R. K. Gupta   Anjali Nihore   P. Ram Sankar   P. Ganesh   and R. Kaul   

In this paper a low temperature metallization i.e. standardization of electroless Ni plating on alumina ceramic is summarized. It includes three main steps (i) pre-treatment, (ii) activation and (iii) Ni plating. Pre-treatment includes degreasing with non-silicate soap solution followed by ultrasonic cleaning in acetone and etching the alumina surface to generate roughness for making it suitable for adhesion. Etching has been obtained by immersion in 10% NaOH at 50℃ for 10 minutes and 50% HF for 15 minutes at room temperature. Activation of the surface is the most important step before electroless plating on alumina ceramic. Activation has been achieved with Ginplate 442 (commercial chemical) by immersing the alumina specimen for 5 minutes at room temperature. Activated alumina samples have been used for electroless Ni plating in Ginplate 418 bath at 88°C.Uniform, densely compact coating has been achieved as revealed by SEM image. XRD plot confirms the presence of metallic nickel together with phases of Ni₂P, NiP, Ni₃P confirming the nickel phosphite based plating. Subsequently, tube to tube joining of these metallized alumina ceramic tubes has been conducted through vacuum brazing process with copper silver eutectic alloy (28Cu-72Ag) whose cross section showed good joint with excellent wettability of Cu-Ag with Ni plating.

Dang Xuan Thao   Hoang Van Got   Nguyen Huu Phan   and Pham Duc Cuong   

This paper presents a study on the effect of the Cr₃C₂ carbide content on the adhesion and micro-hardness of the Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings coated on 16Mn alloy steel surface by using a plasma spraying technique. The results show that when the carbide content increases from 50% up to 80% by mass, the adhesion of the coating to the steel substrate is decreased about 3 times, from 43.58 MPa to 16.32 MPa. On the contrary, the micro-hardness of the coatings is increased about 1.7 times, from 411 HV to 701 HV. The results of the study are the basis for technologists to choose the suitable proportion of Cr₃C₂ and NiCr of the coatings to apply in manufacturing as well as recovering mechanical parts.

Sumaiya Shahria   

In terms of innovative and high-performance reinforcement, hemp and flax solutions have not only met the technical requirements of composite manufacturers but also reduced environmental impacts. This paper aims to fabricate the hemp–flax fiber reinforced hybrid composite and to determine the mechanical properties such as flexural strength, flexural modulus along with moisture absorption performance. Hand lay-up method was used to fabricate the composites. The specimens were tested with the universal testing machine (UTM). Hybridization effect is clearly visible with the results. The results revealed that, the highest flexural strength (53.45Mpa) as well as flexural modulus (3.43Gpa) was exhibited by the sample composed of 30% hemp-10% flax reinforced hybrid composite. Water absorption behavior has shown that hybridization has increased the water uptake.

Y. Ramola   J. Merlinebetsy   C. Nirmala Louis   and A. Amalraj   

The structural phase transition and metallization of the simple alkali iodide, sodium iodide (NaI) is investigated through their band structures. The band structure, density of states (DOS) and total energy are computed as a function of volume for both NaCl and CsCl phases using the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) method. The phase transition pressure (P_T) and the corresponding reduced volume (V_T) estimated in our calculation are 0.038 Mbar and 0.89 respectively. The metallization pressure P_M is 2.6259 Mbar and the corresponding reduced volume (V_M) is 0.36. The results of the metallization pressure in NaI are compared with that of other alkali iodide spotassium iodide (KI) and RbI. It is found, that the charge transfer from s and p states to the d state will cause metallization and the metallization pressure increases with a decrease of the lattice constant. It is also confirmed that the metallization and structural phase transition do not occur simultaneously in ionic compounds.

Md. Reazuddin Repon   Md. Shariful Islam   S. M. Mehedi Hasan   Rajib Al Mamun   and Ruhul Amin Khan   

In this experiment, three types of fabric such as jute, E-glass and carbon Kevlar were selected to manufacture composites taking polypropylene (PP) as matrix material. The objective of this study is to compare the examined properties such as tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break percentage (EB %), E-Modulus (EM) of jute, E-glass and carbon Kevlar fabric reinforced polypropylene composite. The properties of manufactured composite were evaluated experimentally using computerized UTM machine according to ASTM standards. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the surface groups of the composites. Water absorption and fire retardant behavior of the composites were also performed. The results revealed that the tensile strength, E-Modulus and water absorption of carbon Kevlar composite were exhibited higher than the jute and E-glass fabric reinforced composites. Different scenario has observed for elongation percentage at break. The capacity of fire retardant was noticed higher in jute fabric composite than E-glass and carbon Kevlar.

Manindra Nath Roy   M. Tauhidul Islam   Md. Saddam Hossain Khan   Kallol Sarker   and Md. Abdullah Al Mamun   

Typical synthetic colorant and their application processes include various negative eco-toxicological effect and human health risk. Intend to depose the impediments of synthetic dyeing herein mango seed kernel agronomical bio-waste was employed for sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric. 100% cotton knitted single jersey commercially scoured-bleached fabric having areal density of 160 grams per square meter was used for this study. Natural dye was extracted by alkali extraction method from raw seed kernel of Mangifera indica. Optimum dyeing temperature and duration were quantified. Colorimetric appearance of the dyed samples for different dyeing condition were evaluate by using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of color co-ordinates, color strength (K/S), brightness index (BI) and degree of color levelness values. Dye fiber bonding stability of the dyed fabric was evaluated in terms of colorfastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light. Overall the colorfastness values were recorded as 4-5 except light fastness. Excellent colorimetric appearance and serviceability indicates future green coloration of cotton fabric through mango seed kernel as well as decent agronomical bio-waste management.

Massoud Kaykhaii   Mojtaba Sasani   and Sahar Marghzari   

Organic dyes are considered as serious water pollutants. There are several ways for removal of these compounds from environment, which are mainly based on biological, chemical, and physical methods. In this paper, we first classify the common organic dyes which are in use in today's industry; then, methods of their elimination from environmental water and wastewater will be discussed very briefly, with an emphasize on adsorption techniques. At the end, some modern advanced adsorbents are presented.

Jamal Mohammad Amous   

Fixed bed tubular plug flow reactor is used to investigate model catalysts performance during the hydrodesulphurization of Heavy Arabian Oil atmospheric residuum. The effects of temperature (300-380℃), pressure (30-80 atm) and particle size with characteristic lengths (Lp_o = 0.0059cm), Lp₁ = 0.0327cm) on the rate of the Hydrodesulphurization reaction are investigated. Supported Co-Mo/ γ-AL₂O₃ catalysts, CAT-1 with Co= 3wt.% and Mo= 10.6wt.% and 0.5wt.% MS 13X and CAT-2 with the same composition but without the addition of MS 13X loadings were prepared using the double impregnation method. All prepared catalysts were characterized for their porous structure and composition. A Kinetic equation was developed for pulverized CAT-1 particles, R_HDS= 9.9696*10¹⁰ exp (-17058/T) * P_H2 *C_S^2.2 / (1+0.00802 * P_H2). Effectiveness factors and effective diffusivity coefficients were estimated for both catalyst particle sizes. CAT-1 catalyst sample showing slightly higher activity lost approximately 20% of its initial activity after 450 hours of operation compared to 11% lost for CAT-2 sample. The presence of MS 13X in CAT-1 is accompanied with lighter HC products (C₁-C₄ up to 210℃) giving rise to more hydrocracking orientations especially at high temperatures with higher API degrees of the treated products.

Nasim-Uz-Zaman   Md. Luthfar Rahman Liman   Abdul Kader   Md. Abdullah Al Mamun   Bappi Sarker   Rafiul Islam   and Israt Parveen   

The aim of this project work is to study the application of Bixa orellana seed for dyeing of cotton knitted fabric. To satisfy the future demand for an eco-friendly as well as sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric numeric exploration had been performed in this work. Natural dye was extracted by normal water extraction method with caustic soda from raw seed of Bixa orellana. In this experiment commercially scoured-bleached 100% cotton knitted single jersey structure fabric with an areal density of 140 grams per square meter is used. Pre-mordanting action of cotton fabric samples were carried out using various metallic salts. Samples were dyed using by Glauber Salt + hot wash with Standard Soap, without Glauber Salt + hot wash, Glauber Salt + without hot wash and without Glauber Salt + without hot wash. Color strength of the dyed samples for different dyeing condition was assessed by means of K/S value. To intensify the color strength various mordanting agents were used. Effect of mordanting agents had evaluated by means of K/S value. Best color strength was yield for the samples dyed with Bixa orellana which were mordanted with CuSO₄. Impact of electrolyte on color strength had also investigated by means of K/S value. Color fastness of the selected dyed samples to water, washing, perspiration and rubbing were evaluated. Impact of mordanting agents, hot wash and electrolyte were intensively evaluated. In all cases mordanted samples with CuSO₄ exhibit best result. This result adumbrates developing a sustainable technology for a cabalistic utilization of Bixa orellana seed for coloration of cotton knitted fabric. The exquisite assessment of all tested properties of colored samples evolves this technology can be commercially implemented by considering few limitations.

Josef Valentin Ecker   Milan Kracalik   Sabine Hild   and Andreas Haider   

Additive Manufacturing represents a well-known and fast growing material processing technology. Printed part is formed by adding material layer by layer until the part is finished without requiring any additional molds. Therefore, using Additive Manufacturing can save time and costs in comparison to commercial production methods particularly when manufacturing complex prototypes or small batch series. Another advantage of Additive Manufacturing is its freedom of design. This review is focused on material extrusion, a specific Additive Manufacturing technology. It begins with a short overview of the most common materials processed with this technology. Subsequently, we discuss several processes and machine parameters in material extrusion as well as their influence on the printing process and on the final properties of the printed part. Based on this knowledge, various challenges in material extrusion are also identified. These challenges must be resolved in order to improve the material extrusion process.

Md. Tangimul Islam   Subrata Chandra Das   Joykrisna Saha   Debasree Paul   M. Tauhidul Islam   Mahbubur Rahman   and Mubarak Ahmad Khan   

Coir mat was used as reinforcement, polyester resin was used as matrix and coconut shell powder (CSP) was used as filler material which was employed as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 100% by weight in the composites. Coir mat/polyester resin composites were made by hand lay-up technique. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM), bending modulus (BM), elongation at break and impact strength (IS) were also investigated. The maximum increase of TS, BS, TM, BM and IS were found to be 44.44, 128.00, 17.96, 112.09 and 62.50% respectively for 30% filler content on the composites. It was revealed that the strength properties of the composites were increased with the increase in filler content up to 30% by weight, however, further increase in filler content the value decreased. Gamma radiation of 100, 250 and 300 krad doses were applied on 30, 40 and 60% filler content composites. Gamma radiation dose of 250 krad showed better result than that of other doses. IS of the composites improved 48.08, 26.67 and 17.50% for 30, 40 and 60% filler content respectively at 250 krad, where 30% filler content composites displayed the highest improvement. Degradation tests of the composites for up to 50 days were performed in a soil medium. It was revealed that BS decreased for all the composites.

Y. Ramola   C. Nirmala Louis   and A. Amalraj   

The self-consistent band structure calculation for potassium iodide (KI) performed both in NaCl and CsCl structures using the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) method is reported. The equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus and the phase transition pressure at which the compound undergoes structural phase transition from NaCl to CsCl are predicted from the total energy calculations. The band structure, density of states (DOS), electronic charge distributions, metallization and superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of KI are obtained as a function of pressure for both in NaCl and CsCl structures. The density of states at the Fermi level (N(EF)) gets enhanced under pressure, which leads to metallization in KI. It is found that, the charge transfer from s and p states to d state causes structural phase transition and superconductivity in KI. The pressure corresponding to structural phase transition from NaCl structure (B1) to the CsCl structure (B2) is 0.02 Mbar in KI. This value is agreement with the experimental value of 0.019 Mbar. In KI, the metallization occurs through indirect closing of the band gap between Γ and H points at the reduced volume V/Vo=0.43 (CsCl structure), the corresponding metallization pressure is 1.228Mbar. Our results completely agree with the experimental observation of 1.31 Mbar. The highest Tc estimated is 2.151 K and the corresponding pressure is 4.945 Mbar in the NaCl structure and 0.107 K in the CsCl structure.

M. Shunmuga Priyan   and J.D. Darwin   

Engineering industry has made tremendous growth in its manufacturing fields in the last decade but still the modern machines are not utilized up to the desired level. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is one such sophisticated machining process used in industry, which is a high-speed cutting and high-precision machining to realize productivity and improved accuracy for all manufacturing parts. Optimisation of the operating parameters of WEDM will result in efficiency with regard to higher surface finish and maximum material removal rate. The present investigation of the cutting performance on die steel with different parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time, servo voltage, wire feed, current and cutting speed were involved to determine by which using wire electric discharge machining(WEDM) process. The shape of the wire and base material dimensions of brass wire 0.25mm diameter and AISI D2 steel with 100× 100 × 10 mm were carried out. The cutting performance outputs considered in this study are material removal rate (MRR), Kerf width and surface roughness (Ra). Experiments were carried out under Taguchi's L₁₆ orthogonal array under different conditions of parameters. An optimal combination of WEDM parameters for proper machining of AISI D2 steel to achieve better surface roughness and Materials Removal Rate (MRR) is achieved in this investigation.

J. T. Anandhi   S. L. Rayer   and T. Chithambarathanu   

In this exposure, pure and aluminium (Al)doped chromium (III) oxide (Cr₂O₃) nanoparticles are synthesized by simple solvothermal microwave irradiation (SMI) technique. SMI technique is simple and low cost; it has the future to be produced on a huge scale. The effect of dopant (Al) concentration on the structural behavior of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles was examined by X-ray diffraction. The average crystallite size of the synthesized nanoparticles was measured from XRD patterns using Scherrer equation and was decreased from 14.56 nm 10.86 nm with the increasing Al concentration in Cr₂O₃ from 0 to 5% (in steps of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5). Morphologies and compositional elements of the synthesized nanoparticles were observed by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. The optical property of the samples was measured by ultraviolet - visible (UV-Vis.) absorption spectroscopy. The observed optical band gap value ranges from 2.12 eV to 1.90 eV for Al doped nanoparticles and was red shifted in comparison with that of the pure Cr₂O₃ (3.483 eV).

Atsushi Suzuki   Haruka Ueda   Yuki Okada   Yuya Ohishi   Yasuhiro Yamasaki   and Takeo Oku   

Halogen halide perovskite solar cells using active layer of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ with vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc), vanadyl naphthalocyanine (VONc) and, tetrakis (tert-butyl)[bis(trihexylsiloxy)germanium phthalocyanine] (GePc) doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxy phenyl amino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) as hole- transporting layers were fabricated and characterized for optimizing with tuning the photovoltaic performance, optical properties, and microstructure. Introducing of metal phthalocyanine into the hole-transporting layer improved the photovoltaic properties including carrier diffusion with increase of carrier mobility, optical absorption, and the perovskite crystal growth. The metal phthalocyanines had the effect of promoting optically induced carrier generation and improvement of the charge transport with suppression of carrier recombination as electron blocking layers on the photovoltaic mechanism. The energy diagram and photovoltaic mechanism are discussed by the experimental results.

Lakshmanan Pillai A.   and Jinu G. R.   

The experimental investigations of magnesium based matrix reinforced with the TiO₂ particles with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% weight ratios are presented in this research paper. The purpose of this work is to elaborate the manufacturing processes of pure magnesium metal with the addition of Titanium oxide through the vacuum stir casting route with the use of Argon as shielding gas to prevent the oxidation. The Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) was used to resize the samples for conducting experiments. The mechanical parameters like density, hardness, tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength were evaluated by immersion test, Rockwell Tester and UTM respectively. The presence of particles in phase is ensured by XRD analysis. The microstructural examinations revealed that homogeneous distribution of reinforcing particles in magnesium matrix. The results also proved that improvement of 24% in Hardness, 29.8% in Ultimate tensile strength due to addition of particles.

Tessema Derbe Hailegebrial   

The main objective of this study is to investigate the heavy metals (Pb and Cd) removal capability of cactus powder from ground water using FAAS adsorption techniques by considering the influence of contact time, adsorbent dose and temperature. The results revealed that adsorption of Pb and Cd ions increased as the dose of adsorbent increased at a certain limits. The heavy metal removal capability of cactus powder is affected by the present of NaCl salt. The heavy metal removal capability of cactus powder decreased from 65% up to 7% for Pb, and from 70% up to 14% for Cd as the dose of NaCl increased from 1g to 5g. This is due to the formation of outer sphere complex with the NaCl salt which screening the functional group of cactus powder from heavy metals. The heavy metal removal capability of cactus powder also increased with contact time. The adsorption rate initially increased from 20% to 58 % for Pb ion, and 17% to 43% for Cd ion when the contact time increased from 30-120 min. After 120 min, there was no significant change in heavy metal removal of both Pb and Cd ions. This might be due to end point at which adsorption phase reached at equilibrium. The percentage removal of Pb by cactus powder decreased from 65.05% to 29% as the temperature increased from 25℃ to 150℃. In similar condition, the percentage removal of Cd by cactus powder also decreased from 43% to 31% as the temperature increased from 25℃ to 150℃. This decrement in percentage removal of both Pb and Cd ions with increase temperature is due to the weak binding interaction between the active site of cactus powder and (Pb, Cd) ions which support physicosorption process.

J. Jesse Pius   A. Lekshmi   and C. Nirmala Louis   

The electronic band structure, density of states, metallization and structural phase transition of cubic zinc blende type cadmium sulphide (CdS) is investigated using the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) method. The ground state properties and band gap values are compared with the experimental results. The equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus and its pressure derivative and the phase transition pressure at which the compounds undergo structural phase transition from ZnS to NaCl are predicted from the total energy calculations. The density of states at the Fermi level (N(E_F)) gets enhanced under pressure, which leads to metallization in CdS. The pressure corresponding to structural phase transition from ZnS structure (B3) to the NaCl structure (B1) is 0.0168 Mbar in CdS. The metallization pressure PM is 6.9133 Mbar.

Haruto Maruhashi   Takeo Oku   Atsushi Suzuki   Tsuyoshi Akiyama   and Yasuhiro Yamasaki   

[6,6]-phenyl C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) bulk heterojunction solar cells added with zinc-tetra-tertiary-butyl-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) were fabricated and characterized. Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiencies in the range of 400-650 nm were increased by the ZnPc addition, and the absorption range of ZnPc overlapped with the photoluminescence range of P3HT. Photovoltaic properties of the solar cells with an inverted structure were improved by the ZnPc and DIO addition. Microstructures of the thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The improvement would be due to the Förster energy transfer mechanism the direct charge transfer from ZnPc to PCBM, and the phase separation of PCBM and P3HT by the DIO addition would also contribute the improvement.

R. K. Gupta   R. S. Sandha   P. Ram Sankar   S. K. Rai   P. Ganesh   R. Kaul   Jishnu Dwivedi   and B. Singh   

The paper describes an experimental study involving investigation of corrosion possibilities in cooling circuit of an in-house developed 10 MeV, 6 kW S-band industrial electron linear accelerator, comprising of vacuum brazed multiple OFE copper cavities. The study was performed on vacuum brazed OFE copper specimens in process water used in the cooling circuit of the accelerator structure. The results of the study has demonstrated that surface of the brazed OFE copper specimens, exposed to stagnant process water, develops passive oxide layer in the initial period of specimen’s exposure. This oxide layer protects underlying substrate from further corrosion. In contrast, specimens exposed to flowing process water displays relatively higher rate of corrosion. On the basis of short term immersion tests (for 45 days) in flowing conditions the estimated rate of general corrosion was found to be about 0.18 mils/year (equivalent to 4.5 mm/year) which is quite low. However, a long term corrosion study in simulated process loop would provide more useful information regarding corrosion behaviour of the brazed joints of the accelerating structure.

SukhjinderSingh   Khushdeep Goyal   and Rakesh Goyal   

The dangerous process in boiler steel tube is corrosion due to loss of metal by the attack of corrosive agents. In order to prevent this corrosion Cr₃C₂–25 (Ni–20Cr) and Ni-20Cr coatings were deposited on T91 boiler tube steel by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process. Hot corrosion studies were conducted on uncoated and HVOF-coated T-91 steel specimens after exposure to a molten salt (Na₂SO₄–60%��₂O₅) environment at 900℃ under cyclic conditions. Each cycle consisted 1 h of heating in tube furnace followed by 20 min of cooling in air. The weight change measurements were performed after each cycle in order to establish the kinetics of corrosion using thermogravimetric technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDS) were used to analyze the corrosion products. The bare steel experienced higher weight gain due to the formation of unprotective Fe₂O₃ dominated oxide scales. The Cr₃C₂–25(Ni–20Cr) coating was found to be more protective than the Ni-20Cr coating.

J. Jesse Pius   and C. Nirmala Louis   

The theoretical investigation of the electronic band structure, density of states and metallization of technologically important semiconductor zinc sulphide (ZnS) under high pressure is obtained using the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) method. The ground state properties and band gap values are compared with the experimental results. Zinc sulphide becomes metal and superconductor under high pressure, but before this they undergo structural phase transition from zinc blende phase to rocksalt phase. The density of states at the Fermi level (N(E_F)) is enhanced as the pressure is further increased, which leads to the superconductivity in zinc sulphide. The non-occurrence of metallization and structural phase transition simultaneously in zinc sulphide is also confirmed.

Md. Reazuddin Repon   M Tauhidul Islam   and Md. Abdullah Al Mamun   

This analysis intends to unveil the effect of metallic mordants on colorimetric properties of ecologically dyed cotton fabric using banana floral stem sap (BFS).Natural dye retrieved from banana floral stem by roller squeezer machine. Pre-mordanting action was performed by potassium alum, iron (II) sulphate, copper (II) sulphate and tin (II) chloride. Pre-mordanted specimens were dyed at 100℃ for 60 minutes. Dye fiber binding actions was determined by FTIR-ATR spectra. Effect of metallic mordants were calculated using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of colorimetric properties viz. color coordinates value i.e. lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), color saturation (C*) and hue angle (h0); color strength (K/S) value; degree of color levelness and brightness index (BI). Though iron (II) sulphate treated samples exhibited height color saturation but uneven physiognomy was observed. Among them best colorimetric appearance yielded in case of alum. This reports forecast a sustainable pathway for effective utilization of agricultural waste i.e. banana floral stem sap for coloration of cotton fabric.

Jamal M. Amous   

A mixed batch autoclave reactor was used to investigate the sulfonation reaction kinetics of pure samples of DodecylBenzene (DB). The effect of temperature in the range between 20 and 50℃, and the effect of the concentrations of Sulfur Trioxde and DodecylBenzene upon the sulfonation reaction rate were studied. Two sets of experiments were performed. The first is applying high SO₃/DB molar ratio C_SO3 /C_DB >>1, the second is with high DB/SO₃ molar ratio (C_DB/C_SO3>> 1). It was shown that the sulfonation reaction is a 0.74 order with respect to DB and a 1.59 order with respect to SO₃. The reaction rate constant k was determined for both sets. The values determined for the frequency factor and activation energy were as per the following equation: k = 2.2172x10³exp{-5207/R_gT} (1). The kinetic model for the sulfonation reaction is R_D.B = k* (2). The progress of the reaction was determined from SO₃ concentration vs. time data conducted at different time intervals. Evaluations of SO₃, DB concentrations and reaction rates were based on titrations of the inorganic phase with caustic soda standard solutions.

Md. Reazuddin Repon   Md. Abdullah Al Mamun   and M Tauhidul Islam   

This study attempts to disclose the optimum dyeing time for exploiting banana agricultural bio-resource waste for sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric. 100% cotton knitted single jersey commercially scoured-bleached fabric used for this experiment having areal density 175 grams per square meter. Natural dye retrieved from banana floral stem by roller squeezer machine. Selected samples were dyed at 100℃ for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 minutes respectively. Effect of time variation were calculated using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of colorimetric properties of colored fabric viz. color co-ordinates, color strength (K/S), brightness index (BI), degree of color levelness. Color fastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light were valued for estimating the color durability. Except light fastness property all tested color fastness properties were 3-5 i.e. very good to excellent. For all evaluated parameters samples dyed for 60 minutes exhibited best result. This reports forecast a sustainable technology for effective utilization banana floral stem sap bio-resource waste for coloration of cotton fabric.

Abd El-Aziz A. Said   Mohamed M. M. Abd El-Wahab   and Mohamed Abd El-Aal   

WO₃ catalyst was prepared by thermal decomposition of ammonium metatungstate (AMT) in a static air atmosphere for 3h at 450, 550, 650 and 750℃. The techniques employed for characterization of the catalyst were TG, DTA, XRD, FTIR, N₂-sorption measurements. The surface acidity of the catalyst was investigated by adsorption of pyridine and 2, 6-dimethyl pyridine. The catalytic properties of the catalyst were carried out for the dehydration of isopropyl and methyl alcohols. The results revealed that WO₃ is more active toward isopropanol dehydration than methanol dehydration. Also reflect that the reaction mechanism and the yield of propene and dimethyl ether produced from dehydration of isopropyl and methyl alcohols are controlled by the strength of acid sites.

Jamal M.Amous   

Catalysts are of great importance in catalytic processes. Key features of oil hydrotreating catalysts are highlighted. These catalysts play a significant role in removing impurities, as sulfur and other hetero-atoms existing in these oil fractions. These catalysts are composed of mainly, molybdenum salts spread in the porous structure of the carrier, mainly γ-Alumina (γ-Al₂O₃). Other metal salts supporting the action of the catalytic activity of Molybdenum, as Cobalt, Nickel, are added. The first step in the process of catalyst production is the drying of the wet salts mixture to remove moisture. The oxidic precursor is produced by the calcination of the dried mixture. The choice of the appropriate catalyst is based on its ability to maintain a high level of activity for long periods before re-activation. This ability depends on the chemical composition and on the porous structure of the carrier, which ensures the appropriate properties such as the density of active centers, particle strength, and porous structure parameters. Also, the catalyst resistance to chemical poisons destroying active centers in particular, is considered as a limiting factor in selecting the catalyst.

Ali Asghar Khakpoor   and Bahare Agahi Keshe   

Molecular electronic, which is supposed to replace silicon electronic in the future, is an incipient branch of Nanotechnology which focusing on the organic molecules. Since recognizing and examining this family of nano-structures needs long time and very expensive, an appropriate pattern to predict electronic properties is very beneficial; Topological Indices Method (TIM) is a useful approach for this purpose. Therefore, it is first tried to produce a relationship between the topological indices based on the number of rings; then the ISI index values are calculated for Circumacenes family. The gap energy and electron affinity energy of Circumacenes family (C_8(n+2)/3H_(2n+22)/3) were calculated using Gaussian 09 software and compared to the validated results from experiments and other references. The opto-electronics properties of Circumacenes family were described by ISI index. Finally, some heavier members of Circumacenes family are exposed to TIM method to predict of energy gap, and electron affinity energy.

Fabio G. Santomauro   Sareh Ahmadi   Håkan Rensmo   Daniel L. A. Fernandes   and Jacinto Sá   

Converting light into chemical bonds is a central motif in energy production. This approach has the advantages of energy production and storage without greenhouse gas emission plus energy produced can be retrieved at anytime. Photosynthesis is nature's way of converting light, water, and CO₂ into sugars and oxygen. In optimum conditions, energy-conversion efficiencies up to 7% can be reached, and 1% over agricultural crops entire lifecycle. The associated man-made processes are called artificial photosynthesis, and the most notorious process is water splitting, in which water is converted into H₂ and O₂. We report a green and facile manner to improve TiO₂ photo-catalytic activity via nitrogen doping. The method involves soaking TiO₂ nano-particles in ammonia solution followed by a heat-treatment. The green credentials stand from the fact that virtually all the adsorbed NH₃ is inserted into the structure leading to a close to 100% atom efficiency. The resultant materials have higher photo-catalytic activity in methanol gas-phase reforming aimed at the production of hydrogen. Nitrogen doping treatment affects moderately the optical properties of TiO₂ but the attained activity enhancement was related to a surface modification not optical properties alteration.

Mohammad Taghi Taghizadeh   and Reza Abdollahi   

The thermal degradation of starch/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend was studied by using TG in air atmosphere. Thermo-analytic investigations on pure starch film and starch/PVA blend film were carried out to evaluate the thermal stability and the respective activation energy of the materials. Experiments in air atmosphere and under non-isothermal and isothermal condition carried out. The Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used to calculate the activation energy of non-isothermal degradation of starch and starch/PVA blends. The results show that these two methods were suitable and effective to describe the thermal degradation of starch and starch/PVA blends. These results are shown that starch/PVA blend was thermally less stable than pure starch and thermal stability of films decreased with increasing PVA content.

Badis Bendjemil   Djelloul Messadi   Jamal Bougdira   Faming Zhang   and Eberhard Burkel   

Ceramics titanium silicon carbide Ti₃SiC₂ Max phase was rapidly synthesised and simultaneously consolidated by spark plasma sintering at which the extensive volume expansion occurred as a function of the temperature from ball milled SiC/Ti/C powders with Ti/SiC ratio of 3:1:2. The XRD patterns results were confirmed by FESEM observations and the EDAX analyses. The reinforced and unreinforced 3Ti+1.2SiC+0.8C, 3Ti+1.2SiC+0.8C/SWCNTs powders were processed by using spark plasma sintering (SPS) at temperatures of 1100, 1200 and 1300℃ with diting of SWCNTs from 0.0 to 1.0 wt% SWCNTs/Ti₃SiC₂ nanocomposite. The effects of SWCNTs addition on phases, microstructure and hardness of the nanocomposite were investigated. The best product contained 1.0 wt% CNTs/ Ti₃SiC₂/TiC which was sintered at 1300℃, 60 MPa for 10 min The phase composition of the product could be tailored by adjusting the process parameters. The anisotropic hardness was observed in respect to the textured product.

Badis Bendjemil   Jamal Bougdira   Faming Zhang   and Eberhard Burkel   

We report the processing of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) reinforced TiNi intermetallic matrix nanocomposites from Ti/Ni and SWCNTs powders using spark plasma sintering (SPS)at temperatures from 1000℃ to 1200℃. The SWCNTs are doped into the TiNi matrix from 0.0 to 1.0 wt%. The effect of SWCNTs reinforcement contents on the relative density, phases, microstructure and microhardness of TiNi intermetallics matrix andCNTs/TiC/TiNi nanocomposites are studied. The experimental results show that the TiNi sintered at T= 1200℃ reinforced with 0.8 wt% SWCNTs has the highest Vicker's microhardness and relative density, which were HV 5.29 GPa and 96%, respectively . That can be explained by the precipitation of TiC and Ti2Ni in the matrix.This study explores the possibility of developing novel TiNi matrix nanocomposites with shape memory effect and biocompatibility.

R. T. Khaydarov   H. B. Beisinbaeva   R. R. Khaydarov   F. R. Tojinazarov   G. R. Berdiyorov   J. T. Berdiyorov   and Rahmatullaev I.   

Effect of ⁶⁰Co γ-ray radiation at room temperature up to a dose of 5∙10⁷ Gy on the parameters of laser-generated plasma ions at the surface of single crystalline silicon and multicomponent silicate glass targets is investigated using time-of-flight mass spectrometer based on an electrostatic energy analyzer. The main impact of the radiation is observed in the charge state of the plasma ions: for small energy ions the charge increases with increasing the radiation dose, whereas the increase in the radiation dose results in the decrease of the charge of high-energy ions. The maximum energy of the ions also decreases with increasing the radiation dose. Effect of point defects created by metal atom inclusions on the absorption properties of silicate glasses is also studied. The defects decrease the resistance of the glasses to optical damage as they become centers of intense light absorption.

Ahmad R Rastkar   

The surface of 6082 aluminum alloy was coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and then treated by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PEVCD) of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), oxygen and argon. The PEO electrolyte was alkaline and consisted of potassium hydroxide and sodium aluminates. A pulsed DC power supply with the frequency of 18 kHz was utilized to perform PEO and PECVD treatments. In the PEO process, the electrolyte was at boiling temperature. PECVD was carried out at temperature of 400℃. The working pressure of vacuum chamber was 10 mbar. The surfaces were characterised using XRD, optical, AFM and SEM microscopy, EDX analysis, Vickers microhardness test and ball on disc wear test methods. The thickness of PEO coated layers was more than 80 μm. α-Al₂O₃ was the main oxide compound in the coatings. PECVD treatment resulted in the diffusion of silicon in the surface oxide layer. However, up to 16% silicon was identified in the top surface layers after PECVD treatment, no considerable variation in the thickness of the alumina layer or new layers were observed on the surface of the samples. PEO coating generated very hard surfaces with highly varying coefficient of friction. PECVD treatment reduced the hardness slightly, modified the friction behavior and reduced the wear loss several times.

Imran S. Musanif   and Adelbert Thomas   

This study aims to analyze the alkali treatment in improving the quality of the fiber as a reinforcement of natural fiber-based composite. The objects used in this study is that coconut coir fiber cross-sectional area is focused on direct measurements with the aid of a microscope Zeiss Axio Cam ICC and equipped with ZEN 2012 software as well as determining the mechanical properties without alkali treatment. The alkali treatment in the amount of 3 % can decrease the surface wide of fiber to ± 22.78% on the soaking of 1 and 2 hours, meanwhile the soaking of 3,4 and 5 hours decrease to ± 31,14% from the fiber without soaking is 0,032166 ± 0,011354 mm² . Results of testing the mechanical properties of the fiber which refers to the standard ASTM C 1557 the highest tensile strength of 147.52 MPa occurs on the fiber without alkali treatment and 120.85 MPa in the alkali treatment with immersion 5 hours. A decrease in physical and mechanical properties of the coco fiber due to alkali treatment caused of the release of the components of the binding between the fibers in a single fiber.

Lourdes Patricia L. Carreon   Michelle Angelica A. de Guzman   Stan Kristian G. Ejera   and Alyssa C. Ong   

Pb-Ca-Sn alloys are used as grids in lead-acid batteries with Ca concentrations that range from 0.03-0.05 wt.%. Grids that contain 0.03 wt.% Ca have been proven to be resistant to corrosion, making them the ideal alloys for positive and negative grids of stationary batteries. Additives such as Sn have been added to improve the corrosion resistance, the electrochemical and the mechanical properties of the battery. This study aims to determine the effect of Sn coating on the corrosion behavior and the service life of Pb-Ca-Sn grids. The corrosion behavior was determined using weight loss method. Three batteries, each one composed of six corrosion cells, were prepared. Four positive plates, namely one control grid and three experimental grids, comprise each corrosion cell. The grids were submerged in sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) with a specific gravity of 1.28 and charged with 1.25 A. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to determine the composition of the grids and surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level, suggests that the amount of Sn coating significantly affects the corrosion behavior of the grids. Results show that corrosion resistance of grids greatly improves with increasing thickness of Sn coating.

Faheem Uddin   Tanzeel Areeb   Amjid Hussain   and Ayesha Nadeem   

Recently, clay minerals particularly received significant interest in polymer and fiber finishing. Enhanced performance effects are achievable using clay mineral in polymeric material. However, special finishing of fibrous material requires studies for establishing any useful effect or for finish development. Fabric finishing using clay may introduce improved flame retardancy. The aim of this paper is to report the results obtained in the flame retardant cotton finishing using local clay minerals. The two types of local clay samples used in this study are described in terms of the flame retardant effects on bleached cotton fabric. It is an indigenous study of clay reserves of country to explore the effects of prepared clay in textile finishing. Effects of indigenous clay samples were collected and the finished cotton was studied in terms of ease of ignition, standard burning length, observed flame propagation, and the residue formation. The finished fabrics were assessed using vertical flame retardant tester.

A. A. Hlopitskiy   

The paper presents a study aimed at a comprehensive treatment of solid slag waste from thermal power plants. By waste magnetic separation, it is possible to extract valuable components for further use. Reagents were selected and parameters to obtain "sesqui" oxide and calcium oxide were laid down.

Ahmad Reza Rastkar   and Sepehrdad Akbari   

Silicon nitride compound deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on plasma nitrided stainless steel 316L using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS):H₂:N₂ mixtures. Plasma nitriding is extensively used to improve the hardness and wear performance of steels. It is also known that silicon nitride compounds can have interesting properties, such as low friction coefficient, high hardness and wear resistance. Therefore the deposition processes were carried out at optimized gas compositions and temperatures in order to obtain a combination of the best mechanical and enhanced tribological properties. The composition and structure of the surface layers were characterized using XRD, Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), optical and EDX built in electron microscopy, Microhardness and pin-on-disc wear tests. The compound of α-Si₃N₄ was found on the top surfaces of PECVD and plasma nitrided austenitic stainless steel 316 L. The nitride compounds were composed of Fe_2–3N, Fe₄N in addition to chromium nitride. PECVD treatments substantially improved the hardness and wear resistance of plasma nitrided SS 316 L and reduced the friction coefficient and wear rate of the samples. The investigation showed that the combination of PECVD of organosilicon compounds and plasma nitriding results in superior high hardness, low friction and high wear resistance of treated surfaces if compared to those of conventional plasma nitrided surfaces.

Natália Fernanda Nunes Pessanha    Kátia Yuri Fausta Kawase    and Gerson Luiz Vieira Coelho    

This study investigated the application of organo-clay as a support in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with increased antimicrobial activity – the Ag-montmorillonite nanocomposite (Ag-MMT). This technology is utilized to improve the antibacterial function of materials, especially those used in polymeric nanocomposites. This purpose fulfils the recently increasing public concerns on hygiene and brings solutions to health, safety, and microbial protection. The experimental steps consisted of purification with hydrogen peroxide to remove organic matter and modification with Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide to increase basal spacing in the clay. The purified Ag-MMT nanocomposites were obtained from organo-clay and silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as the silver precursor in the concentrations of 0.005 M, 0.01 M, 0.02 M, 0.05 M, and 0.1 M. The nanocomposites' properties were analyzed as a function of the sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) concentration, the reducing agent. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the structure of the purified MMT was gradually exfoliated with increasing concentrations of AgNO₃ while the organo-clay structure remained intact. Samples of Ag⁺-MMT were reduced with NaBH₄ to produce Ag^o; the UV-vis spectra showed which particle diameters were dependent on the NaBH₄ concentration. The Ag-MMT organo-clay nanocomposite showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli as the result of its high concentration of silver nanoparticles.

Satar Habib Mnaathr   and Hayder Saher Naema AL-Hseenawy‬   

The chemical synthesis industry jumps high steps with the technological development in this filed, polymeric, Insulation Material (IM), particularly extruded material, progressively switch traditional PILC cable (paper-Isolation lead covered) to become a new popular kind of cable. Many potential candidates, but a popular material is XLPE, due to of its excellent electrical characteristics also dielectric characteristics. Anyway, the material doesn't suitable to ease of recycling. In recent, there is attention shown in utilize material that is easily recycled. Thermoplastic material looks an automatic contender, so the needing for understanding the electrical effectiveness and performance of these materials so important. This paper will show the benefits of thermosetting material XLPE used as cable isolation and the types of thermoplastics with variety of stresses. Voltage stress, environmental stress, and thermal stress are most common stresses considered for material efficiency. As well as, relationships between various stresses and select the benefits of thermosetting materials (XLPE) as cable insulation.

Jacinto Sá   

Nanoparticles are used, or being evaluated for use, in many fields, such as medicine, manufacturing, materials, energy, electronics, and environment. The characteristics of nanocrystals are strongly influenced by their physical dimensions and shape, which are tune by adjusting a plethora of experimental conditions, such as reagents concentration, reaction temperature and time. This demands for a large number of experiments to be carried out, mainly using a trial and error methodology. This publication describes a conceptual design of an unmanned microfluidic reactor for the optimization and production of nanoparticles with predefined physicochemical properties, with special emphasis on the production of gold group metal particles.

Кashaev R.S.-H   and Gazizov E.G   

Using pulse nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance relaxation measurements by elaborated relaxometers NMR with irradiation in visual and near infrared range of spectra bitumen and oils were studied. Influence of irradiation on relaxation times and protons populations was investigated. Change ofstructure-dynamical parameters of molecular motion from temperature was revealed, which are the evidence of molecular motion activation energies ЕАi alteration. At the same time, on the temperature dependences of T2i sharp jumps are observed. We attributed them to structure-dynamical phase transitions (SDPT), which appear as a result of formation and subsequent destruction of supermolecular nanodimension structures with temperature growth. Laser irradiation of the sample smoothes or remedy SDPT. NMR-parameters dependences upon NIR irradiation of oil sample, prepared with adding of isoparaffin (dokazan), can be explained by "washing down" of this formed nano dimension structures in terms of energetic levels populations behavior. Time dependences of relaxation time in bitumen sample, which was heated and then cooled in natural conditions, also demonstrate SDPT, which are removed by irradiation.

Badis Bendjemil   Nassima Seghairi   Gabriel Lavorato   Alberto Castellero   Jamal Bougdira   Franco Vinai   and Marcello Baricco   

The purpose of this work is the characterization of a master alloy of metal glass based on iron Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄C₁₅B₆Y₂. Two types of alloys studied B1 which has been prepared by the use of pure element and the other B2 which has been prepared by the use of raw materials. The thermal and structural properties of the samples are measured by a combination of high temperature differential scanning calorimeter (HTDSC), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical compositions are checked by energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis.

Mohammad Gias Uddin   

Denim is the worldwide much popular form of fabric. A faded stylish look can be achieved due to ring dyeing of warp yarns of denim garments. This effect occurs naturally in the process of indigo dyeing. Stonewashed cotton fabrics with finest washed appearance are generally woven from ring spun yarns which are ring dyed. This paper primarily focuses on the concept of ring dyeing, its depth and significance as well as the important ionic forms of leucoindigo derivatives suitable for uniform ring dyeing. The measurement and control of the dyebath pH is very important in case of achieving desired uniform ring dyeing effect. It has been discussed when the pH of the dye bath is decreased from 13 to 11, the denim yarn progressively becomes more ring-dyed. The paper also focuses on the continuous process of indigo dyeing of denim fabric. Again, the paper emphasizes on the appropriate concentration of dyebath and the dipping time to ensure an even and optimal ring effect by dyeing in several passages. Increasing dye concentration assists in building up shade depth, but the use of too concentrated a dye bath is not effective for deep shades as it results in poor rubbing fastness and more reddish, duller shade. Later, the paper discusses about the typical oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) range, its importance and how it is changed dependent upon the desired final shade. Next, the paper shows how the mechanical parameters such as roller numbers and diameter, squeezing, dyeing speed, flow profile etc. influence on the dyestuff exchange and the dye bath stability. Finally, the paper highlights the indigo dyeing process in a nitrogen atmosphere to reduce the consumption of sodium hydrosulphite in dyeing as it is oxidized by consuming NaOH when atmospheric oxygen is present in the alkaline medium. As shade variation is frequently occurring problems in ring dyeing, this atmosphere is essential to eliminate shade variation throughout the dyeing set and to be able to reproduce the same shade and dye quality on subsequent dye lots.

Hussein Neama Najeeb   Ghaleb A. Dahash   Saddam Flayeh Haddawi   and Kalid Mahdi Jassim   

In this work the effects of Nd: YAG laser 1064 nm on optical properties of pure Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) were investigated .The absorption and transmission spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range (190-890) nm using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show that Egopt of the films decreases with increasing time of irradiation .The absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient and refraction index of pure and irradiated PMMA increase with increasing the time of irradiation.

Godwin Barnabas   

Surface engineering involves altering the properties of the solid surfaces which could be different from those of the core material to reduce the degradation over time. These are also used to impart a wide range of functional properties, including physical, chemical, electrical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant properties at the required substrate surfaces. Almost all types of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites can be coated on materials, similar or dissimilar.

Oleg B. Girin   

The aim of the work was the experimental verification of the validity of the phenomenon of phase formation through a stage of liquid state in metals being electrodeposited. It is found that saturation of metal by hydrogen during electrodeposition is one of the major factors determining its porosity. Growth of porosity of metal with the increase of its saturation by hydrogen during electrodeposition is discovered. It is found that polymorphous metal being electrodeposited crystallizes in the form of intermediate modification, which is identical to the one of polymorphous metal solidified from liquid state in saturated hydrogen environment. Formation of porous structure in metal being electrodeposited, which possesses all typical features of porous structure of metal solidified from liquid state in saturated hydrogen environment, is discovered. The obtained results prove the validity of the phenomenon of phase formation through a stage of liquid state in metals being electrodeposited.

Karel Klouda   Karel Lach   Stanislav Brádka   Jiří Cejpek   and Petr Otáhal   

Lead wastes are melted in the complex of Kovohutě Příbram nástupnická, a.s., mostly from discarded (broken) lead starter accumulators. Burning of coke in a charge inside a blast furnace causes melting of lead and its reduction. The melting is continually discharged into a siphon and subsequently tapped into moulds. Measurements of distribution of nano- and micro-particle were performed during the described operations. Meanwhile, the particles were collected on filters to analyse their shapes and chemical compositions; we also measured efficiency of regular respirators. Spherical, cubic, cuboid, cylinder and amorphous particles were found, with the prevailing composition of Pb and PbS alloys. However, the atmosphere in the furnace proximity contained also particles of other heavy metals that are considered high-risk elements from the viewpoint of toxicity. The work also includes a discussion about toxicity and how it is affected by composition and shape of the particles.

Md. Delwar Hossain   Muhammad Abdur Rashid   Md. Abdullahil Kafi   and Mr. Forkan Sarker   

This study attempted to dye the knit fabric with fluorescent dye in different shade percentages(5%,7.5% & 10% )and investigate their effects on physical properties of dyed fabrics e.g. strength, stiffness, fastness properties, k/s value, handle properties etc. Exhaust dyeing method was applied in the experiments for 100% cotton knitted fabrics. The physical properties of the dyed knitted fabrics , before and after the treatment of fluorescent dyes were determined and evaluated . Also knit dyed fabrics were compared with woven fabrics in terms of color exhaustion. This work evinces that fluorescent dye has no inauspicious effect on the physical properties of cotton knit fabric.

M.A. Rahman Bhuiyan   Abu Shaid   and M. A. Khan   

Conventional dyeing process of cotton fabric with reactive dyes requires the use of large amount of electrolyte as exhausting agent. Thus the discharged wastewater from dye house creates unavoidable environmental threats due to very high salt concentration. This paper presents the possibility of salt free dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dye by treating the fabric with chitosan. Exhaustion of dye by the fabrics was increased by treating them with chitosan prior to dyeing. It has been noticed that absorption of dye has significantly increased with the increment of chitosan concentration. The K/S value, i.e. dye absorption of chitosan treated fabrics was found as 1.6, 1.7, 2.2 and 2.9 respectively for 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% chitosan concentration whereas the K/S value of untreated fabric was 1.9. Fastness of the dyed samples had also been investigated through color fastness to washing, perspiration and rubbing. No fastness deterioration had been experienced for the dyed fabric treated with chitosan. However in case of chitosan treatment at high concentration, the wet rubbing fastness was found slightly inferior to untreated dyed samples which can be explained as the consequence of higher depth of shade due to high absorption of dyestuff by the fabric.

Badis Bendjemil   Nasr-eddine Chakri   Jamal Bougdira   Enzo Ferrara   Franco Vinai   and Marcello Baricco   

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been extensively studied due to their potential technological applications and their interesting physical and mechanical properties such as a low modulus of elasticity, high yielding stress and good magnetic properties. In the present work, theamorphous ribbonformation of Fe₄₀Ni₄₀B₂₀ (numbers indicate at. %) with a ribbon form was fabricated by the single roller melt-spinning method. Rapid solidification leads to a fully amorphous structure for all compositions. The thermal properties associated with crystallization temperature of the glassy samples were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10℃/mn. The microstructure and phase formation of the alloy have been analyzed by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD).The effect of high temperature on the isothermal crystallization of Fe₄₀Ni₄₀B₂₀ ribbon was investigated by HTX-ray diffraction. In addition, these ribbon glasses also exhibit good soft magnetic properties with M-H curvature were measured under the magnetic fields between –1 kOe and 1kOe.

Ahmadi Mojtaba   and Gorgani Soghraa   

Fenton advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been examined for their effectiveness at degrading sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS).Central composite design (CCD) of experiments was used to study the effect of process parameters on oxidation of pollutant compounds. The concentrations of SDBS and H₂O₂ and pH were the independent variables. Experiments were performed at initial concentrations of SDBS 0.5, 1.5 and2.5 mM, initial concentrations of H₂O₂ 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mM and pH of 2, 3 and 4. A regression model was used to assess the influence of these independent variables on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data and the regression model showed that H₂O₂ and UV irradiation had significant effects on COD removal.COD of the water decreased significantly with increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The negative coefficient of this variable (pH) indicated that level of the COD removal decreased as the pH increased from 2 to 4. Quadratic models were predicted for the response variable, i.e. COD removal, and the maximum model-predicted removals was38.48%. Optimum conditions for this wastewater treatment was obtained based on the performance of the Fenton's oxidation in the experiment where the initial SDBS concentration was 1.68 mM and the H₂O₂ initial concentration and pH were 2.27 mM and 3.77, respectively.

A. A. Markov   I. A. Filimonov   and K. S. Martirosyan   

The effect of gravity on the electric potential generated by the combustion synthesis of zinc sulfide is analyzed using the numerical simulation. Recent experimental studies on generation of electric voltage during combustion synthesis of zinc sulfide (ZnS) have revealed high voltage signals (4 V) with duration about 1 s, which are much higher than those produced by the gas–solid and solid–solid combustion reactions studied previously. These data have raised the question about mechanism of such a phenomenon. In our previous work we developed a novel (distributed) model describing the electric potential generation during combustion synthesis of sulfides (CSS) that didn't count the effect of gravity. In this paper the simulations of heat - mass transfer, charge carriers motion, and voltage profiles taking into account the Earth gravity effect. The simulations confirms that the gravitation force strongly affects the emission of negatively charged sulfur ions as well as electrons and has a significant impact on the amplitude and temporal evolution of the combustion induced voltage. The voltage reduction up to four times has been observed numerically in the case when gravity acts in the direction coincident to that of the propagating combustion wave. Vice versa, the significant acceleration of the combustion and the voltage amplification due to the advection is simulated when gravity acts in the direction opposite to that of the propagating combustion wave.

D.V. Hura   P.I. Soroka   and A.A. Cheremysinova   

A differential thermal analysis of the process of preliminary prepared rice husk (PPRH) thermal treatment was conducted. The phase composition of the SiO₂ samples was investigated and the dispersed composition of SiO₂ and PPRH powders obtained as a result of PPRH thermal treatment was studied. The procedure mechanism and kinetic constants of the reactions of thermal transformation of PPRH into silicon(IV) oxide were offered. A mathematical model of the process of obtaining silicon(IV) oxide and thermal energy out of PPRH was developed which includes equations of the transformation kinetic of PPRH into SiO₂, heat and mass exchange and also equations of gas dynamics. The process was explored in the mathematical model.

O.M. Fedorova   A.V. Fetisov   A.Ya. Fishman   G.A.Kozhina   Kurennykh T.E.   Vedmid` L.B.   and Vykhodets V.B.   

The effect of mechanical processing in different types of activators on the structure and physicochemical properties of the oxides LnMnO_3+δ (Ln = Sm, Nd, La) has been studied. The optimal modes of mechanical activation for transformation the oxides under consideration to nanostructured state have been defined. Mechanical processing has been shown to cause a significant change of Jahn-Teller distortion parameters and temperatures of the cooperative Jahn-Teller phase transition. The presence of connection between redox processes and destruction of orbital ordering has been demonstrated. Very low values (10^-21-10^-24 m²/s) of the oxygen bulk diffusion coefficient have been obtained for the oxides under consideration in the temperature range of 400 - 750℃. The diffusion activation energies are close to 1 eV, indicating the oxygen diffusion proceeds through structural defects at these temperatures.

Kashaev R.S.-H.   

Using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and thermoelectric dynamical methods studied phase transitions and electric power generation properties of hydrate salt CaCl₂•6��₂O . It can be used as a phase-changing materials (PCM) for heat accumulating/emitting thermal electric energy storage. For studies of phase transitions temperature and time dependences on protons was used Portable Relaxometer NMR NP-2 on resonance frequency nо = 14,5МГц. Was received data on structure-dynamical NMR-parameters, determining phase transition properties of salt.

A. A. Hlopitskiy   and N. P. Makarchenko   

Influence of admixtures of yttrium (III) oxide and adipic acid on phase composition and extraction degree of zirconium (IV) oxide in the process of hydrothermal treatment of aquatic solution of zirconium (IV) oxychloride is studied.

Abu Shaid   Mac Furgusson   and Lijing Wang   

The paper discusses the thermophysiological comfort of a newly developed fabric potentially for firefighter’s protective clothing. The fabrics were developed by incorporating super hydrophobic silica aerogel nanoparticles in 65/35 wool-Aramid blended fabric. Then the theromophysiological comfort was analyzed by determining air, moisture and heat transfer performance. It has been found that only 2% coating of aerogel nanoparticle increases thermal resistance by up to 68.64% and can reduce air permeability by up to 45.46% whereas 4% aerogel coating can reduce 61.76% air permeability. Moisture management properties of the aerogel coated fabric have also been investigated and discussed in details. In brief, it can be said that the thickener that was used for the coating, has a positive impact on moisture transportation and overall moisture management property of the fabric. Again aerogel coated next-to-skin layer and aerogel coated outer layer acted differently on the same fabric. It was observed that, the coated fabric acts as more likely as a moisture management fabric when the coating was applied on next-to-skin surface.

Patrusheva T.N.   Podorojnyak S.A.   Polyakova K.P.   Kirik S.D.   Menshikov V.V.   Levchenko S.I.   Patrushev V.V.   Adrianova M.A.   and Gerasimova G.E.   

An extraction-pyrolytic technique and its usage for obtaining pure products from secondary manufacturing solutions are considered in this paper. Nanostructure ferrite thin films were prepared using the extraction-pyrolytic technique. It was shown that the extraction from modeling liquid of waste solution allows obtaining the pure single phase product. Fe₂CoO₄ magnetic films with grain sizes 18–20 nm were obtained by cycling pyrolysis of wet films deposited by the spin coating technique.

Fahmida Gulshan   and Qumrul Ahsan   

A systematic investigation was made on TIG welding of aluminium alloy to improve the structure-property relationship of weldment by controlling heat input. Aluminium plates of 1xxx series were welded with filler metal 4043 and with different current settings 145 A, 175 A and 195 A. The welded samples were examined under optical and scanning electron microscopes and mechanical tests were performed to determine hardness, tensile and impact strengths. An eutectic was found to form. At the highest current setting that is at the highest heat input the eutectic mixture was coarsest and largest in size and tend to form a continuous network. On the other hand at low heat inputs the eutectic mixture did not get sufficient time to grow or to form any continuous network. The change in microstructure with heat input is also supported by the hardness, tensile and impact strength values of these plates.

Serge Alain Djepang   Samuel Laminsi   Estella Njoyim-Tamungang   Cedrik Ngnintedem   and Jean-Louis Brisset   

The acid and oxidizing properties of a non-thermal plasma in humid air (e.g., a gliding arc device) have been investigated in the degradation of aqueous solutions of bromophenol blue. The plasma treatment was coupled with TiO₂ as a photocatalyst with and without oyster shell powder for acidity control. The degradation kinetics were studied under various conditions such as treatment times, concentration of solution, type and concentration of catalyst. The removal of the dye was carried out with and without TiO₂ and oyster shell: maximum degradation was attained for 20 min of treatment at an initial pH=2.4 for 3 g.L^-1 TiO₂ concentration (61.21%) and 0.4 g.L^-1 Oyster shell concentration (28.48%). Temporal post-discharge phenomena induced by the plasma treatment are also observed, which are both ascribed to species formed in the discharge (i.e...respectively H₂O₂ or NOx derivatives). After daily post-discharge studies for one week, the removal efficiencies ranged from 61.21% up to 82.05% in the case of TiO₂ and oyster shell gives 70.9% for the same period.

A. Hossain   and A. S. W. Kurny   

The microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behavior of the Al-6Si-0.5Mg and Al-6Si-0.5Mg-2Ni cast alloys were investigated and the results showed that the Mg₂Si, Al₃Ni and Si hard particles produced by precipitation hardening have great effects. The homogenized (24hr at 500℃) and solutionized (2hr at 540℃) cast alloys were subjected to ageing treatment from room temperature to 300℃. The yield strength and fracture strength of the alloys increased with the ageing temperature and maximum at peakaged condition (1hr at 225℃) where as ductility and impact toughness decreased with ageing temperature reaching the minimum at the peakaged condition. The properties of Ni content and Ni free Al-6Si-0.5Mg alloys were found to exhibit marked differences depending on the intermetallic phases and the heat treatment conditions. SEM-analysis revealed the existence of Al₃Ni-phases and the microstructure of broken tensile specimens show both the particle fracture and interface de-bonding affect the fracture behavior of the alloys.

A. E. Kuzmak   

The paper reports the theoretical and experimental bases of the CDCP (Coulometric detection of corrosion products) method and examples of its application for the quantitative determination of the ionic forms of corrosion products of carbon steel, including the heat-affected corrosion areas of welding seams under strain ageing (ACWS). The experiment technique that we developed allowed us to perform selective determination of corrosion products (e.g., Fe⁺² and Fe⁺³ in a single experiment) in the range of 1–5 μg with standard deviation s_r = 0.05.

V. Benaline Sheeba   and C. Nirmala Louis   

The results of a full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) study on the electronic properties of cubic zinc blende type group III-V semiconductors AlP and AlAs under pressure are presented. The equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus, pressure derivative of bulk modulus and the phase transition pressure at which the compounds undergo structural phase transition from ZnS to NaCl and NaCl to CsCl are predicted from the total energy calculations. The ground state properties and band gap values are compared with the experimental results. At normal pressure AlP and AlAs are indirect bandgap semiconductors. When the pressure is increased there is enhanced overlapping between the wave functions of the neighbouring atoms. As a result the widths of the valence and empty conduction bands increase. These changes lead to the narrowing and indirect closing of band gaps in AlP and AlAs (metallization). On further increase of pressure, AlP and AlAs become superconductors, and these materials come under the class of electron-phonon-mediated high pressure superconductors. The superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) of AlP and AlAs are obtained as a function of pressure for CsCl structure. It is also confirmed that the metallization, structural phase transition and onset of superconductivity do not occur simultaneously in these compounds.

Alexey Kharlamov   Marina Bondarenko   and Ganna Kharlamova   

Hydrogenated carbon molecules are synthesized by a method which essentially is distinct from already known methods of preparation of fulleranes as this method a preliminary stage of synthesis of carbon molecules is excluded completely. Fulleranes and quasi-fulleranes as nanodimentional particles were in common deposited by ethanol from benzene-xylene extracts from products of pyrolysis of vapours of benzene and pyridine. The dehydrogenation of the synthesized samples of fulleranes and quasi-fulleranes is started at 30-50℃ and the evacuation of hydrogen proceeds up to 700℃. At thermolysis of nanopowders of fulleranes and quasi-fulleranes alongside with hydrogen are formed also hydrocarbons (methane, propane and butane), which are usually detected at defullerenization (disclosing and partial fragmentation of fullerene cage) fulleranes, synthesized at hydrogenation of fullerenes or fullerite. The contents of hydrogen in some quasi-fulleranes (C₂₆H₂₄, C₂₈H₂₂, C₃₀H₂₂) and fulleranes (C₆₀H₃₂, C₆₀H₄₆, C₆₀H₆₀) reaches 5.4–6.9 mass%. The first was detected by a mass spectrometric method the cluster С₆₀Н₆₀, the thin structure of which spectrum completely corresponds fullerane of equiatomic composition, С₆₀Н₆₀.

Abhay Kumar   P. Ganesh, Rakesh Kaul   Puspen Mondal   Pragya Tiwari   A. K. Srivastava   R. K. Soni   and L. M. Kukreja   

The paper describes a new phenomenon of "titanium-mediated cold welding of aluminum" which was observed during development of titanium window for energetic electrons. During compression of two aluminum sheets with an intermediate titanium foil, the imposed tribological conditions developed at the mating interfaces of titanium/aluminum sheets activated a chemical reaction causing removal of alumina surface layer. Complete wear of titanium foil brought two virgin aluminum surfaces into intimate contact which resulted in their welding at room temperature. The phenomenon provides a new direction to facilitate cold welding between aluminum sheets.

Alireza Akbari   and Ali Samie   

To determine the rate constants and kinetic parameters on the reaction between 1 10-Phenantroline, as a bidentate ligand and cis-[Pt(p-FC₆H₄)₂(SMe₂)₂] complex in acetone and benzene solvents, the reactions were monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The pseudo-first-order rate constants (kobs=k₁+k₂[phen]) of the reaction were derived, and the values of the first and second order rate constants (k₁ and k₂) calculated using standard equations. The reactions were carried out in the range of 20 to 50℃ The second-order rate constant dependency on the temperature was in agreement with the Arrhenius equation, providing the relevant plots to calculate the activation energy of all the reactions. The ΔH^#(KJ.mol^-1) and ΔS^#(J.mol^-1.K^-1) were obtained 28.677 and –165.9 respectively in benzene. These values were 56.723 and -72.2 respectively, in acetone. The product synthesizing was confirmed using elemental (CHN) and spectral (IR) analysis.

Ye. Tileuberdi   Ye.K. Ongarbaev   Z.A. Mansurov   B.K. Tuleutaev   and E.A. Akkazyn   

In the paper physical and mechanical characteristics of Rubber-Bitumen Compounds (RBC) on based rubber crumb (RC) from worn tires were investigated. At experiment the standard petroleum bitumen BND 60/90 modified with rubber crumb. The spent engine oil was used as additional modifying agent. Images of Scaning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the RC is very low pores heterogeneous material. Physical and mechanical characteristics of rubber modified bitumen with engine oil (R:O=1:1 and R:O=3:2) corresponds to grade of paving rubber-bitumen compounds RBC 60/90, RBC 90/130 and RBC 130/200.

Abdussalam Salhin Mohamed Ali and Abdurrhman Moussa Abdurrhman   

The free fatty acids (FFA) in palm oil were determined by flow injection titrimetric method using salicyladhyde-2,4-dinitrophenylphenylhydrazone (SDPH) as a new coloring reagent. The compound was synthesized and its structure was established using different spectroscopic data. It exhibited sensitive colour changes in basic medium and absorb at 482 nm. Single-line manifold using SDPH as indicator was developed. Flow injection operating parameters such as carrier, reagent concentration, flow rate, size of mixing chamber and injection volume were optimized. The method is recommended for the determination of oil samples with acidity degree (a.d.) higher than 0.5 a.d. Twelve oil samples were tested using the appropriate FIA manifold and the obtained results were compared to the standard PORIM method. Good correlation (r² = 0.99) between the two methods was obtained.

A. Kalashnikova N. Nikolenko J. Kalashnikov and A. Kostynyuk 

Anatase-type TiO₂ particles were formed on a surface of rutile particles by thermal crystallization from amorphous titan oxyhydroxide that was obtained from the aqueous solution of TiOCl₂ using urea hydrolysis. Special attention was paid to obtain rutile-anatase composite with reproductive physico-chemical properties by control of synthesis parameters. Catalytic activity of the synthesized composite was studied on photoinduced oxidation of formaldehyde vapours in a flow reactor.

Khalid Al-Ammar Ahmed Hashim and Maithem Husaien 

In this paper, the optical properties of randomly mixed consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) and Chromium chloride have been investigated. The samples of composites have been prepared by adding Chromium chloride to poly(methyl methacrylate) with different weight percentages from Chromium chloride with polymer and different thickness. Results showed that the absorbance increases with the increase of the concentration of CrCl₂. The absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants are increasing with the increase of the CrCl₂ concentration. The energy band gap is decreased with the increase of the CrCl₂ concentration.

Kashaev R.S.-H. and A.G.N. Masiab 

Using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and calorimetry methods were studied phase transitions in isoparaffin i-C₂₂H₄₆ and paraffin added bitumen. They can be used as a phase-changing materials (PCM) and so as heat accumulating/emitting thermal electric energy storage. For studies of phase transitions time and temperature dependences on protons was used relaxometer NMR 09/PC on resonance frequency υ₀ = 9,2 МΓц. Were received data on structure-dynamical NMR-parameters, determining properties of studied organic materials. Was discovered prolonged complex form of phase transition through many stage crystallization process, which does not satisfy the criteria of phase transitions of I or II order.

М.А. Кuzin and О.I. Dreganov 

A model of vibration reliability for a vertical submersible centrifuge was suggested that is used in optimization of centrifugation. A set of software tools was developed related to simulation modeling and centrifuge computation. The plotted model and software can be applied for optimization of centrifuging devices and processes, nuclear fuel cycle systems and processes.

S. Jia and L. Nastac 

Ultrasonic treatment has significant effects on the solidified microstructure, which includes grain structure, distribution of inclusions, refinement of secondary phases, etc. The primary causes are due to ultrasonic cavitation, acoustic streaming and movement of dislocations associated with propagation of ultrasound waves in media. However, the mechanism of how those effects happen are not fully understood and quantified. In this research, molten A356 alloy was treated with high power ultrasound at a frequency of 18 kHz, and then at relatively high superheat, the melt was cast into a permanent metal mold which complies with ASTM B108-02. The relatively high superheat condition is similar to one used in the standard foundry practice. The selected parameters for the ultrasonic stirring technology (UST) were determined by using a UST model that was recently developed and validated. The ultrasonically-stirred A356 alloy shows superior microstructure characteristics with very low micro-porosity levels. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the A356 alloy processed with and without UST were analyzed and compared in detail in this paper.

Mária Orolínová Juraj Ďurišin Katarína Ďurišinová Zuzana Danková and Martin Ďurišin 

The progressive Cu - 5 vol. % Al₂O₃ nanocomposites were produced from powder prepared by original mechanical-chemical method. Powder consolidation was realized by pressing at two different temperatures (at ambient temperature and 400℃), sintering, forging and extruding. The goal of the work was to compare the influence of the pressing temperatures on the required properties of the compact depending up the material structure. The results of microstructure observations show that in both the materials, the Cu matrix is nanosized with homogeneously distributed very fine γ-Al₂O₃ secondary particles. The particles pin the dislocations and inhibit the sliding of grain boundaries and strongly retard the recrystallization. The both materials are characterized with excellent thermal stability of structure (until 800℃) and also with thermal stability of examined properties. The strength of the both materials is high, predominantly thanks grain size strengthening effect and dispersion strengthening effect. However, higher porosity and pores size, as well as their distribution in material pressed at ambient temperature resulted in limited plasticity and low electric conductivity. This porosity is in consequence of weak bonding between the powder particles during the pressing. The pressing at elevated temperature is necessarily for fabrication sufficient dense nanocrystalline material.

D.V. Girenko A.O. Piletska A.B. Velichenko E. Mahé and D. Devilliers 

The overpotential of oxygen evolution reaction is 700-800 mV more positive at FTO anode than on Pt electrode. This property of FTO coating makes it attractive as an electrode material for electrochemical sensors and electroanalytical chemistry. However, oxygen transfer reactions, such as Pb²⁺ and Cl^- oxidation, occur with considerably lower overpotential. It indicates the possibility of formation of oxygen-containing particles which are adsorbed on the FTO surface at 1.5–1.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. Similar kinetics of galvanostatic formation of hypochlorite-ions on the Pt and FTO surface can indicate the similar character, surface concentration, and the energy of adsorbed radical-type particles. FTO coating thereby shows high electrocatalytic activity towards the synthesis of sodium hypochlorite during the electrolysis of dilute NaCl solutions. The preparation of new electrodes with electrocatalytic properties toward oxidation reactions was performed by electrodeposition of lead dioxide onto glass substrates covered with FTO. The modification of FTO electrodes with PbO₂ leads to more conductive electrodes with an improved donor density. The electrodes have been designed for oxygen generation.

C. Nirmala Louis and A. Amalraj 

The high pressure band structure, density of states, metallization, structural phase transition and superconductivity of cubic zinc blende type zinc selenide (ZnSe) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) are investigated using the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) method. The ground state properties and band gap values are compared with the experimental results. The equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus and its pressure derivetive and the phase transition pressure at which the compounds undergo structural phase transition from ZnS to NaCl are predicted from the total energy calculations. The density of states at the Fermi level (N(EF)) gets enhanced after metallization, which leads to the superconductivity in ZnSe and CdSe. The superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) of ZnSe and CdSe are obtained as a function of pressure for NaCl structure. ZnSe and CdSe come under the class of pressure induced superconductors. When pressure is increased Tc increases in both compounds. The dependence of Tc on electron - phonon mass enhancement factor λ shows that ZnSe and CdSe are electron-phonon-mediated superconductors.

Ivan Mery Devianto llyin Abdi Budianta Bambang Heru Susanto and Mohammad Nasikin 

Utilization of natural asphalt in Indonesia has not been fully implemented. Asphalt can be obtained through extraction of asbuton rock using acid solution. Acid solution will dissolve the carbonate solids in asbuton to obtain asphalt. Weak acid solution can be used because it is economical and not too corrosive, such as formic acid, acetic acid, and carbonic acid. Forformic acid and acetic acid, batch extraction with agitation was performed at various temperature (25-95℃), acid concentration (1-10 M), and time. For carbonic acid, CO₂ was injected into saline solution continuously and then ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed in batch system. Variations in the concentration of NaCl (0-0.5 M) and temperature (25-110℃) was performed in this solution. Amount of dissolved solids was influenced by all these variables. FTIR analysis and specific gravity testing indicated the presence of carbonate solids in asbuton rock and asphalt product. Formic acid and acetic acid is able to dissolve more solids than carbonic acid because carbonic acid is weaker than the others. However, the use of carbonic acid is more beneficial because CO₂ can be regenerated from solution and then it can be used again in the next process. Asphalt from this process can be used to mix asphalt.

Amal Nassar and Eman Nassar 

The wear resistance of a (A 356) Aluminium alloy reinforced with silicon carbide particles was studied as a function of temperature. The tests were performed at three temperatures :5, 18, and 30℃, and at three impact loads: 29.4, 39.2 and 49 N on dray environment. The reductions in the temperature were produced through Conventional cooling unit .The wear rate increased with the increasing in the temperature. The experiments was made also for the same alloy but after reinforced it with 15 wt.% from silicon carbide particles. The results show that the wear rate of A 356/15 wt.% of SiCp were also increases with the increasing in the temperature and with the increasing in the applied.

Animesh Talapatra Jayati Datta and N.R. Bandhyopadhyay 

This study was conducted on two TRIP-assisted steels (having low temperature (–40℃) high Charpy impact value) designated A (having no Cr and Cu content, VHN=169, UTS=542MPa) and B (having higher Ni, Cr and Cu content, VHN=217, UTS=657MPa).These steels were heattreated under different conditions to investigate correlation between heat treatment, microstructure and different properties. Micro-structural characterizations were carried out by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope after electrolytic etching. Non-destructive electro-chemical and ultrasonic testing on two TRIP-assisted steels were used to find out corrosion and mechanical properties of different alter microstructure phase’s steels. Furthermore, micro-structural studies accompanied by the evaluation of mechanical properties revealed that steels having martensite phases with higher corrosive and hardness value were less sound velocity and also steel’s microstructure having finer grains that was more grain boundary was less corrosion resistance. Steel containing more Cu, Ni and Cr was less corrosive compared to other steels having same processing or microstructure i.e. Rp (B) > Rp (A). The additions of alloying elements, such as Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni, etc. within the rust layer contribute to the improvement of electro-chemical characteristic of TRIP assisted steel. The corrosion current or i_corr increases and corrosion resistance or Rp decreases with increasing Cl^- ions in solution up to a threshold value beyond which the corrosion rate starts to decrease.

André Couture Jeremy Laliberte and Chun Li 

With the increasing use of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) in aircraft structures, there is a need to improve the understanding of the long-term environmental durability of these advanced materials. Unlike metals, where one of the primary mechanisms of degradation is corrosion, polymer composite structures are susceptible to environmental degradation in different ways. In order to better understand these effects, an investigation into the influence of temperature, humidity and salinity on Mode I fracture toughness of adhesively bonded joints in PMCs was carried out. The objective of this study was to build an improved understanding of composite degradation mechanisms that may affect long-term performance of composite structures. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimens were manufactured by bonding carbon fibre/epoxy laminates with epoxy film adhesive and then exposed to seven different environmental conditions including. The Mode I strain energy release rate, G_IC, was measured and the effect of different conditions on the disband behavior was identified.

V. Sampath Kumar C. Jayakumar C. Raja and N. Nagendra Gandhi 

On investigation for the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of butyl stearate through hydrotropy has been studied. This study was carried out using hydrotropes such as citric acid, urea, nicotinamide, sodium salicylate under the influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations [(0 to 3) mol •L^-1] and different system temperatures [(303 to 333) K]. It has been distinctively observed and noted that the solubility of butyl stearate increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature likely similar to the several organic compounds and drugs A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate significant solubilization of butyl stearate. Consequent to the increase in the solubilization of butyl stearate, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration at 303 K. A threshold value similar to MHC is to be maintained to have an appreciable enhancement in mass transfer coefficient. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been determined for all sets of experimentations. To ascertain the hydrotropic aggregation behavior of butyl stearate, thermodynamic parameters such as gibb’s free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of butyl stearate were determined. The gibb’s free energy decreases with an increase in system temperature. The aggregation of hydrotropes was found to be exothermic in nature and favored by a positive value of entropy.