Mahbubur Rahman   A. K. M. Ayatullah Hosne Asif   Priti Sarker   and Bappi Sarker   

This research work was endeavored to improve tensile strength of viscose woven fabric by using chemical finishes like water repellent finishes with cross linking agent and softener. In this work, 100% viscose woven fabric was used and different types of samples were prepared by treating water repellent finishes, cross linking agent and softeners. The sample was investigated by tensile strength test (ASTM D5034), spray test (AATCC–22), water vapor test (cup method) and moisture regain test (ASTM D2495 oven dry method). Eight types of recipes were used in this research. For the variation of C₆-fluorocarbon the sample code-B (C₆-fluorocarbon 60g/l, cross-linking agent 15 g/l and softener 10g/l) showed better result in tensile strength and water spray test. Taking the amount of C₆-fluorocarbon (60g/l) as constant and making variation cross linking agent which reached a conclusion that, sample-B1 (C₆-fluorocarbon 60g/l, cross-linking agent 05g/l and softener 10g/l) showed better result for wet tensile strength, water spray test and moisture regain but showed less water vapor permeability. From this experiment it was evident that recipe which belongs to sample code B1 is suitable for improving the tensile strength of viscose fabric.

E. L. Pankratov   

In this paper we introduce an approach to increase integration rate of elements of an integrator operational amplifier. Framework the approach we consider a heterostructure with special configuration. Several specific areas of the heterostructure should be doped by diffusion or ion implantation. Annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects should be optimized.

H. V. Divya   H. M. Kavya   D. Saravana Bavan   and B. Yogesha   

Natural fiber composites are more attractive due to their high specific strength and lightweight. The focus in this work has been to study the influence of wood fibres on the mechanical properties of the polymer composites manufactured by extrusion and injection moulding process. Tensile and flexural tests were conducted to evaluate the tensile and flexural properties of the compounded composites. The interfacial properties, internal cracks are evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscope. The results indicate flexural strength of the wood plastic composites increases with decrease in wood particles content. The tensile strength of pure plastic blend is higher compared to wood plastic composites.

Emilio Sideridis   Victor Kytopoulos   Antonis Kampouroglou   and John Venetis   

In this article the stiffness of particulate composites is determined by the use of a multivariant three-phase model. This model consists of the transformation of spatial cubic models; it simulates a particulate composite into a three-sphere model, designating the two main phases of the composite material, the filler and the matrix, and applying the classical theory of elasticity to it. Theoretical results derived from this model are compared with experimental results derived from tensile tests carried out with iron particle reinforced epoxy resin composites and also with other theoretical results given by other researchers. In this context, an attempt is made to give, in a somewhat tentative way, a semiquantitative explanation of certain discrepancies observed between experimental data and the theory concerning the elastic modulus as well as experimental data concerning some fracture parameters on the basis of a macroscopic and a fractography-aided microscopic approach.

Mohammed Shahabaz Khan   Mohammed Zafar   and Jeevan T. P.   

The main purpose of this paper is to review recent developments and research issues of non-traditional machining processes (NTM) in bio-medical engineering. The miniaturization ability has enabled NTM processes to be applied in many areas of biology, medicine, and biomedical engineering. As these processes have been proved much more reliable, economic and accurate in machining materials used in the above fields as these processes have set new standards of how easily a tough and resilient material can be machined with such precision and in turn lead to saving lives of millions of human beings who come under such surgical circumstances. This paper highlights the machining processes involved in the making of tools and equipment used in various Bio-medical fields like dentistry, optometry, implant tools and much more.

Eldhose Thomas   Vivek V Kumar   Dinuraj V.D   Nithin S Lal   and Dilip A Shah   

In this paper, we aim to delay the onset of stall phenomenon of the blades by applying leading edge modifications to the turbine blade. In nature, the control over the phenomenon of stall is observed in case of Humpback Whales. For these marine creatures, their flippers are having certain projections called tubercles which help it delay flow separation while performing tight underwater maneuvers while preying .These tubercles acts like a passive vortex generator at the tip of blade [2]. So we selected an optimum design from literatures to study their effects when applied to wind turbine blade airfoils. A widely used wind turbine airfoil developed by Delft University in Netherlands was chosen for this project. CFD analysis was used to evaluate and compare the aerodynamic characteristics like lift and drag coefficients of the tubercle modified and the baseline airfoil. The aerodynamic characteristics were analyzed at various angles of attack (AOA) of the airfoil and the study was mainly focused at the performance on the stall angles of the airfoil. After the numerical analysis of the tubercle modified wind turbine airfoil, it was found that the coefficient of lift was increased and coefficient of drag was reduced in the stalling angles effectively delaying the stall. Also it was observed that the tubercle modification does not have any detrimental effects on the aerodynamic performance in the pre-stall regions.

Ahmad Yusairi Bani Hashim   and Muhammad Amirul Amin Suaadi   

Machine vision provides flexibility and further automation options to manufacturers. It helps detect product defects, complete a different number of tasks efficiently. The goal of this work was to develop a machine vision program that would monitor the state of the tool bit state and signals it through a software pop-up when the tool bit exhibited anomaly while cutting. The program would sense when the tool bit shows an anomaly of its sharpness while cutting. Canny algorithm and thresholding were the techniques to perform video analysis. Canny edge detector algorithm was used to change the RGB image to a grayscale-based image. The image would display only the object's edges so that the tool bit's sharp edge was visible and was analyzable for tool wear condition. The monitoring of the tool wear condition using OpenCV programming functions was proven workable. Further codes enhancements are needed to provide an effective program and to produce reliable results.

Daniel A. Doss   Rebecca Goza   Raymond Tesiero   Balakrishna Gokaraju   and David H. McElreath   

This study examined the potential of adapting the software Capability Maturity Model as a process improvement paradigm within the context of industrial process improvement. Traditional methods of process improvement incorporate some facets of Total Quality Management (TQM), business process improvement (BPI), business process reengineering (BPR), business process management (BPM), benchmarking, regulation, legislation, Six Sigma, and standards. Hypothesis testing showed two statistically significant outcomes regarding the first and the fifth maturity levels reflecting ad hoc processes and optimized processes, respectively.

Rajib Al Mamun   Md. Reazuddin Repon   M. Tauhidul Islam   and K.Z.M. Abdul Motaleb   

Fabric characteristics significantly depend on the physical properties of yarn and the qualities of rotor yarn greatly governed by processing parameters. The aim of this study is to observe the effect of processing parameters such as rotor diameter and speed on the physical properties of yarn in rotor spinning process. Mixing of spinning waste with the virgin cotton is a common phenomenon in rotor spinning. 0.11 sliver hank of 100% cotton fibre with 65% virgin cotton and 35% wastage was used to produce 12 Ne yarn. The favorable impact of processing parameters on the yarn characteristics were accessed by co-efficient of variation (CVm %), imperfection index (IPI), hairiness, tenacity, count strength product (CSP) and force at break. The yarn qualities were improved with increasing of rotor speed and rotor diameter.

Md. Suhel Rana   Md. Abdullah Al Mamun   Sajib Biswas   and Md. Rifat Farabi Sourov   

Surface modification of wool was done with chitosan, gamma radiation and combined chitosan/gamma radiation to analyze how polymer loading%, k/s value, dye uptake% and wash fastness property vary of the dyed fabric. In this investigation scoured and bleached knitted wool fabric was treated with 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 1% chitosan and polymer loading was found as of 1.21%, 1.38%, 0.32%, 0.14% and 0.48% respectively. It was found that polymer loading % increase significantly with the decrease of chitosan concentration % up to a certain limit. Some samples were irradiated with 5kGy, 10kGy, 20kGy and 50kGy gamma radiation individually. Combined chitosan/gamma treatment was carried out by treating with 0.1% chitosan followed by treatment with 5kGy, 10kGy, 20kGy and 50kGy gamma radiation. The infrared spectrum of wool specimens were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR). It was found that the infrared spectrum of untreated and treated wool specimens were approximately same except the peak absorbs at 1340-1265 cm^-1 which indicate the C-N stretch absorption of aromatic amines. After dyeing k/s value of untreated and treated wool specimens were measured using Data color 600®. There was a remarkable variation of k/s value on different treatment process. Dye uptake% of untreated and treated wool specimens were determined by using UV Visible Spectrophotometer in terms of absorbency. Color fastness to wash was measured using ISO standard. There was no significant change of wash fastness property of treated and untreated wool.

Majid Elyasi  Milad Hadinezhad  Mohammad Rajabi  and Majid Abbasi  

The present paper focuses on study of parameters such as lateral force, wagon weight, rail path curvature, train speed and path slop those have greatest effects on wear mechanism of wheel and rail. ADAMS-RAIL simulation software was used for dynamical modeling of train while moving via railway. Some experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the wear loss obtained from these parameters. Results indicated that in railway with high path curvature higher lateral force affects on wheelsets. Moreover, high train speed resulting lower derailing probability. Furthermore, cant has a significant effect on critical rates like derailing. And also, it is influential on wheel and rail lateral force and decreases the wear between rail and wheel. By increasing in lateral force from 46N to 64N, the wear rate increases about 66% and by increase in slip velocity the wear rate also increases.

S. Sulaiman   M.S. Sany   and M.S. Said   

The development of new materials show the immense growth but the major problem, it is very difficult to machine the newly developed materials. So it is necessary to adopt some new machining methods. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-traditional and most popular machining method to manufacture dies, punches and press tools because of its capability to produce complicated, intricate shapes and to machine hard materials. From the industrial point of view, metal matrix composite is one of the main topics studied in the last 15 years. Having studied so long, this material is very suitable for use in several engineering applications, particularly in the automotive and aerospace [1]. The particle reinforced aluminium nitric MMC 10% is getting the attention of researchers because it has good properties in terms of high strength to weight ratio, high strength, high impact strength. During experimentation, current and pulse duration were taken as variables for the study of surface roughness and material removal rate. Cooper electrode is used with kerosene as a dielectric fluid in the experiment. Using Taguchi method, L9 orthogonal array has been chosen and three levels corresponding to each of the variables are taken. Experiments have been performed as per the set of experiments designed in the orthogonal array. Results of experimentation were analyzed analytically as well as graphically. Signal to Noise ratio was calculated to analyze the effect of input parameter more accurately. The optimal value of Surface Roughness (SR) and Material Removal Rate (MRR) were also calculated using their signal to noise ratio value. From the experimental results, it is clear that the cooper electrode with lowest current value (2amp) and pulse duration (4μs) has better surface finish while highest current value (7amp) and pulse duration (8μs) possess highest MRR.

Khelil F.   Belhouari M.   Aour B.   Benhamena A.   and Benaoum F.   

The experimental results from the blocks loading fatigue tests are compared with the predictions using the proposed model and Miner's rule. Estimated and experimental results are found to exhibit good agreement. The evaluation technique of the K_I stress intensity factors (SIF) by a numerical investigation using line strain method is developed. The main purpose of this research is to estimate experimental results of fracture loads from polymethyl-metacrylate (PMMA) specimens (fully finite plates). Stress intensity factor equation calculation is derived from the Williams stress asymptotic expansion. Computed values using finite element analysis of stress intensity factors are compared with the experimental and theoretical results. A good agreement is observed between the present approach and experimental data. It is shown that, in the case of a through-plate crack, the stress intensity factor can be measured with a good accuracy using the proposed method.

Sohail M. A. Khan   Asiful H. Seikh   Muneer Baig   and Magdy M. El Rayes   

The electrochemical behavior of spirally-welded API steel was investigated at ambient temperature in 3.5% NaCl and 1M H₂SO₄ solution using linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. In order to reveal the corrosion resistance of different regions within the welded joint some significant characterization parameters in linear polarization and EIS curves were analyzed and compared. The surface morphology of corrosion products was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the steel in both solutions at ambient temperature follows the order Weld Metal - Base Metal and HAZ. The corrosion of welded steel in sulfuric acid solution is more than that in NaCl solution.

Mehmet Cagri Tuzemen   Mehmet Agaoglu   Mehmet Karakaya   Elmas Salamci   and Gokhan Kucukturk   

Nowadays global warming in parallel with air pollution is a significant problem. One of the major causes is the conventional fuel-powered automobile. This study focuses on reducing global warming caused by automobiles. This paper presents the results of redesign and analysis of piping component of a turbocharger unit from a new material in order to reduce the weight and unify the component from only one material. The existing component is composed of three different parts and materials. With the new design, in addition to the lightweight property, the component is designed in such a way that two separate parts of existing design are unified in a single part which simplifies the assembly of the component to the turbocharger unit. The design starts with choosing the convenient material to satisfy the necessary service conditions such as high temperature and pressure. Two different materials are considered for the analyses which are aluminium alloy and PA66+PA6-HI glass fiber reinforced plastic matrix composite material. Firstly, finite element analyses were performed by using a commercial software. The results of the finite element analyses showed that both materials showed resistance to tensile load of 4000 N and pressure of 0.4 MPa at 22℃ . However, if two separate parts were unified with a single part made of aluminium alloy, this component would fail under pressure of 0.4 MPa at 150℃ and 210℃, while the component made of PA66+PA6-HI glass fiber reinforced plastic matrix composite material resisted the pressure at higher temperatures. Tensile tests under 4000 N and pressure tests under 0.4 MPa at temperatures of 22℃, 150℃ and 210℃ were carried out on the component produced by PA66+PA6-HI glass fiber reinforced plastic matrix composite material. The same results were observed with those obtained by the finite element analyses. The design with the composite material satisfies both the mechanical and lightweight considerations.

Nazir A. Naz   M. Imran   Nabeela Akbar   and Akbar Ali   

Study of defects in a semiconducting material can help in improving the electrical and optical properties of a device based on such material. There is a general paucity of knowledge about the nature and origin of deep level defects in ternary and quaternary semiconductors in literature. It is, therefore, of interest to study defects in ternary semiconductor, InGaN-based, LEDs. By employing deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), at least nine defects, labeled, E1-E9 have been observed in InGaN-LEDs. Of these, seven defects E2-E8 have been characterized. Respective energy states induced by the defects within the band gap are found to be 0.61, 1.00, 1.24, 1.37, 1.46, 1.68, 2.25 eV and capture cross-sections, at infinite temperature, are 2.27×10^-17, 4.39×10^-29, 1.37×10^-20, 9.58×10^-22, 4.61×10^-28, 2.19×10^-24 and 8.23×10^-22 cm². Concentrations of the defects were estimated to be 4.6×10⁴, 2.7×10⁴, 19.2×10⁴, 6.9×10⁴, 6.9×10⁴, 5.9×10⁴ and 6.3×10⁴ (cm³), respectively.

Ryosuke Shibata   Toshiki Hirogaki   Eiichi Aoyama   Keiji Ogawa   and Tatsuya Yamashita   

There has recently been an increasing demand for miniaturization and multi-functionalization of electronic equipment due to developments in information technology (IT). The semiconductor package printed wiring boards (PWBs) used in the central processing units (CPUs) of various electronic devices have brought about many advanced features. While the micromachining of Si wafers and integrated circuits has improved, advanced processing technologies for micro-drilling in PWBs are also required. Consequently, demands have been made to miniaturize PWBs and fabricate highly dense electrical circuit layers. To make these demands a reality, it has been necessary to decrease the diameter and distance between the wall surfaces of through holes. However, problems have emerged in that the drilling tools bend and break during the drilling process, and heat occurs damage around the drilled holes after the drilling process due to the increased drilling aspect ratio between the depths and diameters of holes. Method of step-feed drilling are generally considered to be effective ways of solving these problems. However, alternation short stroke motions by the spindle axis are needed to do the step-drilling process and these motions cause various kinds of vibrations. A machine tool was constructed with a novel counter-balance mechanism on the spindle driving Z-axis and investigated a model to estimate the appropriate balance mass for the step-drilling process. The results were compared from the frequency responses of the proposed model with these from experiment, and found that vibration could be controlled with the counter-balance mechanism. The results demonstrated that the proposed vibration-proof method could reduce vibration in high-speed step-micro-drilling motions and to improve quality of the drilled holes and the efficiency of the micro-drilling process in PWB manufacturing fields.

J. Y. Choi   J. H. Kim   D. H. Ko   P. K. Seo   D. C. Ko   and B. M. Kim   

The mechanical properties of hot stamped boron steel have been generally predicted by many empirical models based on the Kirkaldy's equation. Although predicting previous models are well-developed for prediction of mechanical properties, use of those models is still limitary in case of partial quenching process for tailored properties of component. Therefore, this study predicted the mechanical property of partially quenched boron steel by heated tools using the FE-simulation coupled with quench factor analysis (QFA). The dilatometry test of boron steel is performed at various ranges of cooling rates from 0.5 to 70℃ /s of which results are used to determine the material constants (K₁~K₈) of QFA and the time-temperature-property (TTP) diagram of boron steel. And then, FE-simulation of partial quenching is carried out to obtain the cooling curves according to heating temperatures of tool. The extracted results from FE-simulation are combined with the QFA to calculate the hardness distribution of partially quenched parts. Finally, experiment of partial quenching is performed to verify the predicted results and to examine the effect of tool temperatures on the hardness of formed part. The predicted hardnesses of U-channel parts are in good agreement with the measured ones within a maximum error of 7.4%.

Abdul Kadir Eksi   Ayse Nur Acar   and Ahmet Ekicibil   

Thermoelectricity is referred to conversion waste heat into electricity or electricity into heat at temperature gradients. The efficiency of a thermoelectric generator is controlled via both the thermoelectric properties and the temperature decrease. Al 7xxx used in the aircraft, automoble industry have electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, hardenable properties, and the Al 7xxx materials selected in this study have been produced by P/M method; the thermoelectric properties of materials were measured. Max. Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were obtained 0.161Ωm and 24.96W/Km respectively at 285-295K temperature ranges. Seebeck coefficient is varied from negative sign to positive sign due to the carriers. Also max. figure of merit is determined 31.182×10^-9 at 93.610 K temperature.

O. Boughias   M.S. Belkaid   T. Trigaud   and R.Zirmi   

The aim of this paper is to study the electrical properties of field effect transistors structures with two different insulators polymers, i.e, poly4, vinylphenol (PVP) and silicon oxide (SiO₂). In these studies, the organic active layer is always the same it is constituted of pentacene. PVP is an organic material with low k deposited by spin coating. Significant differences in terms of mobility and leakage current are observed with the two dielectrics. Mobility is almost 10 times higher with SiO₂ than with PVP. It is the same with the current leakage that are 1000 times smaller with SiO₂.

Jaber Abu Qudeiri   Usama Umer   Fayiz Abu Khadra   and H.M.A. Hussein   

Recently, many production systems that work in dynamic environment are widely used in high volume industries. Increasing the product varieties in dynamic environment Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) have gained more importance due to growing production lines' complexity. Increasing the customers demand to diversified products and rapid changing of the need to certain types of products require an FMS with high ability to adapt any change in production ratio during production. This paper introduces a Two Stages Approach (TSA) to increase the flexibility of the FMS to any change of the production ratios during production. The first stage of TSA is to propose a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Production Simulator (GA-PS) to maximize the FMS throughput by optimizing the FLXible Routes (FLXR) for all products type at a given production ratio. The second stage is to propose a Neural Network (NN) approach to predict the routes of all products in FMS that can be used efficiently instead of a long, time-consuming GA-PS. TSA can improve the response of FMS to any change of the production ratio by finding a new FLXR that achieves the optimal throughput of the FMS within the new production ratios. Numerical examples will be applied to demonstrate applicability of the proposed approach. As a result, it could be ascertained that the proposed TSA is useful.

Sedigheh Bagheri Kazemabad   Alireza Khavandi   Daniel Fox   Yanhui Chen   Hongzhou Zhang   and Biqiong Chen   

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three blending sequences on morphology and properties of the ternary nanocomposite of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene–octene copolymer (EOC)/clay with double compatibilizers of maleated PP (PP-g-MA) and maleated EOC (EOC-g-MA) prepared by twin-screw extrusion. The X-ray diffraction results in conjuction with transmission electron microscopy images indicated the mixture of exfoliated and intercalated structures possessed by the nanocomposite prepared by simultaneous addition of the ingredients. The nanocomposite in which clay was first mixed with PP and EOC-g-MA and then with EOC and PP-g-MA showed the same morphology. However, in the nanocomposite when clay was first mixed with PP and PP-g-MA and then mixed with EOC and EOC-g-MA, an intercalated structure was observed. The results of mechanical testing showed that there was no significant difference in the yield strength, tensile modulus and flexural modulus among the three nanocomposites. However, the Charpy impact strength of the nanocomposite prepared by simultaneous addition of ingredients was higher than that of the nanocomposites prepared in two mixing steps because of the presence of more organoclay inside the EOC phase in the former.

F. M. Al-Abbas   F. A. Al-Hindas   D. L. Olson   and B. Mishra   

The lattice of structural alloys possesses electronic characteristics which offer NDE predictions of potential failures in materials and structural assemblies. The atomic lattice represents a periodic potential which provide electronic wave descriptions that appear to be free. Any distortion in the periodic lattice (potentials) will achieve electronic and/or elastic interactions giving advance NDE waves tools possibility to assess stability of engineering materials at the atomic level during service life. Furthermore, the small dimensional defects (i.e. dislocations and interfaces) will produce steep potential gradients resulting in electronic and / or elastic physical properties changes that can be also measured. These collective potential and electronics signatures could be used as pre NDE lattice indications to produce awareness of potential degradations (i.e. susceptibility of fatigue, strain enhanced corrosion and cracking). The proper selection, utilization and assessment will increase both reliability and the NDE economics. A new approach to the next generation of nondestructive evaluations based on the electronic and elastic wave signals and analyses will be presented.

Amir Motallebzadeh   Erdem Atar   and Huseyin Cimenoglu   

The present work studies microstructure and wear resistance of Stellite 12 alloy coating deposited on quenched and tempered AISI 4140 steel substrate using plasma transferred arc (PTA) hardfacing method. The X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated that Stellite12 mainly consists of solid solution phase (α-Co, ε-Co), chromium-rich carbides (Cr₇C₃, Cr₂₃C₆) and tungsten-containing compounds. The wear properties of PTA hardfaced stellite12 comparing with AISI 4140 steel at room temperature (RT) were investigated by using the ball-on-disc type tribotester. It has been found that the Stellite12 hardfacing coating exhibits superior wear resistance than substrate during dry sliding wear test at RT.

Weihua Sun   Ping Du   Zhigang Liu   Chaohai Guo   Runsheng Zhang   Lei Zhang   Jinghui Ren   and Liwei Liu   

Mechanical and metallurgical properties of a 27mm thick Grade X80 steel plate and its UOE pipe are described in this paper. The steel is economically designed for its chemical compositions. Steel plates were produced by Thermal-mechanical processing (TMCP) with attentive reduction control during hot rolling stage. The microstructure is composed of multi-phases in which polygonal ferrite and granular bainite are the principal constituents. Line pipes of 1219mm outer diameter, which has strain based design for long distance natural gas transportation over the permafrost and seismic areas, were manufactured by the UOE process under a 0.8% expanding ratio on the pipe. Mechanical properties of the pipe and in the girth weld joints comply well with the pipeline construction requirement. Precipitation behaviors were analyzed in the steel materials, and a strengthening contribution at about 45.6 MPa is disclosed. Dislocation hardening in the pipe base materials after the simulating coating gives rise to 44.9 MPa.

M.W.B. Santos   A. Farias   M. Stipkovic Filho   and G.F. Batalha   

The effect of the friction stir welding processing (FSP) speed rotation and feed rate on the microstructure of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy was investigated in a 2-mm-thick alloy. The joints were processed above the β-transus temperature. The prior β-grain size in the stir zone depended on the speed rotation that is related with the peak temperature and the size of the lamellar structure depended on the feed that control the cooling rate. Some regions with bimodal refined grains structure were observed on stir zone. A hardness increase on friction stir processed region was observed in all conditions, except for 1550 RPM and feed 50 mm/min. It was associated to a coarse lamellar structure.

M. Tanweer Khan   Muhammad Shahid   M. Arshad Bashir   and Qurat Ulain   

Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is a synthetically produced general-purpose rubber which is fabricated by copolymerization of styrene and butadiene. It is widely used in automobile tires owing to its good abrasion-resistance, enhanced crack resistance, and improved aging properties. Strength of SBR is improved by reinforcing it using fillers such as carbon black. Presence of gaseous phase in foamed structure of SBR increases volume along with improvement in various matrix characteristics. SBR matrix was transformed into foamy product during curing in the presence of chemical blowing agents. This paper presents preparation and characterization of SBR foam with varying nano-carbon loading causing development of a variety of foamy structures; processes like compounding and vulcanization altered the mechanical properties to a great extent. Mechanical characterization revealed that incorporation of 20% carbon in the SBR caused 140% rise in tensile strength and 90% increase in hardness with a corresponding decrease in elongation to about 35%, compared with neat SBR. The 'cure rate index' increased to 200% with 20% carbon concentration, whereas 'loss modulus' and 'tan δ' increased to 135% and 80%, respectively, as determined at maximum viscosity. Overall a significant improvement in mechanical properties and damping characteristics was observed.

Toshio Haga   and Hisaki Watari   

A sound three-layer clad strip of 4045, 3003, and 4045 was cast by a vertical type tandem twin roll caster. However, a sound three-layer clad strip of 5182, 3003, and 5182 could not be cast. The 5182 overlay strip did not bond to the 3003 base strip. The latent heat of Si and Mg are 1787 kJ/kg and 230 kJ/kg, respectively. The latent heat affected the rise in temperature of the base strip. The 3003 was not heated up to a temperature suitable for bonding with the 5182 overlay strip. A sound two-layer clad strip of 3003 and 5182 could be cast by a twin roll caster equipped with a scraper. The temperature of the 3003 was near the solidus line, and sound bonding occurred.

F. Samadi   M. Emamy   A. Honarbakhsh Raouf   and A. Akrami   

The effects of heat treatment (T6) on the microstructure and dry sliding wear behavior of Al‒15Mg₂Si‒3Cu particulate metal matrix composite (PMMC) with different contents of Zn have been investigated. The composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Dry sliding wear experiment was performed in a pin-on-disc wear tester against a DIN 100Cr6 steel disc at a speed of 220 rpm using normal load of 30N. Results show that increasing the Zn content causes a significant improvement in hardness. This is ascribed to the observed increase in matrix strength due to the formation of Al‒Zn solid solution in the matrix. Zn was also found to be powerful in increasing wear resistance. The wear results showed that abrasion is the dominant wear mechanism in the composite containing 15 wt.% Zn, whilst a combination of adhesion and delamination appears to be the governing mechanism for as-cast composites.

Syed H Riza   S.H. Masood   and Cuie Wen   

Laser assisted direct metal deposition (DMD) additive manufacturing process provides a realistic opportunity to create solid and porous structures from high strength metallic alloys that can be used as coatings, foams and sandwiched structures and as highly stressed components in contact with other metallic components. Very little studies seem to have been reported on the wear behaviour of parts fabricated by the laser DMD process in relation to various design parameters for various metals. This paper presents an investigation on the sliding wear behaviour of the DMD generated structures of high strength H13 tool steel using the pin-on-disc machine. The structures were machined and finished as pins for subsequent wear testing against a solid disc made of high carbon steel surface. The study includes effect on abrasive wear by variation of several design variables which include contact load, sliding speed and sliding distance. The mode of wear is chosen to be severe which consists of dry wear and speeds near or above 1 m/s. Wear volume and co-efficient of frictions are the two main wear parameters analysed in combination with the primary or design variables. The relationship between the design factors and the ensuing wear loss is discussed which proves the highly non-linear frictional behaviour. The results highlight a wear performance for laser generated H13 specimen that is strong and consistent although inferior to the wear behaviour of wrought tool steels. Despite lack of hot and cold working and any heat treatment, H13 specimens show little signs of micro-chipping and flaking under high loads.

Tuncay Dikici   Selim Demirci   and Mustafa Toparli   

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrolyte concentration on the surface morphology, surface topography, wettability and surface roughness of nanoporous titanium dioxide (TiO₂) layers. Titanium (Ti) samples were treated by sandblasting and acid-etching processes. TiO₂ layers were formed on sandblasted/acid-etched titanium in electrolytes containing different HF concentration (% 0.25-2). The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface roughness and the wettability of the samples were measured using proilometry and a contact angle measurement system. The samples, which were anodized after sandblasting/acid-etching treatment had amorphous structure and peaks from the substrate were observed. The results showed that with increasing HF concentration, the surface morphology of the samples were significantly changed. All the treated samples exhibited hydrophilic properties.

W.T. Chiang   P.T. Lee   and R.Q. Hsu   

In recent years, the development of DSSC produced considerable research interest, including improving efficiency, packaging and flexible possibilities. Flexible possibility has great potential for all kinds of applications. Researches on the bendability of the solar cell thin sheets are mostly focus on the making the soft substrate or electrodes. Previous studies showed that coating method of TiO₂ semiconductor electrodes cracked after bending. This phenomenon makes the DSSC efficiency and lifetime substantially decline. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique with a wide range of novel applications in the processing of advanced materials and coatings, has recently gained increasing interest both in academia and industrial sector not only because of the high versatility of its use with different materials and their combinations but also because of its cost-effectiveness requiring simple apparatus. This study used a flexible conductive material (ITO-PEN) as substrate. The semiconductor electrode was prepared by eletrophoresis deposition (EPD) method. After bending test, we observe the morphology and electrical properties of semiconductor electrodes. The photocurrent-voltage characteristics of assembled the DSSC were measured by Luzchem Solar Simulator (standard AM 1.5). Results of flexible DSSC indicated that feature enables the flexible solar cells after bending to avoid fragmentation of semiconductor electrodes, and the efficiency doesn't decrease.

F. Fatemi-Jahromi   and M. Emamy   

The effects of Cu-15%P master alloy addition and hot-extrusion on microstructure and high temperature properties of Al–15wt% Mg₂Si in-situ metal matrix composite have been investigated. For this purpose different concentrations of Phosphorus (0-1 wt%) were added to the remelted composite. P addition changes the morphology of primary Mg₂Si from polyhedral to regular shape and decreases the size of primary Mg₂Si particles. Maximum reduction in size of Mg₂Si particles occurs in 0.05 wt% P content from 26.6 μm to 17.1 μm which is also the most uniform distribution of these particles in the matrix. In order to investigate hot deformation behavior of the hot-extruded composite, a set of isothermal tension tests were conducted in the temperature range of 100–500℃ with intervals of 100℃ under the initial strain rate of 0.001 s^-1. The results indicated that elongation percentage improves by increasing temperature which may be probably because of the morphology change in the eutectic structure leading to easier dislocation movement in the matrix. Fractographic analysis was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Providing the fact that larger number of dimples with more even distribution of them can be observed on the fracture surface of the failed specimens by increasing temperature, ductile mode of fracture is more preferable as the testing temperature rises. These observations coincide with elongation percentage variations.

Amitava Ghatak   and P.S. Robi   

Reformer furnace tubes are designed for exposure to high temperatures and pressures for prolonged time. HP grade steels which are cast austenitic Fe–Cr–Ni alloys are used as reformer tubes for service temperatures in the range of 950℃ to 1000℃. This paper reports an investigation on the results of analysis of service exposed HP40Nb steel micro-alloyed with Ti. Microstructural investigation of the service exposed tube revealed carbides rich in Cr, Nb and Ti at grain boundary regions which are typical features of the cast material. No evidence of creep deformation was observed in this material indicating absence of degradation in structure and properties. Accelerated stress rupture tests at temperatures in the range of 850℃ - 1050℃ and stress in the range of 47 MPa - 80 MPa on samples machined from tubes exposed for 11 years at 650℃ was carried out to assess the life of the tube for various combinations of temperature and stress by Larson-Miller parameter. Observation of the fractured samples after accelerated stress rupture tests revealed nucleation and growth of voids at Cr rich phases as the main mechanism of damage at elevated temperatures. This paper also discusses the need for using the Larson-Miller constant (C_L-M) as a function of stress rather than considering it as a constant value.

Milad Hadinezhad   Majid Elyasi   Mohammad Rajabi   and Majid Abbasi   

The phenomenon of wear is one of the significant and reviewable topics in industrial parts and equipments. Furthermore, with the increasing expansion of rail transportation industry in the world, a noticeable part of researches in this area have been allocated to the study of wear between wheel and rail. The contact surfaces of wheel and rail in railway lines in particular intra-city lines (subway) are subject to intensive wear due to the creation of rolling motion. In current work, an experimental investigation was performed based on dry pin-on-disk test to find effects of slip distance, hardness and surface roughness on wear rate and plastic deformation in rail-wheel interfacial contact. Results indicated that the wear rate decreases by decrease in slip distance. Furthermore, it was observed that both wear rate and plastic deformation increases by increase in surface roughness of the wheel.

H. Moradmard   and S. Farjami Shayesteh   

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by Co-precipitation method. The prepared powder was annealed at 500℃, 700℃ and 900℃. XRD analysis was used for composition and structure investigation. The detection and confirmation of the chemical bond in spinel ferrites were investigated by Fourier transmission infrared spectra (FTIR). Also the magnetic properties of the samples were measured by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD analysis revealed a pure ferrite phase with high crystallinity. The average crystallite size calculated by Sherrer's equation resulted in variation crystallite size from 9 to 21 nm depending upon the annealing temperature of the samples. FTIR analysis shows the presence of two vibrational bonds between 400-650 cm ^-1 corresponding to metal-oxygen interaction at tetrahedral and octahedral sites, respectively. Increasing the annealing temperature gave rise to the enhancement of saturation magnetization from 6 to 31emu/gr and the variation of coercivity between 2 and 80Oe.

Janusz Majta   Krzysztof Muszka   Lukasz Madej   Marcin Kwiecien   and Paulina Graca   

The specimens of microalloyed ferrite and austenite were severally deformed by complex metal forming processing (accumulative angular drawing - AAD, wire drawing - WD, wire flattening - WF) up to a total effective strain of 2.86, at room temperature. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and digital microstructure representation (DMR) analysis have been used to compare the deformed microstructural evolution of both model materials. The high angle boundaries associated with the deformation bands were formed at the total accumulated strains of 1.8 ÷ 2.0 observed in the last passes of wire drawing. Then, ultrafine-grained and lamella structures were observed as a result of wire flattening. It was observed that the microalloyed ferrite refined more rapidly with work hardening than the microalloyed austenite. Evaluation of the processing route along with dislocation substructure co-operative relationship allows for design of ultrafine-grained and multilayered materials with controlled structure inhomogeneity in order to achieve desirable mechanical response.

Seijiro Maki   Yuuki Makida   and Eitoku Nakanishi   

The method of local hardening of steel using rapid resistance heating was devised by focusing attention on one of the unique characteristics of the resistance heating that the heat generated by Joule heating per unit volume at the area in contact with electrodes is directly proportional to the square of current density and inversely proportional to the contact area ratio. This characteristic enables heating of steel for austenitizing essential to hardening even at the area in contact with the electrode of high thermal conductivity. In this study, effective measures for power control were considered to ensure stable achievement of local hardening in the case that there is an impedance change due to change of the treating objects or the treating positions in just the same object. A measure conclusively suggested as a strongly possible one was input heat control based on the integrated value of square of flowing current with respect to time, relating to the resistance heating characteristic in the present case. Effectiveness of the control was confirmed by experiments with an alternating current power supply to which the function described above was added.

Mahmoud S Soliman   Ehab A El-Danaf   and Mohammad J Al-Suwinea   

Three alloys; Al- 2Cu, Al- 2Cu- 0.5Ag and Al-2Cu- 0.5Mg (composition in wt.%) were casted from high purity metals into rods of 14 mm diameter and 80 mm long, using chill casting. Samples of 11 mm diameter and 70 mm long were machined, solution treated and overaged at 350℃ and then subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processing, for one pass and two passes (route A) at room temperature. The microhardness of ECAP processed specimens was measured along a diametral direction from the top to bottom surface at room temperature (RT). The results indicate homogeneous deformation with hardness values fluctuating around mean value with standard error of ± 5 HV. The thermal stability and recovery process of ECAP processed samples, were investigated by isochronal aging in the temperature range of 200-375℃ for half an hour. Hardness values were compared and showed gradual decrease with increasing aging temperature for one-pass ECAP processed samples. For two-pass processed samples hardness tends to increase, after initial decrease, with increasing annealing temperature above 300℃. Mechanical testing showed high increase in tensile properties with number of passes as compared to overaged samples. Two-pass samples exhibited high tensile strength, high strain hardening and high ductility.

Suhad D. Salman   W.S. Wan Hassim   and Z. Leman   

In this study two groups of hybrid composite materials were experimentally studied in static uniaxial compression test. The first group consisted of Kevlar/glass fiber and the second group consisted of carbon/glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin. Each group contained four subsets (A, B, C and D) of hybrid composite materials. Compression test was carried out according to ASTM D695 and each test was replicated five times. It was observed that for the same type of hybrid composites, placing carbon or Kevlar fiber layers at the top and bottom; and glass fiber layers in the middle did not give significant effects than placing glass fiber layers at the top and bottom and carbon or Kevlar fiber layers in the middle of the specimens under compressive test. Furthermore, the results showed that hybrid composite laminates for the same number of layers with carbon/glass fiber provided the highest amount of the compressive stress value up to 40% compared to the results of the group which was reinforced with Kevlar/glass fiber.

Mostafa Kolli   Hind Laouamri   and Noureddine Bouaouadja   

In their different applications in Saharan regions, ordinary glass products (glazes, cars windshields, solar panels protecting glass etc.) are exposed to inevitable sandblasting effect caused by frequent sandstorms. The surface flaws induced by sand particle's impact lead to a deterioration of the glass strength and optical transmission. In this work, the effect of acrylic coatings on the optical properties of sandblasted glass is established. After that, the effect of subsequent sandblasting on the coated glass is studied. Obtained results show that sandblasting causes a considerable drop in the optical transmission (from 91.5% to 14.6%). Depositing acrylic coatings allows increasing significantly the optical transmission (~ 87%). Under the subsequent sandblasting, the optical transmission of the coated glasses falls from its initial value (T = 87%) to approximately 22%, which is somewhat better than the transmission of the sandblasted glass (T = 14.6%).

A Mimaroglu   H Unal   M Sumer   and A Ozel   

In engineering applications when materials start sliding against each other the problem of friction and wear appears. In the case of polymers the friction between them can be attributed to two main mechanisms: deformation and adhesion. One of the important application fields for polymers is the medical engineering. In this field, the UHMWPE polymer is one of the important candidant polymer material. In this investigation, the friction and wear performance of GUR 1020 medical grade UHMWPE polymer under dry sliding conditions is evaluated. The sliding experiments were carried out on a pin-on-AISI stainless steel disc arrangement. Wear tests were carried out under room temperature, 50, 100and 150N load values and at 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0m/s sliding speed conditions. The results show that the coefficient of friction for GUR 1020 medical grade UHMWPE polymer is significantly influenced by applied load, sliding speed values. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction and specific wear rate increases with the increase in applied load and sliding speed values. The specific wear rate values for GUR 1020 medical grade UHMWPE polymer under dry condition is at the order of 8x10^-14 m²/N. The friction coefficients vary between 0.12 and 0.20. Finally, the wear mechanism includes abrasive and adhesive processes.

H. Unal   and A. Mimaroglu   

In this experimental study, the friction and wear performance of medical grade UHMWPE polymer under egg albumen lubrication condition are evaluated. The sliding experiments were carried out on a pin-on-disc wear tester. The contact configuration used was a polymer pin on a rotating stainless steel disc. Tests conditions were 2000m travelling distance, room temperature, 40 to 120N load and 0.5 m/s sliding speed. The results show that the coefficient of friction and specific wear rate increase with the increase in load and speed values. The coefficient of friction of UHMWPE under egg albumen 20g/l lubricant conditions is lower than that of under egg albumen 10g/l lubricant conditions. Moreover, for the range of load and speed values of this study the specific wear rate using egg albumen lubricant registered lower values than that of the dry conditions. Finally the specific wear rate values for medical grade UHMWPE polymer at egg albumen lubricant conditions are at the order levels of 0.5x10 ^-14m ²/N respectively.

I. Ahmad   

Nanocomposites of Al₂O₃ (alumina) ceramic reinforced with various multilayer graphene (MLG) contents (2 and 4 vol.%) were fabricated by novel rapid high-frequency induction-heat (HF-IF) sintering technology and their microstructures, interface and mechanical properties were meticulously investigated. MLG was synthesized through thermal exfoliation process and dispersed homogenously into Al₂O₃ matrix by colloidal chemistry technique. Novel HF-IF sintering consolidated nanocomposites to 99% relative densities without damaging the MLG nanostructures and contributed in forming good Al₂O₃/MLG interface. The fracture toughness (KIC) of the nanocomposites was increased by 41% and 25% whereas a 6% increase and 15% reduction in hardness values were observed at 2 vol.% and 4 vol.% MLG additions respectively, compared to unreinforced Al₂O₃. Rise in the KIC values of the nanocomposites was associated with, (i) higher densities due to novel HF-IH sintering, (ii) uniform dispersions of the MLG within Al₂O₃ matrix, (iii) fracture-mode alteration, (iv) grain refinement, (v) strong MLG/Al₂O₃ interface and (vi) MLG/Al₂O₃ grain bridging and grain sharing toughening mechanism.

R. Leticia Corral-Bustamante   Marco Antonio Flores Trevizo   and Jose Nino Hernandez-Magdaleno   

This work is about the study of the advanced materials with shape memory alloys (SMAs) for the construction of a medical device for ablation of tumors via radio frequencies, which must be supported by a Cartesian robot of 3 degrees of freedom (RC3GL). The objective focuses on providing equipment to the medical sector to fill the role currently performed manually by the specialist of the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, in patients affected by cancer in organs such as liver, lung, kidney, prostate and breast. In the design of the medical device, it was necessary to control the temperature of transformation between the austenite and matensite phases to which the changes in shape of the SMA is produced in the range of 45℃ to 50℃. To fulfill the objective, two studies were conducted: i. statistical and ii. experimental by the annealing treatment of SMEs in determined temperature, time and rhythm of heating and cooling, measured by resistivity and dynamo-mechanical (DMTA) techniques that match those of other authors. From the results obtained, the nitinol (Ni_wxTi_yz) was selected as the alloy that meets the medical requirements for the successful design of the tumors remover. From the experimental tests for the thermal profile required in the nitinol tip during the ablation process of 8 minutes (modeling and previously simulated which are shown here), made with the medical device adapted to the RC3GL (patent pending), it can be concluded that, the objective of building the medical equipment for removing cancerous tumors in organs is met.

Suha I. Al-nassar   Adel. K. M.   and Zaineb F. Mahdi   

This work was devoted for production of alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles via PLAL technique from a solid alumina target immersed in different solutions Distilled Water (D.W) as well as in ethanol in order to study the effect of these different solutions on the optical properties and structure of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles. The controllability of particle size and size distribution is shown in this paper to be dependent upon the type of media and it proved that the peak absorption spectrum of samples produced in ethanol is lower than that produced in water. Thus it implies that the ablation efficiency in ethanol is lower, but in the same time it ensures that its oxides are not formed in ethanol due to prohibition of ethanol surrounding media form oxidation. The produced NPs were characterized via many tests such as UV-visible (UV-Vis.) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).

Chi-Jui Huang   Ming-Siang Du   and Go-Long Tsai   

Due to the conventional vehicles produce a lot of pollution and fuel consumption in driving. So the purpose of this study was to effectively improve emission and energy consumption, and kept the original vehicles in the better performance. Although pure electric vehicle had the good performance and low pollution features, the vehicle was limited by the distance, and the batteries were very expensive comparing to the conventional vehicle. The hybrid vehicles could achieve energy-saving purposes, but the prices of vehicles and the replaced batteries were still expensive than conventional vehicles. Hydraulic hybrid vehicles engines need to be accelerated with other dynamic alternate during work. And as the hydraulic accumulators exhausted, the accumulator would return to traditional mode. In the meantime, the engines will take the advantage of dynamic brake and pump energy recycles, and therefore fuel consumption and energy recovery function could be reached. In this study applied the feed-back simulation to establish hydraulic hybrid vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle models, and the NEDC (New European Driving cycle) was applied and simulated in this energy state. The simulation results showed the hydraulic hybrid vehicles had 56.7% better fuel economy efficiency than hybrid electric vehicles, this was the tremendous contribution on this study.

A. Håkansson   L. Abrahamsson   A. F. H. Kaplan   H. Engström   A. Määttä   and K. Mäntyjärvi   

In the manufacturing industry, one essential contribution to sustain high competitiveness is successful regular implementation of advanced manufacturing technology. Barriers of different sorts could interfere with this implementation. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are barriers to implementation of laser welding technology and how they affect the implementation process. Eleven small manufacturing companies, mainly in northern Sweden and Finland, are interviewed regarding their experiences with implementation of laser welding technology. What is clear is that this is a more complex question than just lack of money. The study shows other underlying barriers to have more influence on the lack of implementation. Many of the barriers are connected with organization and management. Identifying these barriers and when they occur in the implementation process may improve implementation efficiency.

G. Ganesh Kumar   and C. Gururaja Rao   

A numerical probe into buoyancy – aided conjugate mixed convection with surface radiation from a discretely and non-identically heated vertical electronic Board is investigated here. The board considered contains three discrete heat sources of progressively decreasing heights flush-mounted in it from the leading edge to the trailing edge. The left, right, top and non-heat source portions of the board were assumed to be adiabatic, while the heat generated in the three heat sources is conducted only along the heat source portions of the plate, before getting dissipated from there by mixed convection and radiation. Air which is of constant physical properties is considered as a cooling medium. The fluid flow and heat transfer equations are considered without boundary layer approximations. These equations are solved using finite volume formulation along with Gauss-Seidel solver. Certain parametric studies are made and the prominent of them are presented here.

Tony Thomas. A   Muthu Krishnan. A   and Sre Nandha Guhan. K. S   

Composite materials play a major role in our automobile industries. The objective of the investigation is to fabricate a composite material which will be used as an alloy wheels in automobile vehicles. Existing alloy wheels used in vehicles nowadays includes aluminium alloys, aluminium nickel alloys, magnesium, steel, etc. These alloy wheels possess less fatigue, less thermal conductivity which in turn has less heat dissipation and also has less strength to withstand stress when it is allowed to impact with some load. In the proposed study, three metals which are combined to form a metal matrix composite that includes aluminium 6063, copper and gun metal. Aluminium is chosen because of its less weight. Copper is chosen because of its ability to dissipate heat quickly. Gun metal for its ability to with stand stress. The composite material is fabricated using Stir casting process which uses an induction furnace. The specimens are subjected to tensile test and hardness test using UTM (Universal Testing Machine) and Hardness tester respectively. From the result it is found that the tensile strength and hardness of the material increases with increasing in the addition of copper and gun metal.

Gautam Kashyapi   Suhas Mohite   and Nachiket Belwalkar   

Chatter is a vibrational phenomenon which may cause damage of the tooling structure. The border between a stable (i.e., no chatter) and an unstable (i.e., with chatter) can be visualized in terms of the axial depth of cut as a function of spindle speed. The enveloping curve is a stability lobe diagram (SLD). Using SLD, it is possible to select cutting parameters to perform chatter-free cutting operations. In present study, an experimental methodology is followed based on tests in which a tapered workpiece allows gradual increase in axial depth of cut in feed direction, representing the Y-coordinate of the SLD while speed of the spindle is increased for every pass representing X-coordinate. Experiments are carried on Siemens 828D MTAB CompactMill machine. Acoustic sensor SKF CMAC 5084 is used to collect the milling sound. This work will allow operator to choose the combination of spindle speed and depth of cut for chatter free milling.

E. Ebrahimi   and J. Rezaeian   

Maintenance is important to manufacturing process with a view to sustaining production efficiency. In this study scheduling of unrelated parallel machines with effects of learning and aging and multi maintenance activities is considered. The objective is to find the optimal maintenance periods, optimal maintenance frequencies and optimal job sequences such that the makespan of all jobs are minimized. Polynomial algorithm is provided and two hueristic algorithms are presented. Computational experiments are conducted to evaluate their performances.

Anand Kumar Dubey   

During the development of automobile it was a bigger challenge to prevent the engine & engine components from melting & damages because the heat generated & temperature inside the cylinder is more than the melting points of engine components due to combustion of fuel inside the cylinder. Many researchers & scientist started working for making the arrangement to dissipate the heat of considerable amount to avoid such bigger problem otherwise engine will seize. After a lot of research work on different types of materials to conduct the heat efficiently they came to conclusion that copper is the best material having good thermal conductivity of 385 watt/m-K can be used in the form of heat exchanger & finally they designed a radiator called “COPPER RADIATOR”. It is in continuous use in all types of automobile across the world. Over a period due to various pressure of availability, manufacturability, performance, reliability, cost, handling, weight researchers started working on use of alternate materials in a radiator in place of copper to match the performance same as copper & getting other benefits. Attempts have been tried on different kinds of materials & finally found that Aluminium can solve our problem & it will meet most of our objectives & requirements. So, finally it has been decided to make “Aluminium Radiator” in place of Copper radiators which will give benefits in performance, reliability, cost, availability, easy in handling & manufacturing. The design & development techniques will be discussed subsequently. The effort of this project is to replace the costly copper radiator used in automobile by Aluminium radiator for better reliability, cost benefit, weight reduction & desirable performance. The Aluminium radiator has a number of features that make it very attractive for vehicle applications in general. Superior durability and reliability in conjunction with its excellent specific values for costs, performance and weight warrant a favorable solution for Heavy Duty Trucks, tractors, Car, earth movers & other Automobile segments. This methodology examines the results based on design, lab testing, and field testing in actual condition. It reviews the field experience compared to Copper/Brass radiators, examines design and mounting features. Durability, external and internal corrosion resistance are emphasized as essential characteristics. A special focus is the thermodynamics of Aluminium radiators. The result obtained has been summarized as below:(a) Aluminium Radiator is able to transfer the heat of 27.95 KW same as Copper Radiator. This is the 1/3rd amount of heat generated in the engine to be dissipated. (b) Cost Reduction of Amount Rs 1923/- it is about 49% saving against existing cost of Copper Radiator. (c) Weight Reduction of 5 Kg, it is 52.08% reduction in weight due to use of Aluminium Radiator.(d) Reliability & Field Performance is as per copper Radiator, there is no field failure within the warranty period in all types of applications.

Pravin Pawar   Raj Ballav   and Amaresh Kumar   

The present paper gives a critical review of Alumina and alumina composite ceramic materials machined by different machining process. The article shows that a review on machining of alumina and alumina composites with different input parameters and different output responses such as Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR),Surface Roughness(Ra) etc. using a different mechanism of machining technique, SWOT Analysis & its summery results of literature review.

B. Satheesh Kumar   G. Padmanabhan   and P. Vamsi Krishna   

The application of conventional cutting fluids in machining operations is harmful and not eco-friendly. In this context, the present work focuses on environmental friendly cutting fluids such as vegetable oil based cutting fluids (VBCFs). The objective of this work is to determine the influence of vegetable oil based cutting fluids (sesame and coconut oil) with extreme pressure (EP) additive on machining performance. Cutting forces, cutting tool temperature, tool flank wear and surface roughness are measured during turning of AISI 1040 steel with coated carbide tool. Machining performance of VBCFs with EP additive is compared with conventional cutting fluid and VBCFs without EP additive. The results indicated that sesame and coconut oils with EP additive improved machining performance compared to other lubrication conditions. Coconut oil with EP additive decreased the feed force by 31%, thrust force 28%, cutting force 20%, cutting tool temperature 7% and tool flank wear 34% and surface quality increased by 33% compared to sesame oil with EP additive.

Abdelfattah Bilal Abdelsalam   Elkhawad Ali Elfaki   and Mohammed Misbah Ridwan   

This work was carried out in order to optimize the friction phase parameters, of friction welding of M2 high speed steel, to AISI 1040 medium carbon steel, namely; rotational speed, friction pressure and friction time. The experiments were designed as per Taguchi method. The optimization of the experimentally obtained results was carried out by trying three mathematical models, namely; a multiple linear regression model without interaction effect, a multiple linear regression model with interactions effect, and a second-order polynomial regression model. The three models were evaluated using the experimental data, the coefficient of multiple determination R², and Standard error of the regression (S), were used as the evaluation criteria of the models. The polynomial model was chosen, and optimized using a Genetic Algorithm. The optimal value of the joint strength of 411 MPa was obtained at the highest value of the time ( 44.9 sec.) and the pressure of 112 MPa and the speed of 1349 r.p.m.

Amandeep Singh   Roshal Lal Virdi   and Khushdeep Goyal   

Slurry erosion of impellers decreases the efficiency of impellers up to 5-10%. The slurry erosion depends upon many parameters viz. silt size, concentration, hardness of particles, velocity of water etc. In this research work the effect of these parameters has studied on the hard facing of SS 304 with hard alloy III and titanium alloy. It is found that hard facing helps to increase the erosion resistance properties of the substrate material.

Md. Solaiman   Elias Khalil   Mostafizur Rahman   and Joy Sarkar   

This thesis deals with a major problem of production loss of a knitting industry. The knitting machine has to stop when defects occurred and then faults are corrected, which results in time loss and efficiency loss. Not only that the knitted fabric may be rejected if quality requirements are not met. An effective monitoring is required to avoid defects and to avoid productivity and quality losses. The study identifies two main categories of defects (average time required for correcting defects and machine down time) are responsible for reducing productivity. The thesis reflects that due to yarn breakage machine stopped for seen minutes per days, for maintaining machine stopped for two hours per month, for needle breakage six minutes per day and for technical problem machine stopped for several times.

Harpreet Singh   Khushdeep Goyal   and Deepak Kumar Goyal   

Erosive wear behaviour of hydraulic turbine material i.e. CA6NM is investigated. The samples of CA6NM steel were coated by (50%) WC-Co-Cr and (50%) Ni-Cr-B-Si powder with plasma thermal spray technique. Erosion tests have been conducted on self-made erosion test rig which has varying factors. The comparison has been done for mass loss for coated and uncoated materials at different conditions. The study reveals that the impact velocity, slurry concentration and impact angle are most significant among various factors influencing the wear rate of these coatings. After a fix time weight loss on samples are compared. This technique helps in saving time and resources for a large number of experimental trials and successfully predicts the wear rate of the coatings both within and beyond the experimental domain. The coated samples show better results as compared to uncoated. SEM analysis gives the information about the surface topography of samples.

Feng-Min LAI   Hua-Wei Chi   Chien-Chang Lin   and Yu-Wei Chen   

The main purpose of this paper is developed the membrane, produced exciter, selected surround, optimal design method to manufacture gamut planar loudspeakers. Used nano-carbon tubes and foam board to combine the sandwich membranes which are applied the large planar loudspeakers. The optimal sandwich membranes which are including the stiffed pattern, minimum weight and stiffness are affected high frequency sound quality and sound pressure curve. Because of the sandwich membranes such as high stiffness and strong, and has received much attention as a new material for industrial applications. This creation of flat-panel speakers has the properties of light weight, thin exciter, and broad response of frequency, and also has the live sound quality and clear. The optimal programs are used finite element analysis and Fortran software to search optimal design parameters which are optimal sound quality and smooth curve of sound pressure at the 20Hz ~ 20KHz. Therefore, the optimal manufacturing parameters are manufactured sandwich planar loudspeakers which are measured experimental sound pressure curves to compare theory values.

N. S. A. Ramdan   A. Y. Bani Hashim   Seri Rahayu Kamat   and Siti Azirah Asmai   

This paper is about the study of techniques on multiple video streaming, which is going to be used to prevent back pain among manual workers. The method used in this study is by using multiple video streaming which consists of three important elements; webcams, SimpleCV open-source and Python language. There are three techniques to do the video analysis. First is by using “on-the-shelf” software, the second is by combining the “on-the-shelf” software and self-programming, and the third one is by developing the “in-house” programming. The pilot test was held in Manufacturing Engineering Faculty, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. The aim of the pilot test is to know whether the system is successful or not and to upgrade the system if there are any weaknesses.

Md. Mazedul Islam   Md. Ali Azam Rokon   Md. Maniruzzaman Chowdhury Rubel   Minhaz Ahmed    and Md. Ariful Islam   

The work reported in this paper is the resultant highlights of thermal properties of 100 % conventional cotton and 100% organic cotton based single jersey, 1×1 rib and interlock structures. The selected thermal properties of samples knitted fabric structured were measured. The results indicate that each knitted structure shows distinguished thermal comfort properties. Interlock and 1×1 rib fabrics have a greater thermal conductivity and thermal resistance value and thus better for winter garment products. On the other hand, single jersey fabrics of both conventional and organic cotton have greater moistures management properties with higher relative water vapour permeability values than 1×1 rib and interlock fabrics, and give a warmer feeling and hence more fruitful and could be chosen for active sports and summer apparel products.

Taranveer Singh   Khushdeep Goyal   and Parlad Kumar   

In this present work, The effect of input parameters viz. work speed, wheel speed, abrasive material, depth of cut, concentration of cutting fluid and number of passes has been found on the surface roughness of cylindrical grinded AISI 1045 steel has been found. Three levels of each variable have been selected except wheel speed. Two levels of wheel speed have been taken. Heat treated AISI 1045 has been taken as work piece material. The result reveals that type of abrasive material is the most significant to influence surface roughness, followed by work speed. The optimum set of input parameters for minimizing the surface roughness has also been found.

Gurpal Singh Bual   and Parlad kumar   

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the rapid prototyping technologies that can use plastic material, which can be effectively used for making patterns for investment casting. The surface finish of the investment casting depends upon the surface finish of the pattern. But the surface finish of the parts produced by using FDM is not very good as compared to wax patterns, which are conventionally used in investment casting. Therefore to use plastic patterns instead of wax, a technique is required to improve the surface finish of the FDM parts. It has been found that there are various methods to improve surface finish of plastic patterns made by FDM. These methods have been reviewed in this paper.

Bochkov A.V.   Kozyrev Y.M.   and Ponomarev A.V.   

In the article we consider the problems of modern powder metallurgy. In particular, we describe the method of modeling powder material dynamics during hot isostatic pressing. The modeling results are compared with experimental data.

P. Puvanasvaran   V. A. Alagendran   and N. Norazlin   

This paper highlights a methodology to implement Lean-EMS integration system in the case study company. Lean manufacturing is a concept widely applied in industries to eliminate wastes and achieve high business efficiency. The concept implemented through five principles which is called a self-sustaining cycle. EMS on the other side is an international standard for environmental management. It guides organizations through compliance requirements to reduce environmental impacts from business activities and boost up operating efficiency. Researches on EMS implementation have revealed that the system has similarity with Lean Principles. Hence, researchers had integrated both systems to attain both lean and EMS goals. This integration required a management system for continuous improvement. This paper focuses on design, and development of database system to manage the integration of Lean Principles and Environmental Management System (EMS) to aid employees in problem solving through visual indicators for continuous improvement and sustain the certification. The methodology adapted for the study is using the database development steps with Microsoft Access 2010 software. The database which is comprised of five performance measures (each reflects a lean principle and selected EMS clause) from integration framework specially designed and developed for the case study company. The results of the study validated the use of developed database system for continuous improvement. The study is indeed very useful to the company because the developed system is a comprehensive tool, where it can visualize problems in operations that might affect the production flow and EMS compliance. As the problem visualized, immediate problem solving can be done to continuously improve the conditions and sustain EMS certification.

Omid Ali Zargar   

In this paper the effect of conventional and overlap joints with different depth in tensile properties of friction stir welded joint of aluminum alloys H20-H20 discussed in details. There were number of investigation in mechanical properties of conventional joints. In this paper overlap joint mechanical properties compared with conventional joints. The results found much useful information for any future design activities due to the wide application of aluminum alloy H20 in this area specially in choosing joint types in friction stir welding. Furthermore hardness mechanical properties of welded joint aluminum alloy H20-H20 discussed in details.

Navjot Singh   Parlad Kumar   and Khushdeeep Goyal   

In WEDM material of wire is of great importance because it affects material removal rate as well as surface finish of work piece. In this experimental work, two different wires i.e., cryogenically treated zinc coated diffused brass wire and plain brass wire has been used as cutting tool. In this study AISI D3 die steel has been taken work piece. AISI D3 tool steel is a high-carbon, high chromium, oil-hardening tool steel. Typical applications for D3 tool steel include blanking, stamping, and cold forming dies and punches for long runs; lamination dies, bending, forming, and seaming rolls, cold trimmer. The input process parameters considered in this research work are pulse width, time between two pulses, wire mechanical tension and wire feed rate. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array has been used for design of experiments. The process performance is measured in terms of surface roughness (SR). After performing the experiment result of both wires have been compared. It is found that the cryogenically treated zinc coated diffused brass wire gives good surface finish as compare to cryogenically treated plain brass wire.

Raphael Murri   and Sandro Caviezel   

Modern cars often perform poorly in the new small overlap crash test of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). This frontal impact replicates what happens, when only the front corner of the vehicle collides with another vehicle or an object such as a pillar or a tree. European vehicle manufacturers criticise that the IIHS small overlap crash test would not be relevant based on accident statistics and that two-way traffic collisions could not be reproduced with a rigid barrier. The DTC Dynamic Test Center AG in Switzerland did research on the relevance of the IIHS small overlap crash test in Europe. Therefore the reproducibility of the IIHS barrier in comparison with real two-way traffic collisions was examined. Three tests were performed with a randomly chosen Renault Scénic II using different test configurations. In a fourth test was the influence of the vehicle slip off from the barrier analysed implemented by design modifications on the test vehicle. Loads of the anthropomorphic test device (ATD) placed on the driving seat were measured during each test to draw conclusions on biomechanical stress and occupant protection. The results obtained show that a collision of real two-way traffic collision can be reproduced on a rigid barrier if the impact velocity is adapted on the involved vehicles. If a car is not designed for the IIHS small overlap crash test, speed reduction by main absorbing elements could be marginal and therefore significantly increase the biomechanical stress on the occupant. It has been shown that the vehicle slip off from the barrier could decrease the biomechanical stress but requires a frontal-/ side impact adapted restraint system. The front wheel must be prevented from penetrating the occupant foot well. To avoid injury risks of likely secondary collision further measures such as multifunctional airbags with sufficient residual energy should be taken. With regard to the analysed tests the conclusion was drawn that a slip off from the barrier in combination with necessary adaptions could decrease the injury risk. It can be concluded that the IIHS small overlap crash test is relevant for Europe due to the identified key gaps for occupant protection.

Nina Sirina   

The paper presents the results of researches of intelligent mechanisms of the organizational system functioning and their developments to establish adaptive control system for plant manufacturing. Both a theoretical approach and practice of railway freight wagons plants are considered to create a control manufacturing system which is adaptive to changes of market conditions. The system of decision making support includes intelligent mechanisms of the plant manufacturing system functioning based on intelligent information systems as well as on learning, self-organizing expert mechanisms.

Dr. Kyaw Zaw Ye (PhD)   and Dr. Alexander M. Bain (PhD)   

This paper focuses on the development of techniques, which is based concept thinning of the flows together with the theory of regression analysis, proposed method of determining the expected number of failures to assess the efficiency of the technical diagnostics in instruments.

Harvinder Singh   Khushdeep Goyal   and Parlad Kumar   

The objective of this paper is to experimentally investigate the effects of various Wire Electrical Discharge Machining variables on Surface Roughness of AISI H13 using ANOVA method. The effect of all the input parameters on the output responses have been analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Plots of S/N ratio have been used to determine the best relationship between the responses and the input parameters. The optimum set of input parameters for minimum surface roughness has been determined. It has been found that wire type and pulse on time are most significant factors for surface roughness

Markus Gram 

Efficiency in the industrial production has been one of the most discussed topics over the last years. Due to the direct link between efficiency and reduction of losses, several concepts have been introduced focusing on these losses. Furthermore, the suggested optimization approach is based on the factors of production theory and combines these input factors with the stated and newly identified losses. This paper offers a methodology to reduce these losses by using the balanced scorecard methodology. A case study in the polymer industry is given showing how to identify and measure losses in a production system.

Satyadev Rosunee Jacquelene Robeck and Jessica Pattison 

The Mauritius Export Processing Zone (MEPZ) is originally modeled on the Kao-Hsiung EPZ, Taiwan. The literature credits Sir Edouard Lim Fat, a visionary Mauritian of Chinese descent, as the pioneer of the MEPZ. During a presentation at the International Sugar Congress (Mauritius, November 1969), he made a strong plea for government to emulate the Taiwanese Model to tackle socio-economic problems. One significant difference from other countries’ “enclave-type” EPZs was that the entire island of Mauritius was ‘declared’ as EPZ. The MEPZ was underpinned by a wide array of tax incentives & imaginative policy decisions making it one of the best performing economies in Africa-from USD 200 to over USD 10, 000 GDP per capita (middle income country). This paper will also describe the sustainable backward & forward linkages that the EPZ has enabled, unleashing an entrepreneurship momentum that continues to grow.

Kyu-Taek Han 

For the development of the manufacturing process of alternator housing, finite element simulation is applied. In recent years, automobile parts are required to be light and have high strength. The control of casting defects is important in die casting process. However, it has usually been depended on the experience of the foundry engineer. The die casting process was used to manufacture automotive alternator housings. In this paper, the die characteristics of alternator housing with the HPDC(High Pressure Die Casting) process were investigated using computer simulations. Through the simulations using the commercial software, the filling pattern and product defects could be confirmed. The computer simulation results of filling behavior were reflected to the optimal design of the alternator housing. The analysis results obtained from the filling behavior of casting process agreed with experimental results.