merging. It can be make an effective coordination and monitoring of a drone. Findings: The drones typically include one or two cameras for situational and video recording purposes, but this camera approach creates a blind spot in drone surveillance area. And also VR and 3D approach with first-person equipment of drone is lacking the real-time monitoring function at various angles in that it provides only one viewpoint at a time. In addition, it is required to recognize and utilize information more efficiently in the reality that the drones are being extended from the visibility flight to the non-visibility area. The simultaneous 360-degree video recording method using multiple cameras will improve the monitoring and operation ability of the drones and increase the utilization. To do this, we analyze multiple camera angles and construct the physical environment of the drone system for the collection and processing of effective video information. We also propose a video merging technique to provide efficient service of collected video information. Improvements/ Applications: Based on the relation between various elements constituting the drone, it can be used in various application environments by providing an efficient access and communication environment for monitoring and information required in the operation of the drone through the camera environment, real-time information collection and merging technique.

Hong-Sik Lim   Byeong-Chul Lee   and Ki-Chan Kim   

Background/ Objectives: Apply the electromagnetic multi-step transmission method to expand the average efficiency area of electric vehicles. In this paper, analyze the influence of torque caused by shift shock due to electromagnetic multi-shift. Methods/ Statistical analysis: Research has been conducted to extend the average efficiency range of the motor by applying the electromagnetic multi-step transmission method. In addition, we analyze the effects of shift shocks on the torque of the motor through finite element analysis methods(FEM) analysis. Findings: In this paper, we study the characteristic analysis of the electromagnetic multi-step transmission method of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. In addition, we analyzed the influence of the shift shock due to the electromagnetic multi-shift on the torque. It has been confirmed that the average efficiency section of the motor is widened by the electromagnetic multi-step transmission method, and it has been confirmed that the difference in the voltage in the shift section adversely affects the torque of the motor. It has been confirmed that the influence on the torque is different based on the shift point. Improvements/ Applications: Analyzes and derives attributes thought FEM analysis using voltage source analysis and current source analysis.

Hong-Sik Lim   Do-Hyun Kim   and Ki-Chan Kim   

Background/ Objectives: In order to increase the travel distance of an electric vehicle, it is important to widen the efficiency range of the motor. In this paper, we study the electromagnetic multi-shift method of the motor. Methods/ Statistical analysis: We will study the expansion of the efficiency range of the motor by applying three electromagnetic multi-shift methods. In addition, the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of methods that switch finite element analysis methods (FEMs) are analyzed. Findings: In this paper, we study the characteristic analysis of the electromagnetic multi-shift of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). For electric vehicles, the Driving Range is important. Therefore, the expansion of the range of maximum efficiency is more important than the improvement of the maximum efficiency point of the motor. Three electromagnetic transmission methods were applied and analyzed to increase the efficiency range. The first method is the high efficiency range appears to be expanded in the high-speed range, but the influence of the expansion of the maximum efficiency range is not significantly expanded as compared with the other method. In addition, second method and third method in the range of maximum efficiency are similar. However, when third method is the maximum efficiency value increases up to about 8,500 rpm operation range at about 5,000 rpm. Improvements/ Applications: The efficiency of the motor to which various electromagnetic multi-shift methods were applied was derived by FEM and the characteristics were analyzed.

Keun-Seok Park   Young-Chan Kim   Dae-Dong Lee   and Ki-Chan Kim   

Background/ Objectives: Power system control systems are constantly exposed to surge voltages. These surge voltages cause malfunction of elements controlled by a low voltage such as a CPU and a semiconductor. Methods/ Statistical analysis: A control circuit is constituted by utilizing a discharge element with control electrode and a surge voltage is applied to the control circuit to measure and analyze the discharge voltage that accompanies the capacity change of the current limiting element, transformer, etc. As a result, the effectiveness of the discharge device with control electrode and the control circuit was confirmed. Findings: The capacitance of the capacitor was selected as 0.01uF, 0.1uF, 1uF and the winding ratio of the transformer was set to 15: 1. Then, the impulse voltage of 500 V was injected and the discharge voltage was confirmed. The capacitor 1uF with the lowest discharge characteristic among the capacitors was applied and the test results for the winding ratio of 15: 1 and 20: 1 were confirmed. Applying a 1kV surge voltage to a GCA control circuit with a 1uF capacitor and a 20: 1 transformer, it was confirmed. Through this test, it was confirmed that GCA control circuit can be applied to high surge voltage and maintain low discharge voltage. Improvements/ Applications: In this paper, we study various characteristics of Gate Control Arrestor (GCA) with control electrode and we will use it appropriately in various industries.

Gyeong-Mo Nam   So-Young Ju   and Eui-Rim Jeong   

Background/ Objectives: Recently, air-to-ground wireless communication systems have been used in various equipment such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In this paper, we analyze the air-to-ground channel in 400 MHz band with experiment using light aircraft. Methods/ Statistical analysis: The characteristics of the air-to-ground channel are analyzed as follows. We generate and store a pilot signal in commercial vector signal generator and an aircraft equipped with the signal generator takes off. As a pilot signal, Zadoff-Chu sequence is used for its good autocorrelation characteristics. In the ground station, the received waveform is stored by using spectrum analyzer. When an airplane approaches near the ground station, airplane transmits the pilot signal and the ground station begins to store the received signals. After completing the signal storing, air-to-ground channel analysis is performed. Findings: From the experiments, we obtained several hundreds of received waveforms, and those waveforms are used for statistical air-to-ground channel analysis. According to the analysis results, most of the measurement channels are single path or line of sight channels. However, in a certain measurement, multiple paths or non-line of sight channels are observed. Those results confirm that multipath environments exist at certain air-to-ground condition. The maximum number of multipath components is 4 and the maximum delay spread is 0.4 μsec. Therefore, when designing a wireless communication system considering air-to-ground environments, the design should consider 4-path fading channels and maximum delay spread over 0.4 μsec. When designing air-to-ground wireless communication systems such as aircraft and drone systems, the experimental and analyzed channels in this paper might be useful. Improvements/ Applications: In this paper, we analyze the air-to-ground channel characteristics of a mountainous area in Korea with field experiment using light aircraft. The analyzed channel characteristics are helpful to those who want to design wireless communication systems between aircraft to ground or UAV to ground. In addition, the analyzed channel can be used for verification of compatibility for the existing communication systems to air-to-ground applications.

Ho-Hyun Lee   Kyung-Il Woo   Han-seok Park   and Dae-Kyong Kim   

Background/ Objectives: This paper aims to reliably evaluate the torque ripple of an optimal designed 3-phase induction motor using the measurement uncertainty theory. Methods/ Statistical analysis: The measurement uncertainty theory is statistically applied to the actual test. To apply the measurement uncertainty theory to the simulation result such as torque ripple, the type-A standard uncertainty can be calculated through the periodical calculation of torque ripple and the type-B standard uncertainty expressing non-statistical factors such as measurement environment, instrument or method is regarded as 0 in the uncertainty evaluation process. Findings: The general expression of torque ripple of an optimal designed 3-phase induction motor is not dependable because of the fluctuating torque at steady state. Therefore, in this paper, the uncertainty of the torque ripple is evaluated by using the type-A and the type-B standard uncertainty which is regarded as 0. As a result, the torque ripples before and after the optimal design are reliably evaluated in a specific confidence level. Also, it is known that the uncertainty can be easily applied to the torque ripple as well as other motor parameters such as power loss, output power density and so on. Improvements/ Applications: Since this paper deals with evaluation method of torque ripple of a 3-phase induction motor with respectively low torque ripple, it could be applied to motors with large torque ripple.

Young Sun Kim   

Background/ Objectives: Finite element method has been used widely for structural analysis of electromagnetic systems for a long time. Maxwell stress sensor and principle of virtual work are used to calculate electromagnetic force from finite element analysis results. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In this paper, specific methodologies were presented when programming was coded directly without the use of commercial software. Maxwell stress sensor is the amount of tension expressed by the interaction of electromagnetic force with mechanical physical quantity. Findings: When calculating the electromagnetic force, a method of integration was proposed when trying to integrate by selecting the element around the body to obtain the force. Also, the principle of virtual work is to induce electromagnetic force from the derivation of system energy. This method was proposed to differentiate the matrix in the finite element method. Improvements/ Applications: We selected a 3-dimensional Axisymmetric model to validate the usefulness of the proposed method of calculation.

Ase Suryana   and Erwin Yulianto   

The world of insurance business that is full of competition makes the perpetrators must always think about breakthrough strategies that can guarantee the continuity of their insurance business. One of the main assets owned by insurance companies is business data in an extraordinary amount. Data mining is a new technology that is very useful to help insurance companies find very important information from business data as the main asset they have. Data mining can predict trends and traits of business behavior that are very useful to support important decision making. Automated analysis carried out by data mining exceeds that carried out by traditional support systems. Apriori and FP-Growth are the most famous algorithms for finding high frequency patterns, these algorithms are part of the Rule Association used in this study.

Falahah   

Requirement engineering is an important process in a software development project. During the process there are two activities that are very significant that determine the success of the software development: requirement definition and requirement prioritization. Through this process we can set the scope of the software product and the limitations of product features for each released version. Defining and prioritizing requirements can be done using same approach. gIBIS (graphical Issue-Based Information System) is a proposed approach for the design rationale to describe the reasoning process for the solution that is chosen in order to answer a problem or issue. The graphical representation of the reasoning process using gIBIS can be supported by tools such as Compendium. This paper proposes the implementation of the gIBIS approach in defining software requirements by assigning a score for each alternative and selecting the highest score as a solution. The approach is combined with AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) method to set the priority and as the result we can determine the software requirements and also rank the requirements based on its priority. The criteria used in setting the priority include cost, risk, difficulty and stability. The proposed approach (combining of gIBIS and AHP) is demonstrated with a case study of prioritizing requirements for a website development of "IndoSoccerSchool". The result show that the proposed approach can help us generate a list of requirements and give them a score based on priority and the list can give a reference for developing the software based on credible priorities and then manage the software release.

Feri Sulianta   Ai Rosita   Ulil Surtia Zulpratita   Heri Heryono   Eka Angga Laksana   and Sy. Yuliani   

Basically, information system design is fundamental to the long-term sustainability of information systems. Information system architecture is a reference in developing and building new information systems if the current system is no longer able to support the activities of an organization or company. There are various information system development methods and there are various information systems architecture models. The choice of using methods and models must be carefully considered so that the information system created is right on target. A variety of techniques will be introduced to enrich knowledge in choosing development methods and architectural models that suit the needs of the organization.

F. H. Soemidi   P. L. Hadi   and I. Z. Sutalaksana   

FMARI Database Application is designed to help safety auditor in investigating work accidents and as routine monitoring in regular companies reports to safety board organization in Indonesia (BPJS for Employee) with the main goal is to reach zero accident. FMARI stands for Faktor Manusia dan Analisis Resiko Industri (application: Human Factors and Industrial Risk Analysis) is following HFACS method and make a modification from HFIX in Indonesian terms. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is a system-safety model that effectively bridges the gap between human error theory and applied human error analysis. The Human Factors Intervention matriX (HFIX) is an innovative tool for mapping intervention strategies onto the specific forms of human error identified in the HFACS.

R. Ekawati   N. Wahyuni   and R. Annisa   

PT. XYZ often suffers stopline in its production process of producing tin plate type coil in Electrolytic Tinning Line (ETL) machine which is used nonstop. The purpose of this research is identifying cause of stopline and determining the most potential cause of stopline using Multi Attribute Failure Mode Analysis (MAFMA). MAFMA itself is a combination method between FMEA and AHP. The result shows the causes of stopline are damaged bearing, broken shaft, not fitted construction, damaged rubber lining in sidewall, many tin particles in roll, torn roll, groove roll and bubble roll. The most potential cause is damaged bearing by weight of 0.172.

Yudi Barnadi   M. Rozahi Istambul   Ajeng Mayang K S   and Savitri galih   

In this type of radar pulses only have one antenna that is used to transmit and receive signals, it requires a duplexer that will function as a separator for both signals, this duplexer will isolate the transmitted signal and the received signal. The main component of the duplexer that plays a role in the regulation of isolation is the Coupler which is abbreviated as coupler. The performance of the Coupler can be seen from the characteristics of the parameters it has, namely: Isolation Characteristics, Insertion Loss, Return Loss, and Power Coupling. In this study, changes in the dimensions of the Coupler, changes in this size will affect the value of the isolation. If the isolation value gets smaller, the duplexer performance will be better. Coupler in this study is applied in the form of microstrip and substrate used FR-4 with a dielectric constant of 4.6, 1.3 mm thick and 3 GHz operating frequency. To do this work is done with the 2014 CST simulation software, from the results of simulation experiments obtained the isolation value of -67.786 dB.

Savitri Galih   Sultan Iansyah   and Herdis Yudistira   

Augmented Reality technology in Mobile Device can provide better experience for people to to access and gather information at the location of cultural heritage or tourism landmark point in cultural heritage and historical tourism. Currently, the AR implementation research in cultural aspect hardly explored about the sensing algorithm of the cultural object that ignite the AR and the algorithm's complexity in detail. In this paper, we we propose geodetic location based tracking algorithm that has low computational complexity compare to the object based tracking which required heavy computational complexity for image processing algorithm. Based on the testing and implementation evaluation, our application can mark the cultural heritage or historical landmark and overlay it with the story behind the place to enhance the visitor experience.

Savitri Galih   Mohammed El-Absi   and Thomas Kaiser   

Massive MIMO or Large Scale MIMO is a promising solution for achieving superior data rates in 5G communication systems. However it has limitation in term of scalability and coverage for users that has highly spatial separation. Distributed massive MIMO is expected to enhance these drawbacks. One main problem arises in this scheme is the MIMO interference channel conditon that can be coped by interference alignment algorithm. The main consideration for interference alignment algorithm in distributed Massive MIMO is to achieve low complexity precoding to eliminate interference channel condition and to design efficient hardware architecture for its implementation. Previous research regarding IA for Distributed Massive MIMO indicates that the complexity issues is still not widely discussed. This paper proposed the low complexity IA scheme for large scale MIMO system based on limited interferer and the implementation of low cost interference alignment and wireless synchronization for distributed MIMO using software defined radio hardware. From the simulation result it is shown that limited interferer IA algorithm achieve acceptable BER performance, i.e. in order of 10^-3. The hardware implementation of the IA precoding matrix computation is also discussed and base on the experiment it is show that the proposed algorithm and architecture achieved higher hardware performance compared to the linear IA.

Resa Pramudita   

In this paper described the process of making a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for GEOS Satellite for terminal mobile satellite at S-Band frequence. Step process of LNA design are choosing the right Transistor, Making a biasing circuit of Transistor, searching the value of Z_S and Z_L, , and built an Impedance Matching of the Transistor. The choosen Transistor is ATF58143 from Avago Technology. Bias voltage were used to Transistor in order to make transistor working at its working area. At this condition, we get Noise Figure (NF) minimum at 0.4 dB and Maximum stable amplifying at 20.413 dB as a paramater of the optimum LNA. The design of LNA will be simulated using a software Advanced Design System (ADS).

R. A. E. Virgana   and Dan Dani Hamdani   

In this study, the southern part of West Java Province, especially along the southern coastline in Cianjur Regency (in part), Garut Regency, Tasikmalaya Regency, and Pangandaran Regency, has tremendous potential. For the southern path of West Java alone, 417.4 km connected, from the start of Sukabumi Regency to the west of West Java, to Pangandaran Regency in the east of West Java, the potential and uniqueness of almost all new roads along the southern path of West Java show the extraordinary beauty and natural resources of West Java. Almost all roads on this track it is very neat, new and sturdy bridges. The residents along the southern coastline of West Java have begun to be busy in fishing industries, farms, timber industries, and other industries. But the means of cellular communication, especially along this route, which was the object of research in this study, signals exist and do not exist. There are some 2G, some 3G, and 4G will begin to appear when entering Big cities such as Pameumpek and Pangandaran. This research is expected to be able to map all blank spot areas, cellular operator signal services, especially on the new road along the coast in South West Java to the east from the starting point east of Cianjur Regency to the west of Pangandaran Regency. Desimination tools using geographic information systems, the method used by geoprocessing will overlay regional maps, satellite maps, and cellular operator BTS signal maps.

Hari Supriadi ST.   and M. Kom   

The high demand of apartment for people living in the cities makes the property agencies to compete each other in selling their units with various amenities. However, media promotion is needed by the agencies to spread the detailed information regarding the apartments. 3D Technology is one of the options that can be used. The establishment of promotion application with 3D can be considered to be effective and efficient, because it can support much more detailed information toward people with its presentation. So potential buyers are interested in the products offered. With the current technological development, the merging of the visualization of 2D image objects can produce a 3D virtual object form one of them by using Augmented Reality technology. With the help of the open-source mobile devices that is Android. That way can facilitate the user to know the form of the apartment and the facilities that have been provided.

Ari Purno Wahyu   and Feri Sulianta   

Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia. Plantations in Indonesia are still traditionally and use irrigation systems that are housed in reservoirs and ponds. While plantations in West Java generally averaged near springs and near nature preserve locations, which has a benefit impact of the available amount of water. The negative impact is entry on areas by animals and pests, which will damage Plantation grounds and other agricultural land. The animals generally go down at night when the time of the harvest season arrives. Currently, prevention of destructive animals is done by making a trap, but it is very dangerous for animals and farmers. This can lead to more severe death and destruction, especially if the dead are protected animals. One of the safe technologies, which can be used is by installing camera in the plantation area. This system is connected with the computer remotely and can operate automatically. This system is equipped with data on all types of animals that are protected. The data is processed with the Deep Learning Method and GLCM. The system will identify the animal in the category of pests or not by recognizing the pattern, texture and posture of the animal, for example if the system distinguished the wild boar. This system is considered effective and does not interfere the ecosystem and animal habitat. The addition of thermal camera and remote sensing are very effective to monitor the condition of the plant. This system is effective reduce and avoid animals killing and able to control stability the ecosystem.

Anita Juraida   Annisa Maharani Sunyoto   Ima Ratnasari   and Nurlaela Nisfiani   

Purpose: to identify the need of cellular phones for elderly users. Design/methodology/approach: Methodology is done through literature reviews from the relevant literature. Findings: The results of the study are that the elderly people have obstacles experience to the use of technology because physical and cognitive decline and lack of experience in using technology. Research limitations/implications: This study only identified the elderly as a whole, whereas the elderly had three types, namely the elderly group (55-65 years), the elderly group (65 years and over), and the high-risk elderly group which namely the elderly over 70 years of age. Practical implications: Research results can be input for cellular phone designers to make user friendly cellular phone. Originality/value: This research has added value to developing cellphone phones that are easy to use for the elderly.

Zahra Khajenasir Jahromi   and Hamed Kharrati Shishavan   

In this paper, a study of the GBOT1001 two wheeled mobile robot is presented. Linearized dynamic equations are used to design a controller for the inherently unstable mobile robot. A Fuzzy controller is designed for the robot to direct the orientation of the chassis. Then linear quadratic regulator is also incorporated into the closed-loop system. The parameters of the LQR controller are computed first with the trial and error methods then, with the aid of the Genetic Algorithm. The resulting controller is referred to as the Fuzzy-TE-LQR and Fuzzy-GA-LQR controller respectively. The closed-loop responses for both controllers are obtained via computer simulations. Simulation results show that the Fuzzy-GA-LQR controller exhibits a less oscillatory closed-loop response that is achieved with a reasonable control effort.

MD. Yaseen   and T. Anil Kumar   

Optimal setting and location of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices are widely used in enhancing power system security. The most effective FACTS device is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) which has both series and shunt compensation. The effectiveness of FACTS device over the mitigation of security issues depends on its location and its parameter settings. Hence, this paper presents Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) methodology to optimally locate UPFC to enhance power system security under single contingencies (N-1 Contingency). The simulation is carried out on IEEE 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus test systems considering line over loads and bus voltage violations for ensuring system security. This approach is twofold. Initially, an N-1 contingency test is performed based on severity ranking is done then UPFC is placed optimally using ACO algorithm to mitigate the severity. Further to validate the proposed approach the results are compared with the conventional Non Linear Programming – Interior Point (NLP-IP) technique.

Mageed A. Ghaleb   and Ibrahim M. Alharkan   

Hybrid flowshop scheduling problems have attracted much attention owing to their wide applications in a variety of real-world problems. In some industries, products cannot be allowed to wait between any consecutive productions stages, which illustrates the importance of studying the no-wait constraint. One of the reasons for such a constraint is that, for some products, the waiting time could cause permanent damage. However, the no-wait constraint was neglected in many prior studies, which in some production environments may not be allowed. Minimizing the total tardiness plays a key role in making scheduling decisions to meet customers' due dates. In this study, we solve the no-wait two-stage hybrid flowshop scheduling problem with total tardiness minimization as an optimizing criterion. We formulated the problem mathematically and proposed two discrete versions of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve it. Moreover, three discrete versions of PSO are adopted from previous studies and used as benchmarks to test the effectiveness of the two proposed algorithms. Compared to the benchmark algorithms, the results showed that the two newly proposed algorithms were effective and performed better than the benchmark algorithms in terms of the average relative error. The current study represents one of the few attempts to investigate the considered problem with total tardiness minimization, as well as introducing new and effective discrete versions of the PSO algorithms to solve the problem under investigation.

E. Baghaz   S. Bounouar   R. Bendaoud   B. Zohal   N. K. M'Sirdi   A. Naamane   N. Benaya   N. El Akchioui   and M. Benhmida   

In this paper, a converter DC/DC for power applications is developed: battery charger for photovoltaic system, vehicle charger, helicopter power supply. It consists of using a Full-Bridge DC/DC converter which is controlled by a new analog control, designed and analyzed during this work. This control has been dimensioned so that it ensures a smooth switching of the transistors, which makes it possible to reduce the losses of power, and consequently increases the efficiency of the overall system. It allows also to increase the current and to lower the voltage to the desired value; a large generated current which reaches 50A.

Mohammad Amir Ghasemi Shabankareh   and Elnaz Arman   

In this paper, a Wilkinson 8-port unequal power splitter with symmetric power division among corresponding ports is investigated. Simulation and fabrication results show desirable power transmission at central frequency of 9.68GHz. This power splitter has transmission power of -13.25dB at corresponding ports 2 and 9, -11.4dB at ports 3 and 8, -10.36dB at ports 4 and 7, -9.7dB at ports 5 and 6. In addition, the proposed power splitter is suitable for feeding the array antenna due to its -16dB return loss and it minimizes return loss.

Rubén Villafuerte   Jesús Medina   Rubén A. Villafuerte S.   Victorino Juárez   and Manuel González   

In this paper, an iterative Newton-type method of three steps and fourth order is applied to solve the nonlinear equations that model the load flow in electric power systems. With the proposed method (N-1) non-linear equations are formulated and solved iteratively to calculate the Voltage in each node of an electrical system. The justification of the method and its theoretical preliminaries are presented in this paper. The proposed method is applied to IEEE test systems, and their results are compared obtaining a maximum error of 0.5%. From the results obtained, the proposed method is an alternative to solve load flows in electrical systems.

Jitesh R. Shinde   and Shilpa J. Shinde   

The work in this paper presents a step by step optimization approach for the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) at the logic circuit level. Herein concept of resource sharing (viz. operator sharing, functionality sharing), the concept of optimized arithmetic expressions (viz. arranging expression trees for minimum delay, sharing common subexpression, merging cascaded adders with carry) for optimization of combinational blocks in ALU had been used. The work in this paper shows how a simple tools like Deeds Digital Circuit Simulator (open source) or Aldec's Active HDL in combination with synthesis tool which can be used as effective teaching resource to teach concept of digital circuit design and thereby provides a vision to beginners how to start with VLSI project in VLSI digital domain and make it to a successful end.

Vesna Antoska-Knights   Zoran Gacovski   and Stojce Deskovski   

In this paper - a mobile robot guidance and control has been researched in the environment full of obstacles, by using the potential fields method. The mobile robot has 4-wheels configuration, electric drive on the rear vehicles, and is directed from the front wheels (Ackerman control algorithm). A known environment has been considered, where fixed potentials were assigned to the goal and the obstacles. When the obstacles are unknown - the potential fields have to be applied, as the robot moves and detect new obstacles. A potential field's method was applied with one attraction potential assigned to the goal point and fixed rejection points assigned to the obstacles. It moves successfully within different obstacle configurations (closely spaced obstacles), and it solves the problem with a local minimum occurrence. The simulation results showed small and stable tracking errors along 2 axes.

Jeu-Min Lin   

It is dangerous when human are working in and around the high voltage environments. The safety of personnel in and around electric power the installations has been a prime concern. Specifically, this safety is generally in terms of the allowable touch and step voltages. These voltages are related to the ground resistance of human foot. In order to increase the safety of personnel, a high resistivity surface layer of gravel is normally existed in the substation switchyards or other high voltage areas. The thickness of this layer will affect the calculation of the ground resistance of human foot. Among them, the electromagnetic field factors are also considered in this paper. As a result, the surface layer of gravel can be used to reduce the ground resistance of human foot. The equivalent model of human foot was modeled by the circular plate conductor in the past. This paper investigates the present methods for estimating the ground resistance of human foot and proposes an equivalent model for calculating the ground resistance of human foot. A comparison of the proposed model and present methods is also shown in this paper.

Imran Ali Shah   Waqas Khalid   Tallal Ahmed   Qurat-ul-Ain Mehfooz   and Narmeen Irshad   

The efficiency of the solar system is affected by the angle between a photovoltaic (PV) panel and sun. More direct sun light on PV modules leads to enhanced energy yield. Therefore, tracking systems are implemented to improve the performance of PV system by tracking sun trajectory. With the advent of different applications of PV solar power, system planners have been implementing different strategies and techniques to maximize the output of solar system with commonly available technology in market. The foremost purpose of this study was to provide comparison of energy yield for timer based tracker controlled PV system and fixed angle PV system. Furthermore, implementation cost and payback analysis for both types of systems have also been done. This study is performed to find the feasibility of tracker system installation based on energy generation over sizable period of time. The base line results of this study were obtained via software based simulation techniques as well as physical implementation of simulated system to analyze the various parameters. Various simulation software (mainly PVsyst and Meteonorm) are used. Tracker based PV system and fixed angle PV system were designed and simulated via PVsyst 5.61 software. Both the simulated systems were practically installed and analyzed in real time conditions. Additionally, various mathematical techniques were utilized to analyze the results gathered from simulations and physical implementation. Results of this study are based on two types of analysis. First, comparison of simulated with real time measured values for the systems. Secondly, cost benefit analysis of both technologies is done in terms of payback period. This work differs from the rest as both PV systems were simulated and practically implemented to get appropriate results and mainly all the equipment and services utilized in installation are widely available in local market. As tracker based PV systems seem less viable in market due to the recent cost reduction of PV modules, so in this study the feasibility of tracker based PV systems is analyzed.

Araceli Fuerte   Rita Ximena Valenzuela   and María José Escudero   

The direct use of hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon-derived fuels to generate electrical power has the potential to accelerate substantially the use of fuel cells in transportation and distributed-power applications. Most fuel-cell research has involved the use of hydrogen as the fuel, although the practical generation and storage of hydrogen remains an important technological hurdle. Although hydrocarbon fuels have been successfully oxidised or reformed electrochemically, the susceptibility to carbon formation or poor power densities has prevented the application of these fuels in practical applications. In this manuscript, the effect of different dopants on the properties of Cu-ceria based anodes for IT-SOFCs powered by hydrocarbon fuels has been explored. Four dopants atoms (Co, Ca, Ag and Rh) with different properties and concomitant varied effects on properties of the final material are studied. They have been selected in order to improve the electrical and textural properties of anode material as well as the catalytic activity for hydrocarbon oxidation. Results revealed a strong dependence of the final properties of the anode formulation and mechanism involved in the electro-oxidation of the different fuels. Different doping successfully improves the behaviour of anode material for IT-SOFCs powered by hydrocarbon fuels and reasonable power densities can be achieved.

Narin Watanakul   

This paper presents an application of an asynchronous back to back VSC-HVDC system, which uses multilevel converter, which uses two-level series voltage connection SPWM converter topology technique. The control strategy is design and implementation of Multi-Terminal on a VSC-HVDC network, representing the future transnational network in Thailand with rated 300MVA (±300kV). The capability to dispatch the offshore wind power as well as the traded power among the onshore grids is explored under wind speed changes. The controller of an asynchronous back to back VSC-HVDC system, the process PQ controller can realize the designated control of active power (P) and reactive power (Q) strategy. The PQ power can exchange controlled independently, the experimental in laboratory tests, and simulation results got from MATLAB/Simulink program software, The Simulation results, the PQ-controller results consist of PMSG rotational speed, voltages and currents, the active and reactive power, DC-bus (kVDC), DC-power (Pdc) and step response command active power, the control of DC-bus voltage is assured by regulation of the active and reactive power. The control strategy of PQ-control to the two-level SPWM converters topology technique for the realization of HVDC system, and to confirm the control strategy provides satisfactory response and strong stability. The system of wind power application is used as a guideline for analyzing and design of the data process control with the PQ-control HVDC system.

D. Sarkar   N.K. Bhattacharya   and A.K. Naskar   

For the development of electric machines, particularly induction machines, temperature limit is a key factor affecting the efficiency of the overall design during transient state. Since conventional loading of induction motors is often expensive, the estimation of temperature rise by tools of mathematical modeling becomes increasingly important and as a result of which computational methods are widely used for estimation of temperature rise in electrical machines. This paper describes the problem of two dimensional transient state heat flow in the stator of induction motor during auto-transformer starting. The stator being static is prone to high temperature and the study of thermal behavior in the stator is useful to identify the causes of failure in induction machines. The temperature distribution is obtained using finite element formulation and employing arch shaped elements in the r-θ plane of the cylindrical co-ordinate system. This model is applied to one 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor of 7.5 kW rating.

Larisa Tretiakova   Alexander Podoltsev   and Ostapenko Natalia   

In the article the mathematical model and the method of numerical calculation, based on the method of finite elements of three-dimensional electrostatic field near-by a man at presence of surface charge on his protective clothing, made from polymeric material, were considered. Experimental researches were conducted to determine the value of the surface charge. The results of numeral calculations of the distribution of electric potential and field intensity, as well as integral value of electric energy, stored in this field, were presented.

Vishnu Srivastava   and Deepak Sharma   

Planar broadband THz travelling wave tube is being designed for ultra broadband high speed data rate communication and imaging. A simplified analytical approach is developed for designing of a planar staggered double vane rectangular waveguide slow-wave structure (SDVSWS) for a broadband 0.22 THz 100W TWT. The structure is inherently compatible for sheet beam operation, and it is designed for an electron beam of voltage 20 kV and current 50 mA. 3D e.m. field simulator code CST-MWS was used for simulating the SDVSWS using the analytical design parameters. It is found that the dispersion characteristic by the analytical method matches well within 5% with the simulated dispersion characteristic of the structure. Effects of various parameters of a double-vane SWS on dispersion and impedance characteristics are evaluated for achieving a planar TWT of bandwidth more than 40 GHz with high gain. It is shown that pitch and vane height are most significant parameters and half-period staggering of double vanes in the structure provides wider bandwidth, high impedance and high symmetric RF electric field for efficient beam-wave interaction.

Mao-Hsu Yen   Yih-Hsia Lin   Yin-Cheng Chang   Yeong-Chang Maa   Pei-Jung Tsai   and Da-Chiang Chang   

In recent years, several new methods for IC-level electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing have been introduced. Therefore, a handy vehicle for IC-EMC testing is required to validate the effectiveness of the new IC-EMC testing methods. This paper proposes an 8051 MCU for IC-EMC testing platform with in-system programming (ISP) and decoupling capacitor (decap) functions. In order to reduce the EMI and improve the EMC properties for the 8051 MCU, decoupling capacitors (decaps) are added to the integrated circuit (IC) design flow. Chip-level design and fabrication technology are fundamental and cost-effective solutions to this issue. A cell-based design flow is used for chip implementation; specifically, TSMC 90-nm technology is used to implement the present chip via the National Chip Implementation Center. This study will implement two 8051 MCU chips: one that internally comprises a large number of decaps, and another that comprises no decaps. We also implemented an IC-EMC testing platform composed of a multifunction test board and several off-board probes that were fabricated according to IEC 61967 and IEC 62132 standards. The platform demonstrates a method for using the proposed two 8051 chips in EMC testing, and we reveal the results of its EMC performance. Finally, this study simulates the EMC properties, compares the two 8051 MCU chips, conducts static or dynamic analyses for the chips in a power network, and measures the EMC improvements.

M. S. Alam   and M. Rizwan Khan   

This paper presents stability analysis of a five phase induction motor drive using different control techniques such as Root locus, Bode plot and Nyquist plot. A dynamic model based on voltage- current and voltage-flux linkage relationship is developed. To evaluate the control performance of the five phase induction motor drive, a linearized model is used. The voltage -flux linkage model is derived from the dynamic model in d-q axes. To evaluate the control performance of the motor small perturbations are applied with the model. Five- phase induction motor drive may become unstable at low values of frequency. Transfer function of the drive is determined at different rotor frequencies and the effect on the stability of the drive is assessed using different control techniques. The value of the rotor frequency at which the drive becomes unstable is reported. The effect of variation of rotor frequency on the performance of the motor drive is analyzed. The analysis is carried out using Matlab codes.

Hwang-Cheng Wang   Fang-Chang Kuo   Chih-Cheng Tseng   Bo-Wei Wang   and Kuo-Chang Ting   

LTE femtocell base stations (FBSs) have expanded the coverage of wireless communication systems. The growing use of FBSs has brought a serious issue of inter-FBS interference (also referred to as co-tier interference) due to their easy and convenient installation. This study proposes a systematic approach to reduce FBS co-tier downlink interference. In this study, FBSs are densely deployed in an environment and femtocell user equipment (FUEs) detect interference from FBSs and send an alarm signal to each FBS which interferes with it. To minimize the negative effects of interference, power levels are reduced for FBSs identified as excessive interference sources, which are defined as FBSs that have received a number of alarm signals over a given threshold. The method proposed in this study has been validated through simulation and is found to effectively reduce co-tier downlink interference in shared-spectrum femtocell environments, thereby improving system performance.

Sheng-Fuu Lin   and Yi-Chieh Sun   

In the 21st century, we are deeply impacted by global warming and extremely climate change. Meanwhile, relative organizations around the world carry out disaster prevention research. Since along with the tendency to enhance disaster occurred, the number of relevant monitoring system is used along with the growth of the field of disaster prevention. However, there are several limitations in the system of conventional monitors. For example the traditional monitor system usually needs people to keep an eye on those disasters, which makes the changes of disasters cannot be passed instantly and correctly. This paper will propose a set of image algorithms for disaster analysis detection technology. Through the non-contact measurement mode, analyze information of rivers in Taiwan and extract crucial information of river surface velocity in hydrological disaster prevention. With driftwood in rivers, bubble waves, swirling waves and other changes of images, using Retinex theory and correlation with related technical principles of the application, it will overcome the interference effect of light and shadows in harsh environments. This mode can also correctly estimate instantaneous surface velocity of the river, and through experiment of several images information to verify the river surface velocity by the instrument in the same time, confirmed the development of this system has its value and reliability. It is expected to achieve effectiveness of real time information detection and automatic notification system of disaster prevention.

Ray-Shine Run   Jun-He Chang   and Ming-Chi Yen   

For over forty years, the breadboard had been a useful tool for basic electronic experiments. However, even for an experienced user, a complicated wiring work could be a nightmare during the process of experiment. Not only it takes time for wiring, but also a non-logical error may arise whenever there is a loose contact between jump wire and the electrical terminals of the breadboard. That is to say, sometimes, you cannot ensure that the confirmed circuit works correctly even after a careful wiring work. In this paper, focused on digital circuits, we have designed and implemented a "wire-free breadboard" prototype. Based on the technology of FPGA, a circuit system, which being located on the bottom side of the breadboard, has been built to substitute the jump wires on the top side of the traditional Breadboard. To save the time of wiring work and to avoid the non-logical errors of electronic experiments are the main motives of this research.

M.Emin Meral   and Doğan Çelik   

Renewable energy sources (RES) like the solar and wind can't produce energy all the time due to depending air condition. But Fuel Cells (FCs) can be stored until it's needed. Power electronics plays an important role in converting the input power which is suitable delivered to the utility grid. Voltage source inverter (VSI) is the most widely used solution for connecting a low power RES tied the grid. This paper present grid tied fuel cell system using single phase phase-locked loop (PLL) based second order generalized integrator (SOGI) with proportional integral (PI) and proportional resonant (PR) current/power controllers. The SOGI algorithm is used with PLL in order to synchronize grid phase and amplitude. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) which is one of FC types is analysed under constant and various DC load. Controllers of the PI and PR are discussed in order to obtain the control of inverter along with the variation of active power and grid voltage drop. The system is modelled and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. Simulation results show the effectiveness of both the controllers and PLL technique based SOGI for the synchronising of the SOFC systems with the single phase grid successfully.

O. S. Lamba   Ashtha D. Pal   Richa Meenu   A. Bandopadhyay   D. Kant   L. M. Joshi   and V. K. Saxena   

Klystron is vacuum electron device operating in microwave range of frequencies. It is used as power amplifier in a variety of systems including radars, particle accelerators and thermonuclear reactors. A precise simulation of beam wave interaction in klystron is useful not only to understand its operation but also in development of tube with minimum iterations in fabrication. In the present case standard design codes like POISSON'S SUPERFISH, AJDISK and MAGIC 2D have been used to estimate and optimize different design parameters of klystron for desired tube performance. The paper presents the results of RF-section simulation of 250 kW CW C-band klystron with specifications as given in Table 1.

Thammarat Somthong   and Qing-Ping Yang   

This paper presents a technique for measuring surface roughness (Ra), using photometric stereo method. The method utilizes three or more images of the measured surface from the same view point, taken sequentially under different illumination conditions. The scenes captured by the camera were reconstructed by the least square method to obtain surface normal from surface topography. Three-dimensional surface textural patterns were recovered from those surfaces normal. The system was validated with three standard surface roughness specimens. The Ra calculated from the recovered surface was compared with the nominal value of the standard surface roughness. The best coefficient of the slant angles can also be determined through the linear regression. The experimental results indicate that the technique can be applied to well recover standard surface roughness.

Rokas Kvedaras   Vygaudas Kvedaras   Tomas Ustinavičius   Audronė Kvedarienė   and Ričardas Masiulionis   

Filtering of the measurement signals using digital brick-wall comb filters in frequency domain developed by the authors and measurement of the settling times of DACs are discussed in this paper. Results of the investigations made have shown that digital brick-wall comb filters are capable of reducing noise level by 10 times while keeping measurement signal undistorted. Investigation of the developed settling time measurement algorithm has determined influence of the internal noise of the sampling converter, noise of the transmission line, ADC and other sources of noise to the settling time measurement errors. It has been proved that by using the earlier developed measurement converter and the proposed digital filtering of the DAC signal it is possible to measure settling times of 12-14 bit DACs.

Jiansheng Huang   Zhuhan Jian   and Leanne Rylands   

This paper focuses on the development of a fast aggregate electricity load model under steady-state and dynamic conditions. An important requirement of such a load model is that it should be robust, analytically sound, and conceptually clear. Besides, the model can be easily incorporated into existing programs of power system analysis. By using quasi-linear approximation made on the dynamic components of power demands, the general model is described in the paper by a combination of a linear system and a non-linear function. From the general model, the step response of the load is derived. The model is then reduced into a discrete one based on the step response. Successive applications of such a discrete model provide a good approximation of load dynamics. To evaluate parameters of the proposed discrete load model, an identification algorithm is developed to read data from a sliding sample window of bus voltages and load responses. By comparing the identification results with the detailed simulation of a test system, the proposed fast model is shown to provide good representation of the consumer load response under static and dynamic conditions. Furthermore, aggregate load characteristics have been taken into account in the voltage control of a study power system to demonstrate the importance of aggregate load modelling with respect to suppressing transients, reducing control errors and preventing reverse actions in voltage regulation.

Munima Haque   and Md. Quamruzzaman   

The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted from various air conditioners and switch boards affect the students, faculties and employees. There is a standard threshold value recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. There has not been much study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various Electrical and Electronic department classrooms at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various air conditioners and switchboards. The maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit, which are the main point of our findings.

Andriy Dyukov   

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are now widely used for navigation and speed measurements. The majority of manufacturers of chipsets and receivers claim that their products are accurate to about 0.1 km/h in measuring speed. Therefore, it is a metrological challenge to test GNSS receivers in real world environments as test vehicles are generally not capable to provide such accuracy. The datasheets for GNSS receivers, however, provide no information about specific conditions when the claimed speed accuracy might be achieved. Limited practical research activities with traceable to national standards test vehicles were conducted to reveal the practical speed accuracy parameters of GNSS receivers in different conditions. This research firstly aims to design and implement an electronic system for a test vehicle which would generate speed records with high accuracy and traceability to national standards. High accuracy of the test vehicle and synchronization of its speed records with Universal Coordinated Time allowed conducting subsequent testing of GNSS receivers of different complexities for speed. Test results demonstrate that different GNSS receivers have different speed accuracy parameters both statistically and in regards to generation of outliers. GNSS environmental factors should be taken into consideration when relying on individual speed measurements.

Siddikov Ilkhomjon Khakimovich   Sattarov Khurshid Abdishukurovich   and Khujamatov Khalimjon Ergashevich   

During monitoring and controlling of the processes of transmission and distribution electricity and power from three-phases nets are important accuracy and commonality primary transducer elements and devices. Incorrect operations and improper signals about conversion of primary values and parameters of the energy and power three-phases current associated with losses indicators of energy and resource in electrical power systems.

Burcu Yakışır Girgin   and Celal Zaim Çil   

An Incapacitator is a non-lethal device (NLD) that can be used by the security officers. We designed, developed an incapacitator using light emitting diodes (LEDs). We called this as blocker security system with LEDs (BSSL). Our objective to develop the BSSL is to test the hypothesis if the light pulses of varying intensity and color in time can cause incapacitation on human targets without permanent eye damages. We explained the design of the BSSL in detail, and discussed the effects on visual system and biological functions of the human being. We searched the best light pattern, if exists. We observed that the light patterns may indeed have effects especially when the frequency of light pulses are in the range of 7 -15 Hz, and the colors are blue, green, and red. Patterns at 15 Hz are especially effective as they coincide with the brain waves. To our knowledge, the LED incapacitators have not been investigated in this detail so far. The possibility of using such an NLD causing no permanent damage on the subjects is considered to be very important for the security forces.

Lan-Rong Dung   and Yu-Syuan Peng   

In recent years, as energy-saving and environmental protection were widely concerned around the world, the lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery has been widely used in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicle (EV). Generally the battery pack for HEV is composition of the number of cells in series. In this case, imbalance among cells due to the difference of degradation and temperature will be accelerated by the cycles of charge and discharge without an appropriate battery equalization management system. However, the balancing system only intended to reduce the difference of cell voltage or Stage of Charge (SoC) before. "Adaptive Battery Equalization Algorithm for Capacitor-based Battery Management System" this thesis proposed re-explains the meaning of battery equalization. Instead of long-term using battery equalizer on standby, this thesis equalizes the battery when charging to save much spending time. It could not only adjust the balancing mechanism automatically in order to keep the available charge but also raise the average SoC to prevent the effect of battery aging and improve the cycle number of battery. Experiment results indicate that the available charge increases 1.5% and the battery capacity efficiently improves 7.3%.

Lázaro J. Miranda Díaz   

Radical arithmetic electronic controllers for automatic control of industrial processes, base their operating principle on the use of new mathematical equations deduced specifically for this purpose and they have been reviewed and approved by MsC. Maria Victoria Mederos, professor at the Faculty of mathematics and computer science in University of Havana. These equations greatly simplify logical and functional complexity compared to current regulators and their combinations such as PID Control diffuse or logical Fuzzy.

Andrzej Buchacz   

The problem of analysis within the form of the one differential equation of motion within the mechanical subsystem or of the set of state equations among considered mechatronic model of object has been formulated and solved. Classic and Galerkin's methods to solve the problem presented above have been used. The considered vibrating mechanical subsystems of mechatronic system are continuous bars of circular cross-section, with free ends or clamped on one end. The poles of dynamical characteristic calculated by mathematical exact method and the Galerkin's one have approximately the same values. The results of the calculations were not only presented in mathematical form but also as the transients of examined dynamical characteristic within function of frequency of assumed excitation. This approach is different from the ones considered so far. Using classic and unclassic methods among modeling, analysis and synthesis it can be assumed that the obtained results can have great value for designers of mechatronic system.

AR. Guru Gokul   and N. Kumaratharan   

Confidentiality is the most important aspect of information security. Visual Cryptography (VC) is a decryption-less cryptographic technique where human eye is proficient in decrypting the secret information. VC is implemented for binary, gray scale and color images, Color image VC schemes are commonly implemented using Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black (CMYK) model that requires a computational device for revealing the secret image but lacks verifiability of the shares. The authenticity of the shares is not assured to the receiver, particularly in color image VC scheme. In case of any alteration, attack or loss in the transmitted data, it cannot be identified by the existing schemes. Unlike the existing models where a device is compulsory for decrypting back color images, the proposed model provides a means to encrypt the color images using Red-Green-Blue (RGB) model where each pixel is processed by its respective RGB components. It enables decryption at the receiver without the assistance of computer or aided devices. In this paper, the above mentioned issues are addressed by the scheme that verifies the integrity of the received shares at the receiver.

Chun-Yueh Huang   

In this paper, we design and implement a portable potentiostat by using dual-microprocessors for the signal processing of electrochemical biosensors. In our design approach, one of the microprocessors is used to design the programmable waveform generator, and the other microprocessor is used to measure the current of biosensors. The proposed potentiostat can perform general electrochemical analysis functions, including cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry, and potentiometry. In the experiment, we adopt a commercial screen printed electrode immersed in potassium ferricyanide solution to test the performance of the proposed potentiostat and compare the proposed potentiostat's measured results with a commercial potentiostat's (CH Instrument Model: CHI1221) under the same test condition. The experimental results show that the proposed potentiostat has the merits of good accuracy, low cost, low power consumption, and high portability.

Munima Haque   and Md. Quamruzzaman   

As the world is being industrialized and technological revolution continues, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and diversity of electromagnetic sources. While all these devices have made our lives richer, comfortable and easier, they have been accompanied by concerned possible health risks due to their electromagnetic field (EMF) emission. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. CRT monitors are still being used in various computer composing shops, photocopy machine shops. Their EMF health effects have not been studied in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various places in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banani Super Market, Mohakhali, Farmgate Green Road, Nilkhet and Uttara. Both Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for CRT monitors. These results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit.

Siddikov Ilkhomjon Khakimovich   

Unbalanced currents and voltage of three-phases electrical nets are an important cause of asymmetric power power, and there are determinate of quality of electrical power. Three-phase electrical nets are balanced or symmetrical, when the voltage and current of each phases have a same amplitudes and phases. If we do not at least one of these conditions, the system is considered asymmetrical values and parameters. This article is devoted effectiveness of measures of asymmetry on the base of electromagnetic transducers of information about three-phases primary currents to signal as secondary voltage.

Long Wu   Ming-Cheng Chure   King-Kung Wu   and Chia-Cheng Tung   

In this study, the relationship between the generated voltages of piezoelectric ceramics Cymbal transducer to which impact mechanical energy was applied was studied. The generated voltages of the piezoelectric ceramics Cymbal transducer increased as the applied mechanical energy were increased. At a single impact mechanical energy, the generated voltages of the piezoelectric ceramics Cymbal transducer were much higher than the voltages of an uncapped piezoelectric ceramics disk. The generated voltages of the piezoelectric ceramics Cymbal transducer depended on the geometric parameters and the metal thickness of the end-cap. The generated voltage of piezoelectric ceramics Cymbal transducer with thick metal end-cap was lower than the voltage of transducers with thin metal end-cap.

E. O. Ogunti   W. Lawal   S. O. Olatunji   W. O. Apena   and B. Kareem   

Inaccuracy in signal detection due to presence of noise in signal is responsible for fading/interference, this noise needs to be reduced for optimal signal detection, and detection must be accurate enough to minimize the risk of false alarm. A noise reduction model was developed to improve signal detection using component improvement strategy. The system was implemented on MATLAB software package. It can be seen from the results that for a given probability of false alarm (PFA), the detection performance increases monotonically with the ENR based on the balanced probability of not meeting target of 0.5. It can be generally concluded from the results of the study that signal detection could be fully enhanced with the application of six sigma component-based improvement system. This is an indication that component-based sigma improvement system played a significant role in signal detection performance.

Fatima Tariq   Mahnoor Rashid   and Muhammad N. Khan   

51��Ƶ automation is method of controlling our house hold appliances, updating the status of lights, fans, motors and other appliances through any remote control device or mobile phones. Their ON/OFF status can be changed according to our desire. On the other hand, in present time, smart phones including android and iPhones are great inventions of technology. The awkwardness of hanging out along with a dedicated remote control device or texting an SMS for the automation purpose has always brought lake of interest in the user's mind towards using such systems. Therefore, in this activity we are introducing a smart home and industrial automation and surveillance system in which we control our appliances through an application installed in our smart phone which uses the available Global System for Mobile (GSM) features from any remote location within our planet, subject to the availability of GSM network. In other words the cumbersome of carrying dedicated separate remote control device and texting the SMS has been eliminated. For surveillance purpose, we used a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) camera, which uploads the picture or video streaming instantly in any website or sends it to the personal computer system. On the other hand the same purpose can be achieved by using any available software which could help communicating from any end station to PC. Each of these ideas is discussed in great detail in the paper. The proposed system is low in cost and we can reinstall it in any other location by only minor changes in its core. The proposed research work is very helpful for the layman and also to make life more comfortable and luxurious.

Eric Francisco Gutierrez Frias   Francisco Jimenez Hernandez   Edwin Christian Becerra Alvarez   Marco Antonio Gurrola Navarro   Oscar Blanco Alonso   Ricardo Arturo Chavez Perez   Raul Rivera Rodriguez   Jose Luis Medina Monroy   Roberto Conte Galvan   and Alejandro Dueñas Jiménez   

A group of well-defined equations [1] are implemented on a simulation algorithm by using a 2-DFDTD method. The method allows find behaviors in the eye diagrams not encountered by simple physical measuring [2] [3].

Jeong Jae Han   So Ryoung Park   Jeong-Chay Jeon   Taek-Hee Kim   and Jae-Gen Yoo   

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been widely used for detecting the fault location and fault type of power cable due to the low computational load and good adaptability. However, it is vulnerable in the cable characteristic, such as delay and attenuation fluctuating with frequency. In this paper, we execute the channel estimation using Wiener filter to compute the most similar estimated signal with the injected reference signal, and provide experimental results to show the performance improvement of fault detection and location using TDR with Wiener filter in power cable.

Angelo N. Rodriguez   Febus Reidj G. Cruz   and Ronnie Z. Ramos   

RF signal carries very low amount of energy and can be easily dissipated as heat loss. Threshold voltage and leakage current that are inherent in MOS transistors significantly affect the performance of an RF AC to DC converter. A device with bulk connected to its drain improves the threshold voltage and leakage current. This work designs the half-wave and full-wave AC to DC converters with devices' bulk connected to source and devices' bulk connected to drain. The designs used the native devices in TSMC 0.18 micron CMOS technology, and were simulated using transient analysis in different process corners and operating temperatures. In simulations, the RF signal was represented by a sinusoidal input of 900 MHz frequency and of 390 mV amplitude. The sizes of transistors and the number of stages, of each converter, that resulted to highest power efficiency were determined via circuit simulations. The optimal design was a four-stage half-wave AC to DC converter with devices' bulk connected to drain, which produced a DC output of 2.7 V with 37.42 % efficiency at 100 kilo ohm load.

Ming-Tang Tsai   Guan-Zhi Wang   and Chi-Chun Lo   

This paper presents an Improved Genetic Algorithm (IGA) to solve the economic dispatch of cogeneration systems in a deregulated market. Based on bi-lateral trade between cogeneration systems and utility, an objective function is derived for the cogeneration systems to obtain the maximal profit while stratifying the operational constraints. IGA takes advantage of the conventional GA and tabu search. The crossover and mutation schemes of conventional GA are improved by a competition mechanism to avoid the prematurity. Tabu Lists with heuristic rules are also employed in the searching process to enhance performance. The IGA approach is demonstrated by using a real cogeneration system. Results can offer an efficient way for cogeneration systems to promote the competed ability.

Chung- Jen Ou   Shan-En Hong   and Rebecca Han-Ying Sun   

Simulation of the immersed light source with microstructure on the emitting surface is critical for next generation optical and bio-photonics components. Several design procedures that corresponding to the modulation of the emitting pattern is addressed. The writers are at present operating on a MOST project "Investigation of Solid Human Eye Model with 3D Printing Technology and the Evaluation on the Associate Specialized Optoelectronic Sensing Structures Fabrication to the Biocompatible Surface". We are preparing the methodology that can construct the human eye model with immersed emitting energy by the 3D printing material, and furnishes the real time estimation on the image qualities of the human eye. Our aim is to build a practical platform to evaluate the immersed optical-electronic components of the human eye. By doing this, the evaluation of the visual qualities can be amended, and it becomes possible for us to fill in an accurate measurement system that based on the eye model with immersed source. In this account, we provide several comments on the conduct of the immersed light source and the application to the details human eye modeling.

Tomotaka Ikeda   Toshiaki Kitamura   and Kiyoshi Kishioka   

The coupling coefficients of two parallel metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguides are investigated using the analysis of the coupled-mode equations. The frequency characteristics of the power transmittance of a MIM waveguide coupled with a resonant cavity are studied and compared with the simulation results obtained from the FDTD method into which motion equations of free electrons are installed.

Norfarariyanti Parimon   Rosalyn R. Porle   and Mazlina Mamat   

Schottky diodes are fabricated on n-Aluminium Gallium Arsenide / Gallium Arsenide (n-AlGaAs/GaAs) high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) structure due to availability of high electron mobility and capability of fast switching performance. The processing steps used in the fabrication are the conventional steps used in standard GaAs processing. The ohmic and Schottky contacts of Schottky diodes are facilitated with ground-signal-ground (G-S-G) coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line structure so that it may provide the possibility of direct on-chip integration without insertion of a matching circuit with dipole antenna.

Vahid Rashtchi   and H. Bizhani   

This paper presents a new online loss minimization for an induction motor drive. Among the many loss minimization algorithms (LMAs) for an induction motor, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) has the advantages of fast response and high accuracy. However, the performance of the PSO and other optimization algorithms depend on the accuracy of the modeling of the motor drive and losses. In the development of the loss model, there is always a tradeoff between accuracy and complexity. This paper presents a new online optimization to determine an optimum flux level for the efficiency optimization of the vector-controlled induction motor drive. An induction motor (IM) model in d-q coordinates is referenced to the rotor magnetizing current. This transformation results in no leakage inductance on the rotor side, thus the decomposition into d-q components in the steady-state motor model can be utilized in deriving the motor loss model. The suggested algorithm is simple for implementation.

Khuong Vinh Nguyen   and Nam Nguyen-Quang   

In modern times, the mobile devices and renewable energy have become so popular in our society. However, there was one important problem arises, that is the technologies cannot keep pace with technical development. The battery capacity of the mobile devices cannot satisfy the demand of customers. Therefore, a photovoltaic-based energy system for mobile device chargers is considered to be made. With the development of public transportation, that system is designed to be integrated into a bus stop for passengers' convenience. The two main parts of the control board of the system which are the buck converter and the Flyback converter are simulated with real electrical components' parameters in LTspice free software. Although this design is based on Vietnam's weather conditions, it can also be applied in other countries with some further adjustments.

Carmine Abbate   Roberto Di Folco   and Annarita Evangelista   

Multi-baseline interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (In-SAR) systems can be exploited to estimate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the observed scene without ambiguities and with an increased accuracy, even in the case of high sloped ground regions. The techniques usually used exploit only the interferometric phase information and they are based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation. An important problem to be taken into account is the mutual correlation of the (complex) interferometric images which impedes the closed form evaluation of the interferometric phases likelihood function. Moreover the statistical independence approximation of the phase interferograms is usually adopted. In this paper we present a method exploiting both amplitude and phase of the interferometric images, with the purpose of expressing the multi-baseline likelihood function in closed form, and we show that, when the number of baselines increases, to achieve an higher estimation accuracy the images mutual correlation cannot be neglected. We also show that to obtain a full resolution speckle reduced intensity image from several full resolution multi-baseline interferometric (complex) images, a phase compensation and a whitening operation have to be performed before averaging the data intensities.

Carmine Abbate   and Roberto Di Folco   

Commutations of power IGBT modules used in power converters cause high voltage and current gradients in the collector waveforms, which can generate and irradiate very high electromagnetic noise levels. An innovative experimental - simulative method is presented, which is able to predict irradiated noise levels during converter operation: such method allows power electronics designer to have a proper and simple method to predict spectrum and amplitude of irradiated noise during converter operation, in order to ensure a direct compliance with the enforce normative. The irradiated noise is generated by high frequency conducted current flowing in IGBT module and in the converter. Frequency and amplitude of the internal oscillating currents are simulated by means of a suitable IGBT module model proposed in the past and now optimized for irradiation simulation. The irradiated field during converter operation can be calculated by means of a preliminary static measure executed in anechoic chamber, where the diagram of irradiation of the system is measured at different frequencies, connecting IGBT gate to a radiofrequency generator. Presented results are precise within 3dB limit.

Vahid Rashtchi   and Ashkan Pirooz   

This paper applies the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) to find the optimal place and size of Static Compensator (STATCOM) in power systems. The output of the algorithm is a two dimensional array which indicates the best bus number and STATCOM's optimal size that minimizes all bus voltage deviations from their nominal value. Simulations are performed on IEEE 5, 14, and 30 bus test systems. Also some comparisons have been done between ICA and the famous Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Results show that this method can be considered as one of the most precise evolutionary methods for the determination of optimum compensator placement in electrical grids.

Er. A. S Kang   and Renu Vig   

Cognitive Radio has proven as an optimum technique for getting improved spectrum utilization by sharing the radio spectrum with licensed primary users opportunistically. The cognitive radio is a new paradigm to overcome the persisting problem of spectrum underutilization. Seeing the ever increasing demand of wireless applications, the radio spectrum is a valuable resource and in cognitive radio systems, trustworthy spectrum sensing techniques are required to avoid any harmful interference to the primary users. As cognitive radio possesses the capability to utilise the unused spectrum holes or white spaces so, there is a tremendous need to scan the large range of spectrum either for interference management or for primary receiver detection. Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques need to be implemented for the sake of better radio resource management and computational complexity analysis of multirate filter bank cognitive radio, where BER and Eb/No are the performance metrics or governing parameters to affect the system performance using polyphase filter bank. The present paper deals with the study of effect of variation of number of subchannels M at fix overlapping factor K of polyphase component of Filter Bank Multicarrier cognitive radio in terms of prototype filter length at Lp=K*M .

Hisham Elgannas   and Ivica Kostanic   

Building penetration loss at 1900 MHz bands in suburban environment is evaluated. The measurements are conducted in real Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks. Four buildings are studied aiming to provide first-order statistics of mobile signal coverage inside buildings. Results show that, on average, no significant signal band dependency has been confirmed. In general, UMTS-1900 MHz signals exhibit slight higher penetration loss values than GSM-1900 MHz signals. Analysis shows that the mean building penetration loss for all measured signals at the ground floor is about 16 dB. The standard deviation of building penetration loss was about 4.5 dB for wideband signals and 2.5 dB for narrowband signals. Results show also that, the average rate of change in building penetration loss with height is 0.95 dB per meter for wideband signals versus 0.65 dB per meter for narrowband signals.

Aamir Hayat   and Muhammad Nasir Khan   

Low power factor is usually not a big problem in residential homes. It does, however, become a problem in industries where multiple motors are operational. Therefore, there is a dire requirement to correct the power factor in industries. To rectify the issue and providing a fruitful solution is the major task of our research work. Although there are different methods of power corrections are available with certain pros and cons. Occasionally, the power factor correction capacitors are implemented to correct the problems using pacific techniques and somehow active techniques as well. Each technique has its own limitations in terms of computational complexity and implementation cost. In the proposed technique, we implement the micro-controller and programmable logic controller based system in combination with capacitor bank for the power factor correction. This way, we can efficiently control the power factor.

Carmine Abbate   and Roberto Di Folco   

Sharp voltage gradients act as a stimulus for high power IGBT modules, which can exhibit a potentially instable high frequency behaviour. In effect, they can act as a radio frequency (RF) amplifier and under certain operating conditions the interaction between the device and the control or the external circuit can cause self-sustaining oscillations or the enhancement of the unevenness in current distribution inside a power module and that can have a significant impact on the reliability of the power converter. Moreover, this RF amplification worsen the generated EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference). This paper presents an extensive experimental investigation about the high frequency behaviour of IGBT high power modules. Measurements were performed by an original experimental set-up that was specifically conceived and constructed. Data were analysed with the help of a theoretical small signal model which was able to describe RF behaviour of high power IGBT modules.

Alejandro Dueñas Jiménez   Juan Carlos Aldaz Rosas   and Francisco Jiménez Hernández   

This paper presents the first of several Matlab codes to perform easy electromagnetic simulations by using those presented in [1]. All the codes have to be updated by using the newest version of the Matlab software, however, the only one presented shows the mighty and simplicity of all codes.

Nader Barsoum   and Glenn Isaiah Stanley   

The objectives of this paper are to investigate and develop a device that will produce high voltage low power supply. Generation of high voltage low power supply can be determined by using Flyback converter as an optimum method which can improve the design of the device to make it smaller in size, simpler and cost effective. In this paper, the device circuits are simulated using PSPICE software to determine the characteristics of the output voltage of the circuits. Fundamental of Flyback converter, design of the circuit, simulation and construction of the device are conducted. The Flyback converter principle is analyzed to find the suitable design of the device in this paper. The chosen circuit components are simulated and their values are calculated. The device circuit is implemented and its output variables are compared with the simulation result.

Waqas Malik   

In the present era the technology is growing rapidly therefore it is necessary to adopt those methods in designing a system that are simpler and effective. The main concern is to design RFID system to secure entry points in an office environment. In this paper the work mainly specifies the design of RFID reader and antenna. The noncontact device of RFID system is more convenient approach instead of conventional bar code. Every RFID card (passive) is allocated with a different binary number for identification. The modulation technique used here is Frequency shift keying. The detectable operating frequency of RFID reader is 123.2khz for bit '1' and 134.2khz for bit '0'. To achieve the required frequency TMS 3705 IC has been used and it's interfacing with an antenna of 0.18mm enamelled copper wire with 102 turns. The other part of the interface in the IC is binary bits verification with microcontroller. The microcontroller is further controlling the relay operation and also serially maintaining the record of employee's arrival through Microsoft visual studio. Presently the application in which its significance is observed and implemented is calculating payroll, storage unit of defence artillery.

J. Omprakash   N. V. Prasad   G. Prasad   V.G. Krishnan   and G. S. Kumar   

Typical Electrical feature of Musa acuminata colla (common name of commercially available banana) peel was identified as inhomogeneous lossy-dielectric. Considering in this direction, detailed impedance analysis was made at room temperature in the frequency range of 0.001 Hz to 1 M Hz. Impedance relaxation was well-fitted into Gaussian curves. The complex impedance plot, associated with two depressed semicircles, indicates Warburg-diffusion phenomenon. Randles's plot and frequency vs. admittance plot confirm the same. The results were corroborated by Jonscher's Universal law for better understanding of the inhibitor (corrosion-free) nature of the banana-peel.

Nima Rezaei   Mohammad Lutfi Othman   Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab   Hashim Hizam   and Osaji Emmanuel Olufemi   

Wind power plants are one of the most crucial types of renewable energies which are increasingly employed in smart grids with purpose of power generation especially as a distribution generation system. Hence, the proper protection of wind plants is an enormously significant aspect which must be taken into consideration when designing the wind plants to not only provide a suitable protection for the power components but also maintain the power generation perpetually in case of fault. The most important and common protection systems are overcurrent relays which can protect the power systems from impending faults. In order to implement a successful and proper protection for wind power plants, these relays must be set accurately and well coordinated with each other to clear the fault at the system in the shortest possible time. This paper demonstrates how the coordination of overcurrent relays can be successfully achieved in wind power plants in order to maintain the power generation during fault and protect the power components.

Yu-En Wu   

This paper presents a high-power dual-module parallel charging system which consists of a power converter and digital control software. The power converter consists of an active power factor correction (APFC) circuit and a resonant voltage fed full-bridge converter (RVFFBC). The APFC circuit is used for AC/ DC conversion and power factor correction for improved power quality. The RVFFBC is used to provide stable power for charging the battery by converting the high voltage of the power stage to a lower value. The system software was designed by combining the power control loop into a voltage and current loop to achieve current sharing of the dual-module charging system and to overcome the effect of differences in hardware components. Finally, this paper demonstrates the implementation of a high-power dual-module charging system with a widely varying AC input voltage ranging from 85 ~ 265 Vac. Experimental results verified that the maximum power factor of the system and the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) were 0.99 and 2.8% respectively. The proposed charging system possesses very high expansibility. The parallel dual-module output DC current of the system is 70 A and the total output power is 4 kW.

Farhana Umer   Syed Usman Sabir   Noor KHAN   Muhammad Ali Mughal   Hassan Gauhar   AftaB Ahmed Almani   and Ghulam Fizza SHAH   

In order to meet with the increasing demand of electrical energy and wide spread of energy consumers in an area, the decentralized power generation (DPG) is becoming more popular. In DPG mostly the renewable energy sources are used. These renewable energy sources acts as the small grids integrated into the main power system. Now for management, optimized operation and stability of the existing system the power flow analysis must be done at the connecting point of these grids. In order to perform load flow analysis the system analysis model is needed. In general system's analysis, whenever the system structure changes we have to change the analysis model. As we know those DPG units are ‘in' and ‘out' of the system frequently, so this results in the change of the system structure. So every time the system structure is change we have to recreate the analysis model therefore by using the classical load flow analysis method, load flow calculation become complex. This paper introduces a new technique of parameter injection at the joining points of grid to reduce the load flow analysis complexity. There is no need to recreate the analysis model again and again whenever the system structure changes.

Erick Emmanuel Djoumessi   and Ke Wu   

This paper describes the design and measurement of a varactor-tuned planar diplexer for reconfigurable multi-mode/multi-standard transceiver front-end modules. The proposed diplexer of 3 cm × 1.8 cm is composed of two tunable dual-mode bandpass filters with two varactor diodes. The diplexer channels are 8.8% relative bandwidth at 2.48 and 3.2 GHz for 25 V biased voltage, while 7.5% and 4.1% are obtained at 2.075 and 2.606 GHz for 5 V, respectively. The center-frequency tunability for lower and upper channel filters bands are 21.4% and 20.4%, respectively. Measured insertion loss varies from 2.4 to 4.8 dB and 2.8 to 5 dB for the two channels over the tuning frequency range with better than 30-dB isolation. The lower channel filter (with higher capacitance) presents a better 1-dB compression measurement point (P-1dB) over the tuning frequency range.

Mohammed Aslam Husain   and Abu Tariq   

The paper presents the modeling and performance analysis of a standalone wind system in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Stand-alone systems using renewable energy sources, such as wind energy with storage battery banks are commonly used to supply remote houses. The model of wind turbine is developed using basic circuit equations governing the operation of the wind turbine. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), which is based on variable-speed operation, has been used in this paper. Since the speed of wind turbine is variable, the generator is controlled by power electronic devices. A rectifier is used to rectify the output voltage of PMSG and DC/DC buck converter is used to decrease this rectified voltage to that of battery and connected DC load. The buck converter is controlled to extract the maximum power output of wind system. Firstly the mathematical modeling of a wind turbine is done and its different characteristics have been obtained for different parameters. Secondly a standalone model of wind system is modeled and analyzed. This paper is useful to model, simulate and study the effect of change in wind speed of a standalone wind system.

Majid Alizadeh Moghadam   and Saeed Jalilzadeh   

In this paper, automatic generation control (AGC) of two area interconnected power system having diverse sources of power generation is studied. A two area power system comprises power generations from hydro, thermal and gas sources in area-1 and power generations from hydro and thermal sources in area-2. All the power generation units from different sources are equipped with speed governors. A continuous time transfer function model of the system for studying dynamic response for small load disturbances is presented. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) automatic generation control scheme is applied only to power generations from thermal and gas sources and power generation from hydro source is allowed to operate at its scheduled level with only speed governor control. The two area power system is simulated for different nominal loading conditions. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to obtain the optimal PID gains for various cases using integral squared error plus integral time absolute error (ISE+ITAE) performance index for fitness evaluation. Some of the transient responses are shown for different nominal loading conditions due to step load disturbances in the system.

Francisco Jiménez Hernández   and Alejandro Dueñas Jiménez   

Because of the high volume of processing, transmission, and information storage, electronic systems presently require faster clock speeds to synchronize the integrated circuits. At present the “speeds” on the connections of a printed circuit board (PCB) are up to 4 GHz or even faster. At these frequencies the behavior of the interconnects are more like that of a transmission line, and hence distortion, delay, and phase shift-effects caused by phenomena like cross talk, ringing, and overshoot are present and may be undesirable for the performance of a circuit or system. Thus, the interconnects do not have to be considered like simple conductors or lumped elements. All this gives rise to a new emerging discipline known as signal integrity. In this discipline the correct timing and signal quality preservation preventing transients and false switching are studied in order to avoid excessive delays. These phrases were extracted from the chapter eight of book “2-D Electromagnetic Simulation of Passive Microstrip Circuits” from the corresponding author of this paper.

Majid Akhlaghi   

To provide cost-effective communication systems for separate a signal into different frequency region and eliminate adverse signals and harmonics, Fuzzy Adaptive Modified particle swarm optimization (FAMPSO) method was used to have an optimized gain ripple of 6^th order elliptic low pass filter with 300 MHz cut-off frequency. The feasibility and effectiveness of the FAMPSO algorithm is demonstrated and results are compared with PSO algorithm. It is shown that FAMPSO has high quality solution, superior convergence characteristics and shorter computation time.

Tushar Kanti Roy   

In the field of electronic devices, Digital logic system plays an important role. The rapid development of digital technology makes faster and easier life of a human being. Working in a unique field also gives a lot of pleasure. In this paper a new approach is chosen to start a journey with digital electronics. In the Electronic World Bangla language is neglected. The Bangla digital display is designed for the people of Bangladesh. On the other hand, Bangla numerals have more curved corners in comparison to English numerals. To represent English numerals, 7-segment display is so popular because of its simplicity and accuracy. Unlike English numerals, designing of simple and accurate segmented representation of Bangla numerals is still a research area of Bangla processing. Bangle numerals have some limitations of using more segments in displaying Bangla numerals. So, in this paper a new model of 10-segment display is proposed for Bangla numerals to overcome these limitations.

Bhaskar Gopalan   

A model on alpha-power law MOSFETs based source-coupled differential pair (SCDP) is discussed and a simple design procedure for realizing a linear CMOS SCDP transconductance element is proposed. The proposed or modified SCDP circuit using this procedure is an alternative to that of conventional SCDP and the circuit discussed has superior linearity for a wide range ±(0-300mv) of input differential voltage at a supply voltage of 1.2v. The modified SCDP also includes the circuitry needed to suppress the variation in the quiescent current with respect to input common-mode voltage noise. The SPICE results are used to verify theoretical predictions. The results show close agreement between the predicted model behavior and the simulated performance. The simulated result on Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) shows that the modified SCDP circuit is better than the conventional SCDP by about four times at input differential voltage amplitude of ±100mv. An example circuit, a second order continuous time gm-C band-pass filter is constructed using the fully differential modified SCDP and the fully differential conventional SCDP circuit and the result shows that the modified transconductor circuit is better in linearity (THD) than the conventional SCDP by about two times at the input differential voltage amplitude of ±100mv. An automatic digital compensation scheme for temperature is also presented and the temperature coefficient of output current is reduced by about eight times to 250ppm/deg. C after compensation for the maximum change in temperature of 150deg.C and at the input differential voltage of 100mv.

Said M. M. Kafumbe   H.N Kundaeli   and Muawya Aldalaien   

In this technological era, there exists a growing need for pre-programmed interactive systems that ease day to day activities. Systems that utilise microprocessor-based operations to control other systems are based on coded instructions depicting their actual operation, and can be interfaced to actual systems using both software and hardware techniques. A microprocessor controlled system that can be used in counting the number of biological species in a given environment is presented herein. It uses an 8-bit microprocessor 6502 unit, a pair of infra-red emitters and detectors that can be placed at the entrance, a decade up or down counter as well as a shift register. The optical sensing mechanism detects the entry or exit of the biological species with its output signal amplified and used as an input to an asynchronous sequential combinational digital logic that generates control signals for the up and down counter. The parallel shift register then buffers the maximum count into the microprocessor via the input ports, and with the help of an assembly language code the count is stored into memory and onto the display.

ManchalAhuja   and Sakshi   

Multiplication is one of the essential operations in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications like Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Digital filters etc. Multiplier is designed, considering the tradeoffs between low power and high speed. The bypassing multiplier is an improvement, over Braun multiplier which is one of the parallel array multiplier. The tradeoffs i.e. dynamic power and delay of the Bypassing multipliers can be reduced by using different adders. This paper presents a comparative study of 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional bypassing multipliers using different adders on basis of delay, area and power and for 4x4, 8x8 and 16x16 bits in FPGA Spartan – 3E using Xilinx 12.4 ISE and Synopsys respectively.

Gorbenko I.D.   Lisitskiy K.E.   and Denisov D.S.   

A new method of determining the real number of round cipher transition to indicators of random substitution is proposed. It is based on the accounting of the minimal number only those S-boxes which are used at the first rounds of their transformations and permit to activate all bytes of the latter from the dynamic point of view to the random substitution of cycle transformation. The results of this technique application for evaluation of dynamic indicators of transition to the indicators of random substitution of a number of modern ciphers including the ciphers presented at one time to the Ukrainian competition on the choice of the applicant to the National standard of block cipher.

Hilmi Zenk   and A. Sefa Akpinar   

Power transmission and distribution, system reliability, and to provide the basis for the protection of electrical equipment is important. The Transformers in the power system is one of the most widely used elements. Transformers working in the linear region with a yield of electromagnetic energy provide a high rate conversion. However, with the onset of saturation of the transformer ferromagnetic core begins to fall due to the efficiency of energy conversion losses start to increase. Any power system elements constituting a sudden ferroresonance are enough potential for the realization of the event. These elements of the transformer inductance and non-linear loads can be summarized in the resistance and capacitance. In this study, high-voltage transmitter to the controlled switched my order to make semiconductor power electronic switching elements connected with the resistance and capacitance cargoes including ferroresonance instantly switches opening and closing built resonance will occur in the electrical events, actual circuit conditions were investigated.

R. Piña Piña   A. Dueñas Jiménez   and C. A. Bonilla Barragán   

The circuit and network analysis of some signal separation structures constituting a microwave six-port reflectometer are presented. An interconnection of five of these structures composing a six-port network analyzer is also presented. In order to validate the responses, a circuit analysis following the signals from source to detectors, is performed. The complete structure constituting the six-port network analyzer is composed by a 6 dB directional coupler, a four stage 3 dB Wilkinson power divider and three quadrature couplers providing 3 dB, which are formed by two 8.34 dB tandem couplers.

Dusan Medved   and Martin Kanalik   

This paper describes the approach and results of power quality measurement at the outputs of DC/AC inverter COTEK S1500-124 supplying a linear load. There were used load examples as a classic light bulb of 150 W nominal power and an air heater with adjustable power chosen as linear load. The measurement was realized for purposes of verification of power quality indexes at the outputs of DC/AC inverter COTEK S1500-124 declared by its manufacturer.

M. El-Bakry   

This paper proposes a 27-level cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) as an interface between renewable energy sources and the grid, that can provide output voltage regulation against many fluctuations in these sources while keeping low value of the total harmonic distortion (THD) in its output voltage. Renewable energy sources of different types are treated as dc sources (e.g. dc voltage from PV panels, rectified ac voltage from wind turbines, etc.) that represent a part of, or all, the input dc sources of the individual H-bridges of the CMLI. The values of these sources are subject to natural fluctuations. An approach using a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model is applied to determine the switching angles of the power switches of this CMLI to minimize the values of the undesired low order harmonics equally till the 31st harmonic. . The model is applied for the single phase and three phase cases. For each case, an output voltage amplitude is selected first for normal operation at the nominal values of the dc sources , whose harmonics absolute values agree with the IEEE standards 519-1992 for voltage distortion limits. Then some disturbances are analyzed, including fluctuations of all the dc sources within ±20% of their nominal values, dropping some dc sources to 50% of their values and dropping of some dc sources to zero values, and the model is applied under the required value of the output voltage with an allowed deviation within ±5%. Solutions are obtained that give the switching angles of the inverter at these disturbances in the dc sources while keeping low values of the output voltage THD.

Peter Mikuš   René Harťanský   and Oľga Čičáková   

This article deals with verification of radar sensors. Although these are very accurate devices, they are vulnerable to distortion of the measured value due to false reflections. Since this is an assigned measure, it must be ensured that results are fixed and reproducible. This places the onus on geometric and environmental optimalization to minimize false reflections and deliver accurate measurements.

Behzad Ghanavati   and Enayatollah Taghavi Moghaddam   

A low-voltage CMOS current-mode Winner take all and looser take all circuits are designed in 0.35 µm standard CMOS technology. Simulation results using HSPICE that verify the functionality of circuit with 1.5 V supply are presented. The circuit can find application in the implementation of Fuzzy and Neural Network circuits.

Milad Piry   Mona Khajani Moaf   and Parviz Amiri   

A low-voltage, low-power, high-gain and low-noise operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) by modifying conventional one is presented and analyzed. Design strategies are discussed for minimizing noise and increasing gain. The simulation results show that the open loop gain is improved from 68 dB to 74 dB and the input referred noise is also reduced from 926 to 475. This amplifier operates at 0.8 V power supply voltage with a power consumption of 0.9 µW. All the simulations are obtained by using Hspice tool with 0.18 µm CMOS TSMC parameters.

Mehdi Rostami   and Parviz Amiri   

In the new Automotives Engines Electronic Throttle has been used to reduce fuel consumption and increase the torque. The throttle’s butterfly valve angle is changed by Engine Control Unit (ECU) Signals. In some cases physical model of Electronic Throttle is needed for engine optimization in automotive industrial. In this paper physical parameters of the special engine electronic thottle has been gotten and estimated. After this research, a controller has been designed and constructed. Software simulation results show the controller works correctly.

Sevda Abadpour   Parisa Dehkhoda   Ruzbeh Moini   and Seyyed Hesameddin Hossein Sadeghi   

In this paper, the susceptibility of a microstrip transmission line (MTL) as a simple printed circuit board (PCB) near an interfering antenna is studied using the finite integral technique. Here, the magnitude of transmission coefficient of a two-port network model of the system (|S₂₁ |) is chosen as the susceptibility criterion of the PCB. The susceptibility is studied for the unshielded and shielded MTL. The effect of different perforation size on the susceptibility of the shielded MTL is examined and it is shown that large apertures can even increase the disagreeable effects of the interfering wave on the MTL at resonance bandwidth of the perforated enclosure. As an important result, it is shown that shielding effectiveness (SE) of an enclosure -which is defined based on plane wave incidence - can be used to predict the susceptibility behavior of the shielded MTL in the vicinity of interference. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measurements performed inside a semi-anechoic chamber.

Muhammad Bachtiar Nappu   

This manuscript presents a basic concept of nodal price modeling in a competitive electricity market and some special considerations on its formulation. Nodal prices represented by locational marginal prices (LMP) based settlement strategy is carried out in a deregulated market environment to establish the amount of money received by generation companies from system operator and paid to system operator from customers. In this approach, cost of transmission services is implemented together with LMP which represents energy price, network losses cost, and transmission congestion cost. The results show that the proposed method has a better performance than the use of conventional approach.

Bilal Abdullah Nasir   Saleh Esaa Jasim   and Muneef Abdullah Ahmed   

In this work a design and implementation of starting and turning - off systems for diesel motors are accomplished. Many of diesel motors, up to date, started by hand, especially those are used in farms irrigation, and those which are used as a turbines connected with AC generators for electricity generation in the houses to substitute the continuous disconnection in electrical supply which developed by the state organization for electricity. The work is implemented by using the car spear part as well as some pieces with different kinds and dimensions, manufactured in the workshop, as a starting system of the diesel motor. The relation between the starting speed with time, for both handle and automatic starting is studied and compared to show the effect of operation-speed on the starting of these types of diesel motors. Also, in this work an electrical circuits and components are designed for a remote stopping of diesel motors as soon as the electrical supply from the state organization for electricity is developed. The automatic starting and stopping of diesel motors facilitate the utilization of these motors for electrical generation without any ability of an accident may be happen during the starting operation of such type of these motors.

Behzad Ghanavati   and Enayatollah Taghavi Moghaddam   

In this paper, novel current-mode analog multiplier circuit based on a pair of voltage-translinear Loop is presented. The proposed circuit is designed in 0.18 µm standard CMOS technology. Simulation result using HSPICE that verify the functionality of circuit with 1 V supply is presented. The circuit can find application in the implementation of wide range of analog systems, Fuzzy and Neural Network circuits.

Ardiaty Arief   

Under voltage load shedding is a proficient counter-measure action against voltage instability/collapse. UVLS procedure is an effective means to maintain voltage stability of a power system when the system’s voltage is just about to collapse following some disturbances. This paper proposes an advanced under voltage load shedding based on trajectory sensitivity analysis for voltage stability enhancement. Trajectory sensitivity analysis is a technique based on linearizing a system surrounding a certain trajectory and employs time domain simulations. This technique computes the sensitivity of the dynamics relating to the constraints. Trajectory sensitivities between bus voltages are calculated by using hybrid system’s trajectory sensitivities to obtain sufficient amount for load shedding. Furthermore, trajectory sensitivity index at all buses is calculated to select the most appropriate location of load shedding. Dynamic simulations are performed with the 14 bus RTS IEEE as case study.

Amel Boufrioua   

The scattering radar cross section (RCS) of a superstrate loaded resistive rectangular microstrip patch which is printed on isotropic or uniaxial anisotropic substrate are investigated, where an accurate design based on the moment method technique in the spectral domain is developed. Entire domain sinusoid basis functions without edge condition and roof top sub-domain basis functions are introduced to expand the unknown current on the metal patches. The integral equation includes a superstrate resistive boundary condition on the surface of the patch and the effects of anisotropic substrate are developed. The necessary terms for representing the surface resistance on the patch were derived and were included in the equation in the form of a resistance matrix. Comparative study between our results and those available in the literature is done and showed a very good agreement.

O.Sonbul   and A.N.Kalashnikov   

Ultrasonic range finding instruments are utilized, e.g., for measuring liquid levels and distance to parking obstacles. However, instruments designed using the conventional electronic architectures to drive the ultrasonic transmitters cannot provide an operating range beyond a few meters for a flat solid wall with normal incidence when powered by a low voltage battery. This both limits the applicability of the existing instruments and makes it difficult to demonstrate their feasibility for new applications. The architecture described here combines a DC/DC boost converter with semiconductor switches, enabling a scalable increase in the operating range for both pulse-echo and pitch-catch modes of operation. It was fully prototyped and successfully tested for novel applications involving ultrasonic range finders, specifically intrusion detection and surface profile imaging. The limitations of the profile sensing device are rather restrictive as it only operates at the incidence angles below 18°, but this device can be developed further. The developed security system was found to be quite practical in its present state.

Jan Stępień   and Sylwester Filipiak   

The problem analysed in the article concerns the designation of substitute post breakdown configurations of electric power distribution networks, enabling restoration of electric power delivery to the greatest possible numbers of network reception nodes. The drawn up method concerns the problem of multi-criteria optimisation. In the method used to evaluate and optimise distribution network configurations, the co-evolutionary algorithm is used cooperating with classifier system with regard to variable coefficients of reliability during operation of network elements. An important trait of the proposed method is the possibility of formulating substitute network configurations with the use of information originating from simulated breakdown network statuses, with the specification of information that may be used on reliability parameter values, durations of exploitation of network elements etc.

Hilmi ZENK   and A. Sefa Akpinar   

DC-DC converters are widely used in electrical machinery driver circuits. Classic controllers and fuzzy logic controllers, DC converters operating range setting switches provide control of electrical machines drives. In this study, which is one of the Cúk converter DC converters MATLAB / Simulink model was prepared, at the output of a DC Motor Dynamic Model, Proportional Integral, Proportional Integral Derivative and Fuzzy Logic Controllers to be controlled by a speed and a reference was provided and compared with the performances of these controllers.

A. M. Ihbal   H. S. Rajamani   R. A. Abd-Alhameed   M. K. Jalboub   A. S. Elmeshregi   and M. A. Aljaddal   

In the UK there is no real time retail market, and hence no real time retail electricity pricing. Therefore domestic electricity consumers in the UK pay electricity prices that do not vary from hour to hour, but are rather some kind of average price. Real time pricing information was identified as a barrier to understanding the effectiveness of various incentives and interventions. The key question is whether we can evaluate energy management and renewable energy intervention in the behaviour of customers in real market terms. Currently only behaviour changes with respect to total consumption can be evaluated. Interventions cannot be defined for peak load behaviour. The effectiveness of the introduction of renewable energy is also hard to assess. Therefore, it is hard to justify introducing of renewable and demand side management at local community level, apart from when following government approved schemes, subsidies, and other initiatives. In this paper, a new criteria has been developed to help developers and planners of local residential communities to understand the cost of intervention, in order to evaluate where the load is when the prices are high.

E. Baghaz   M. Melhaoui   and K. Kassmi   

In this paper, we propose an analysis of the structure and functioning in the Pspice simulation and experiment of a discretized photovoltaic (PV) system. This system is formed by two DC/DC Boost converter connected in series. Its role is to transfer electrical energy from two PV generators through two adaptation stages (upper and lower stages). We proposed a circuit control of the power switch of the DC/DC converter, specifically, the upper stage. The results show a good agreement between simulation and experience of electrical values (voltage, current, power) of each block of the PV system. The good performance of each stage (> 90%) and the complete PV system show that this architecture can provide an innovative solution in terms of reliability and performance improvement chain PV conversion.

Michael F. Dossis   

The current density of integration circuits, yields extremely complex Systems-on-a-Chip (SoCs) that take a long time to design and develop and thus, many times, they miss the market window for these products. This has motivated intensive research on High-level Synthesis (HLS) methodologies, so that such complex and custom systems are rapidly designed and prototyped. The contribution of this work is a formal and intelligent HLS synthesis and rapid verification methodology with custom options, which re-uses and incorporates the generation of predesigned custom hardware functional units, from behavioural ADA code. The usability of the proposed methodology is confirmed with a number of HLS benchmarks including a hierarchical RSA crypto-processor design and a line-drawing algorithm from computer graphics.

Pin-Lin Liu   

In this paper we consider the problem of stabilizing a bilinear system with time- varying delay via linear state feedback control. Based on the Lyapunov method, a delay-dependent criterion for determining the stabilization of system is obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and used to express the relationships between the terms in the Leibniz-Newton formula, which can be easily solved by efficient convex optimization algorithms. From the numerical examples, the obtained results have some significant improvements over the recent literatures.

Aslam P. Memon   M. Aslam Uqaili   Zubair A. Memon   and Naresh K. Tanwani   

The feedforward artificial neural network (FFANN) based automatic voltage regulator (AVR) controller for excitation system using Matlab/Simulink approach is proposed in this paper.The proposed AVR controller investigates and demonstrates the application of radial basis function (RBF) and multiplayer perceptron (MLP) architectures of FFANNs and compares the suitability of both architectures. The simulation results of suggested AVR controller not only show the encouraging responses for the application but also show the improvement in the transient responses of synchronous machine. The responses of developed RBF and MLP networks have also been compared with conventional proportional integral and derivative (PID) excitation controller of synchronous machine. Investigations and results prove that FFANN AVR controllers are very simple and accurate than conventional AVR and also enhance the stability performance of synchronous machine in an efficient manner. This research also suggests that RBF network is more simple, accurate, fast and robust controller than MLP architecture. Huge numbers of research papers have been written and published on the different types of excitation controller, but the proposed controller for excitation control system is relatively most simple and suitable for software demonstration and practical implementation.

Tushar K. Roy   

This paper presents an investigation into the design of a flight control system, using a robust backstepping control structure, designed using the two-time scale control procedure of the dynamic of a small-size autonomous helicopter in hover. The two-time scale controller takes advantage of the ‘decoupling’ of the translational and rotational dynamics of the rigid body, resulting in a two-level hierarchical control scheme. The inner loop controller (attitude control) tracks the attitude commands generated by the outer loop controller and sets the main rotor thrust vector, while the outer loop controller (position control) tracks the reference position. The controller is designed using the backstepping method based on Lyapunov function. Lyapunov function is used to show the robustness of the proposed control method under the consideration of wind gusts. Simulation results are finally given showing the effectiveness of the proposed control and its ability to cope with external wind gusts on the plant model.

Mustafa Mutlu   

In this study, the difference between the mean of the Rayleigh Probability Density Function and the mean obtained from the graph of Rayleigh Probability Density Function is minimized by changing the coefficient in the equation yielding the mean. By using various number of data and K values, Rayleigh Probability Density Function is plotted with the means mentioned above.

Radek Stojan   Jiří Vaněk   and Martin Malý   

Diagnostic of silicon solar cells defects is permanently one of most important steps in production of solar cells. Specify of diagnostic methods leads to a better understanding and more detailed analysis of manufactured cells. Luminescence methods of solar cells are fast and some of the most common methods today. According to the excitation method of luminescence radiation from silicon solar cells we talk about electroluminescence or photoluminescence methods. Spectral response of using CCD camera with those methods is in band-gap infrared wave length area. The main idea of this paper is to analyze emitted infrared radiation silicon solar cell under the forward bias by polarization spectroscopy. This analysis opens up for potential next new questions in diagnostics defects silicon solar cells by luminescence methods.

Dmitriy A. Buhtiyarov   Anatoly P. Gorbachev   and Svetlana Yu. Zhelezko   

A novel approach to improve the quasi-Yagi antenna performances by using the so-called ends-fed dipole radiator is presented. To illustrate this idea a cylindrical prototype operating at 790 MHz is developed and tested. Since the area around the radiating arms is free of any conductors, the proposed radiator is a good candidate to create high polarization purity of radiation. The measured results have revealed that such a driver is able to achieve an effective area reduction to 20% with enhanced up to 17 dB front-to-back ratio without decreasing the bandwidth.

M. R. Vatani   M. J. Sanjari   and G. Gharehpetian   

The new method for islanding detection in distribution network is presented in this paper. The islanding conditions should be detected as soon as possible. Therefore, this paper presents a new method that detects the islanding condition before main circuit breaker opening. The proposed method is based on the zero sequence angle of the current measured at the utility side of the utility circuit breaker. The measured parameter has a unique characteristic in the islanding conditions. The discrete wavelet transform is applied to extract the feature from the measured angle. This feature determines the islanding condition from non-islanding ones. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method for islanding detection is confirmed by simulation results. This method is effective for islanding detection in distribution network with high penetration of distributed generations. The proposed method causes no power quality problems for distribution network and can be developed in smart grids.

Mohsen Padash   Mehdi Tavassoli   Abdollah Khoei   and Khayrollah Hadidi   

Using fuzzy logic controller, a sophisticated algorithm for adaptive cruise controller systems is proposed. The presented architecture can control the vehicle acceleration in a very simple and efficient way. The new algorithm is simulated in an artificial environment using MATLAB. In comparison with previous works, simulation results of the proposed algorithm have a much smoother output for controlling throttle and brake actuator of a car. In addition we represent a structure for implementing the proposed algorithm by using FLC, DAC, ADC, adders and some digital gates.

Fady I. El-Nahal   and Mamoun A. Salha   

Radio over fiber is becoming an increasingly important technology for the wireless market since it introduces a higher data transmission rate and large bandwidth. In this paper, we have compared OQPSK and DPSK bidirectional radio over fiber ROF systems, where an offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) or differential phase shift keying (DPSK) signals are used for down-link and an on-off keying (OOK) signal re-modulated for up-link. Several measurements were performed including Bit Error Rate (BER) curves for uplink and downlink, RSOA gain curve and noise figure with the variation of input power and temperature for each system.

Alejandro Dueñas Jiménez   

A proposal for teaching and learning electromagnetic simulation by means of a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method is presented. The suggestion has been well received by the academic community since the teaching material is easy to implement and simple to explain in a classroom environment. Two specific codes to simulate microstrip printed dipoles are presented in here but many more can be implemented by following the book references. In addition, the running times are fast enough as to include several examples in each class session.

I.G.Pashaev   

The summary of the given work is devoted to the obtaining of the Ni_xTi_100-x-nSi Schottky diodes (DSH) and studying the electrophysical properties (where х=4; 19; 37; 74; 96) of schottky diodes made on the basis of amorphous and polycrystalline metal alloys at low direct pressure. By means of X-rayphase analysis, it is established that the film of Ni₃₇Ti₆₃ alloy has amorphous structure, and the other films have polycrystalline one. Critical parameters of the Schottky diodes in dependence on composition and structure of metal films are determined. As a result, it is revealed that electrophysical properties of Ni_xTi_100-x−x /n-Si Schottky diodes are connected with change of composition and structure of metal films; Alloy has amorphous structure. The height of a potential barrier is found by two methods (a method I - V, and I ~ T). The received results show that the barrier height is rather sensitive to structure of a metal alloy, in comparison with a polycrystalline film of metal, in case of contact of an amorphous film of metal to silicon the border of separation is rather homogeneous. Hence, it is possible to assume that occurrence of a superfluous current in DSH after an annealing at temperature 673K and is above connected with change of structure of a metal film of an alloy.

M.Arun Noyal Doss   V.Ganapathy   Subhranshu Sekhar Dash   and V.Marthandan, D.Mahesh   

In a conventional three phase Brushless DC machine with 120^°electrical conduction, Harmonics and commutation torque ripple occurs because of changeover of load current from one phase to another at every 60 electrical degrees. This paper presents techniques for diminishing the harmonics and torque ripples in sensor Brushless DC motor. This torque ripple reduction techniques based on voltage controlled and current controlled algorithm, both results are simulated and compared to bring out suitable and effective method.

Majid Delshad   and Abbas Narimani   

A new soft switching pulse-width-modulated (PWM) fly back dc/dc converter with a simple auxiliary circuit is proposed. By adding this auxiliary circuit to the conventional pulse width modulation isolated fly back converter, all power semiconductor devices are soft switched. Therefore switches turn-on under ZCS condition and turn off under zero current zero voltage switching (ZCZVS) condition and diode operates at zero current switching (ZCS) turn-on and turn-off. In addition, the proposed converter frequency is constant and has no additional current stress in the main switch in comparison with conventional ones. Simulation and experimental results justify the theoretical analysis.

Cristina Mihaela Gheorghe and Mircea Covrig 

The paper presents a finite element program likely to solve the electromagnetic field problem for an induction motor with squirrel cage rotor; the program is implemented in MATLAB computing environment. The methodology used by the program is based on the harmonic steady state solution of the electromagnetic field problem method described in [1]. Moreover, the electromagnetic field problem solution will determine the circuit model parameters, by which we can determine the functional parameters of the induction motor. In order to validate the proposed program, the authors compared the numerical results of the program with the analytical results obtained using formulas presented in the literature and with the experimental measurements on the test platform. The proposed program provides a computation tool for the electrical machines designers, with results close to measured values. The CPU time is reduced. Also, the program has a didactic nature and it can be used as a training basis for young engineers.

Jaswinder Kaur and Rajesh Khanna 

In this paper, the design of a co-axial fed single layer microstrip patch antenna (MSA) for 5.2 GHz WLAN application is presented. The impedance matching and the radiation characteristics of this proposed structure are studied and analyzed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio, which is a commercially available electromagnetic simulator based on the method of finite difference time domain technique to achieve the desired specification. The proposed antenna based on co-axial feed configuration has the maximum achievable bandwidth obtained about 219.2 MHz (5.14-5.36 GHz) at -10 dB reflection coefficient which corresponds to WLAN 5.2 GHz frequency band and the maximum achievable gain is 5.208 dB. Stable radiation characteristics are obtained across the frequency band.

Andreas Patrovsky and Ke Wu 

A novel type of integrated dielectric antenna is presented, which is suitable for low-loss integrated transceiver front-ends in the upper microwave or millimeter wave frequency ranges. The proposed antenna comprises a dielectric high permittivity substrate acting as grounded slab waveguide and a simple planar lens on top for beam focusing. The guided wave is gradually transformed to free space by a curved ground plane for end-fire radiation from the substrate edge. Apart from high radiation efficiency due to very low conductor losses, the use of a standard substrate material also simplifies manufacturing and allows accommodating MMICs or bias circuitry at minimum cost. Simulation and measurement results are presented for a scaled prototype in X-band. Simulation studies were also conducted at millimeter-wave frequencies, where the low-loss advantage is even more evident. Having dimensions of 10mm×18mm, an example design provides a gain of 15 dBi at 60 GHz and a radiation efficiency of more than 80 % if a Duroid®6010LM substrate is used. Good input impedance matching is achieved in a bandwidth of over 20 %, covering the entire unlicensed 60 GHz band.

Norazhar Abu Bakar A.Abu-Siada   Narottam Das and Syed Islam 

Spectroscopic analysis is recently being employed to measure furan concentration in transformer oil. Light absorbance and spectral bandwidth are used as indicators to estimate furan concentration level in transformer oil. However, the possibility of dust and other conducting materials that might exist in transformer oil sample need to be considered as it may influence the spectroscopic performance. In this paper, series of tests are carried out to investigate the impact of dust on the transformer oil spectral response characteristics. Oil sample with various furan concentrations along with certain amount of copper powder are examined. Experimental results show that the spectral response characteristics only affected by dust at the beginning of mix process. However, the characteristic returns to the original one within a few minutes.

Nikolay V. Kinsht and Natalia N. Petrun’ko 

Сertain problems of test diagnosing of electric circuit on the basis of application of a matrix which elements are linearly related with the desired internal parameters are considered. Use of redundant experiments is presented. Analytical solutions of a task when the part of required parameters is known and way of diagnosis of multipole network with inaccessible nodes are received. Examples are showed.

Akhilesh Kumar Mishra Vineet Kumar Tiwari Rohit Kumar and Tushar Verma 

The aim of this work is to design a speed controller of a DC motor by selection of PID parameters using bio-inspired optimization technique of Artificial Bee Colony Optimization (ABC). Here, model of a DC motor is considered as a second order system for speed control. In this work bio-inspired optimization technique in controllers and their advantages over conventional methods is discussed using MATLAB/Simulink. This proposed optimization methods could be applied for higher order system also to provide better system performance with minimum errors. The main aim is to apply ABC technique to design and tune parameters of PID controller to get an output with better dynamic and static performance. The application of ABC to the PID controller imparts it the ability of tuning itself automatically in an on-line process while the application of optimization algorithm to the PID controller makes it to give an optimum output by searching for the best set of solutions for the PID parameters.

M.Arun Noyal Doss Subhransu Sekar Dash and D.Mahesh, V.Marthandan 

Torque-Ripple control of brushless DC motor has been the main obstacle in drive system in which speed fluctuation, vibration and acoustics noise should be minimized. This paper proposes the results of simulation and the experiment shows that the stator current can be improved and torque-ripple can be reduced obviously. Model predictive control (MPC) is used to generate the pulses to the gate circuit of three phase inverter. It consists of sensors, rectifier, controller .This has been simulated with the help of PSIM, filter effect is analyzed by FFT and current controlled technique is based on the generation of quasi-square wave currents using only one controller for all the three phases.

René Harťanský Peter Mikuš Lukáš Maršalka Jozef Slížik and Ladislav Matejička 

The article deals with vector potential calculation of the small electrical loop. The method of integral analytical expression solves the problem in the details. This type of integral is the same as in the theory of antenna. This method is simpler than standard method and it makes some connection between radiation theories of point source at the far field and loop at the near field.

M. Rizwan Khan Shamsuddin Ahmad M. Munir Azam S. Kausar Hussain and Firoz Khan 

The performance of an electric drive not only depends upon electrical parameters but is also significantly affected by mechanical features of drive like, elasticity of shaft, misalignment of shaft, eccentricity of driven load. For precise determination of performance, especially under dynamic conditions, the effect of these mechanical factors should be included in the analysis. The work reported in this paper deals with the analysis of a D.C. motor drive with elastic coupling and periodically varying load torque. Periodic variation of load torque may due to mechanical features or may be the characteristics of the driven load itself. A mathematical model of the drive system is developed and the system equations are expressed in state model form. Simulink models of the drive are developed and performance of drive system is studied for constant as well as pulsating load torque conditions. Under some specific conditions, system goes under resonance. Conditions leading to resonance are identified and drive performance under normal as well as resonance conditions is analyzed. The analyses presented reveal that mechanical failure of the drive system may occur due to excessive shear stress developed in the shaft under resonance conditions. Design of a controller is suggested to protect the drive from such failures under resonance condition.

Pin-Lin Liu 

This paper is concerned with the problem of observer control of a class of time-varying delay systems with delayed measurements. By using information on delay derivative, improved asymptotic stability conditions for time-delay systems are presented. Unlike previous methods, upper bound of delay derivative is taken into consideration, even if this upper bound is larger than or equal to 1. We develop delay-dependent method for designing linear observer controllers, thus ensuring global uniform asymptotic stabilization for any time delay no larger than a given bound. Numerical examples are given to illustrate effectiveness and less conservatism of obtained stability conditions.

Ramin Khosravi Hossein Maftooli and Hamidreza Karami 

The paper proposes an efficient modeling technique for electromagnetic analysis of a rectangular metallic enclosure with multiple apertures, using the surface equivalent principle and frequency-domain integral equations. The surface equivalence principle is used to replace the apertures by a prefect electrically conducting surfaces while introducing appropriate magnetic current densities on both sides of it with opposite sign. As a result, the problem is reduced to two independent regions. The first region is outside the enclosure (exterior problem) where the free space Green’s function with the aid of image theory can be used to obtain the total fields in it. The second region is the interior of the enclosure (interior problem) that a closed-form expression for its dyadic Green’s function is available. Finally the governing frequency-domain magnetic field integral equation for the structure is derived by enforcing the continuity of the tangential magnetic field at the apertures. To solve the resulting integral equations, method of moments is used. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing the simulation results of several case studies with those obtained using the commercial MWS-CST finite integration code.

Loránd Szabó Rareş Terec Mircea Ruba and Pavol Rafajdus 

The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has inherently high level of fault tolerance. However despite of its high robustness and reliability it can face windings and bearings faults. The faults can cause costly downtimes in industrial environment, or they can bring about more severe consequences in safety critical applications. Therefore the detection of the faults in their incipient phase and the ability to tolerate them is a very important requirement for the electrical drive systems used in such applications. The paper deals with the most important faults of the SRMs, their effects on the machine performances and their detection. Also a reconfigurable fault tolerant control system for the SRMs is proposed, which is able to detect diverse winding faults and to mask these faults by imposing increased currents in the healthy remained coils of the machine. The fault detection capability and the correct reconfiguration of the proposed control system are proved by laboratory tests.

H. Molavi and M. M. Ardehali 

This paper presents a study of a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) used for mitigating voltage sag. The basic idea of the voltage sag mitigation, using a D-STATCOM is to dynamically inject a current of desired amplitude, frequency and phase into the grid line. The proposed method extracts the active and reactive parts of the positive- and negative-sequence component for generating reference values of current that need to be injected into the point of connection D-STATCOM in order to compensate the voltage errors. The proposed method offers structural simplicity and less calculation complexity. Simulation results indicate that this method is effective and D-STATCOM has good performance to mitigate the voltage sag.

A. Tripathi R. Upadhyay J. N. Rao M. K. Badapanda and P. R. Hannurkar 

A 1 MW, 352.2 MHz, RF test set up based on Thales make TH 2089 klystron amplifier, having both CW and pulsed capability is being developed at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore for characterization and qualification of RF components, cavities and related subsystems. Provision to vary RF power from 50 kW to 1 MW with adequate flexibility for testing wide range of RF components has been incorporated in this test set up. A high power radio frequency (RF) system is always equipped with an interlock and protection circuit for its reliable and safe operation. In an RF system, RF input, all the DC bias power supplies and water cooling parameters like flow and temperature need to be switched ON/OFF in a certain predefined timing sequence to prevent damage to the high power RF device (in this case klystron) and its system. So sequence control system is basically for protecting the klystron amplifier. The sequence control system of 1-MW CW klystron has been developed in order to drive the 1-MW, 352.2 MHz klystron amplifier (TH 2089). The system is able to control the operation of several power supplies and many environment conditions. The hardware of sequence control and the interlock system are based on the NI cRIO 9081(Integrated 1.06GHz Dual Core Controller). Proposed application software is built on LabVIEW 2011 platform and designed to work on Microsoft window environment. The basic function of the software is to check and indicate all the interlocks & log the data before providing power to klystron. The data in this system is acquired with real time visualization. The software will acquire system parameters like status of various mains and power supplies, RF status, various channel status and selection, interlocking system and other incoming status signal as per predefined test sequence. It process acquired data and control the system to achieve user define goals. Additionally, a protection circuit senses the fault conditions such as overvoltage, over-current, high water/air temperature, low water flow, arcing etc. and generates trips which in turn switch off the supplies in a controlled sequence. Communication between PC and real-time controller is established through standard Ethernet. Provision for offline fault analysis based on settable pre and post trigger mechanism has also been incorporated.

Esmaeil Ebrahimi Masoud Abdolhosseinpour Davood Moradi and Faramarz Ghelichi 

Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) which has features of both communication channel and lightning-line has been widely used in the high-voltage transmission lines for more than a decade. The optimum use of OPGW cable is necessary to decrease final installation cost. Since OPGW cable wastage is an important key to increase project cost, so in this paper, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize OPGW cables length wastage for drumming purpose. All simulations are presented in user friendly environment as MATLAB/Graphical User Interface (GUI).