Edilson Gomes de Lima   

The purpose of this paper is to create a procedure for classifying and organizing nanotechnology. In addition to presenting the importance of diagrams, tables and scientific, engineering, analytical diagrams for technical consultation in nanotechnology. Considering a question such as: what is the percentage of nanotechnology in your product, service or process? Consider answering this question by consulting a standardized set of diagrams, at the level of Mollier's diagram thermodynamics. A set of diagrams have already been considered and contemplate various results of analytical tests, and characterizations of specific nanosciences for use in nanotechnology. No need for costly analytical or validation testing. This is the initial proposal of this paper. We have heard in many cases experts in their fields, especially in chemistry, to say that nanotechnology is an integral technique from chemistry. Your interests can be pulled into this new science. Although this science was born in physics [1]. One of the intentions of this paper is the search for the emancipation of the nanotechnology through standardization norms, through diagrams, as in engineering [8]. Because, nanoscience and nanotechnology are something of their own, a new discipline with their own ranges of jobs. Therefore, nanotechnology needs to emancipate itself from the classical sciences, and will only be able to achieve this stage after standardization, normalization and with its own scientific, engineering diagrams and technical standards. And this paper will present the way for nanotechnology to finally have its emancipation from the classical sciences.

Naoki Ueoka   Takeo Oku   and Atsushi Suzuki   

Perovskite-type CH₃NH₃(MA)PbI₃-based photovoltaic devices were fabricated and characterized. Effects of cesium iodide (CsI) and/or tin bromide (SnBr₂) additions on the photovoltaic properties and microstructures of the perovskite solar cells were investigated. The open-circuit voltage increased with CsI addition because of increase of the band gap energy. The short-circuit current densities and the external quantum efficiencies increased by CsI and SnBr₂ addition because of decrease of series resistance, which resulted in the improvement of photovoltaic performance of the perovskite solar cells. X-ray diffraction indicated the doped elements existed in the perovskite crystals. The cell prepared by a starting composition of MA_0.95Cs_0.05Pb_0.95Sn_0.05I_2.9Br_0.1 showed the best photovoltaic performance in the present work.

K Prabha Rajeev   C Opoku, V Stolojan   M Constantinou   and M Shkunov  

Silicon nanowires (Si NW) are ideal candidates for low-cost solution processed field effect transistors (FETs) due to the ability of nanowires to be dispersed in solvents, and demonstrated high charge carrier mobility. The interface between the nanowire and the dielectric plays a crucial role in the FET characteristics, and can be responsible for unwanted effects such as current hysteresis during device operation. Thus, optimal nanowire- dielectric interface is required for low-hysteresis FET performance. Here we show that NW FET hysteresis mostly depends on the nature of the dielectric material by directly comparing device characteristics of dual gate Si NW FETs with bottom SiO₂ gate dielectric and top hydrophobic fluoropolymer gate dielectric. As the transistor semiconducting nanowire channel is identical in both tops and bottom operational regimes, the performance differences originate from the nature of the nanowire-dielectric interface. Thus, very high 30 volt hysteresis is observed for forward and reverse gate bias scans with SiO₂ interface; however, hysteresis is significantly reduced to 6 volt for the fluoropolymer dielectric interface. The differences in hysteresis are ascribed to the polar OH- groups present at SiO₂/Si nanowire interface, and mostly absent at fluoropolymer/Si nanowire interface. We further demonstrate that high density of charge traps for bottom gate SiO₂ interface (1× 10¹³cm^-2) is reduced by over an order of magnitude for top-fluoropolymer gate interface (7.5 × 10¹¹ cm^-2), therefore highlighting the advantage of hydrophobic polymer gate dielectrics for nanowire field-effect transistor applications.

S. K. Dora   

1,2-dodecanediol otherwise known as lauryl glycol (LG), a skin conditioning agent in many skin cosmetics was recrystallized from chloroform on to a number of different technical substrates to understand how material properties affect their recrystallization behavior at the molecular level. For this purpose, four different technical substrates were chosen based on their polarity and crystallinity. On highly oriented pyrolytic graphite or HOPG (nonpolar, crystalline), LG recrystallization formed parallelogram-like-structures in the initial stage. On nonpolar, amorphous substrate like glassy carbon (GC) stalactite-like-structures were observed. Contrary to this, on polar substrates like mica (polar, crystalline) and glass (polar, amorphous), LG molecules were recrystallized as thin film. The morphological changes of LG at different time intervals were investigated and their mechanism of recrystallization on all the substrates is discussed in detail for the first time. Direct view of the recrystallization process at the molecular level on different technical substrates can be used as a model in understanding how these molecules as a constituent in skin cosmetic products behave, when applied to skins of varying physical and chemical barrier ultimately helping in better cosmetic development.

Galina S. Grigorkina   Aljona G. Ramonova   David D. Kibizov   Vladislav B. Zaalishvili   Ol'ga G. Burdzieva   Evgenij N. Kozyrev   Markus Wilde   Shohei Ogura   Katzuyuki Fukutani   and Tamerlan T. Magkoev   

By means of X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, UPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) it is shown that methanol is formed from carbon dioxide and water on the surface of reduced molybdenum oxide substrate MoO_x (x<2) under pulsed laser irradiation at photon energy of 6.4 eV, pulse duration 9 ns and laser fluence of 4 mJ/cm². The key factor is MoO_x defect enhanced photoinduced substrate mediated CO₂ and H₂O bond activation, leading to formation of reaction intermediates: CH₂O₂ → CH₂O → O-CH₃, forming finally methanol.

H. Joshi   D. P. Rai   P. K. Patra   K. C. Bhamu   and R. K. Thapa   

The band structure calculation was performed using the Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave Method (FP-LAPW) within a frame work of Density Functional Theory (DFT). We have observed a band gap in cubic bulk Silicon where as a Silicon atomic chain shows a Dirac cone like features along the ∆-symmetry, ~3.0 eV above Fermi energy (EF). An indirect band gap of about 1.16 eV is observed in case of bulk Si crystal. The narrow band gap has been shifted in case of Si-atomic wire to the conduction region. The shifted band gap in Si-nano structure indicates the semi-metal type behaviour, thereby increasing its electrical conductivity. The Boltzmann semi-classical transport theory is used to calculate the thermoelectric properties. The ZT value of Si atomic chain is ~1.55 at 120 K, which is higher than the experimental value, 1.2.

D. P. Rai   Sandeep Chettri   A. Shankar   P. K. Patra   and R. K. Thapa   

The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Fe bulk and the monatomic Fe-nano wire has been theoretically investigated within the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) based on density functional theory (DFT). This work is a comparative study of Fe-bulk and the 1D Fe chain. A most commonly adopted GGA approximation is use for electron exchange correlation. In our calculation the property of bulk is predicted to be magnetic metal. Though there is no significant band gap at the Fermi level (E_F) in Fe-wire, whereas the presence of deep valley (Spin up) and a peak(Spin down) at the E_F shows the phenomenon of high antisymmetric density of states (DOS). The presence of high antisymmetric DOS may lead to spin polarization at the E_F. Also the two anti-symmetric sharp peaks at two different energies give the exchange splitting. The exchange splitting between the degenerated d-states is dispersed and not much effective in the bulk system but the splitting between t_2g states is very prominent in Fe-chain which enhanced the magnetic moment.

V.S. Khomchenko   O.S. Lytvyn   M.A.Mazin   V.E. Rodionov   S.I.Vlaskina   Demydiuk P.V.   and S.U.Yuldashev   

The ZnO films were prepared by reactive rf-magnetron sputtering on silicon and sapphire substrates. For Cu-doping of the ZnO films, the close space sublimation method (CSS) was used at atmospheric pressure in air. After CSS processing, the ZnO and ZnO-Cu films were annealed in a wet media. The reference ZnO-Cu films, obtained from ZnO-Cu target by electron-beam evaporation (EBE) were treated at the same conditions. The microstructure and optical properties of the samples were compared and studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra. XRD results indicated that all the ZnO films have a polycrystalline hexagonal structure. The surface and crystal quality of ZnO thin film was improved when doped with Cu. The shape of the spectrum depends on the method of doping. Spectrum of the reference ZnO-Cu films has green band only. Spectrum of ZnO-Cu films consists of three emission bands at doping by CSS. The first band is in a blue region with a maximum at 465 nm. The second and third bands are in the green and orange regions with maximum at 520 and 580-600 nm, respectively. The green band is the most intensive. As a consequence, the emission looks like white light. Origin of observed emission bands is discussed.

I. B. Olenych   

Zinc oxide nanostructures have been grown by electrochemical deposition on porous silicon-silicon substrate. The effect of electrolyte temperature on the morphology of grown ZnO arrays was observed. Temperature dependencies of the electrical conductivity for the structures based on porous silicon were investigated in 80-325 K range. The results are analyzed within the model of disordered semiconductors and the activation energy of charge transport is determined. It is shown that ZnO layers cause the decrease of the electrical conductivity activation energy in 140-250 К temperature range. Electric conductivity was also shown to be dependent on the morphology of ZnO arrays. Based on the spectra of thermally stimulated depolarization current, the localized electron states in the experimental samples are found. The trap levels are distributed quasi-continuously on the activation energy and exist in the ranges of 0.2-0.3, 0.4-0.45, 0.5-0.55 and 0.6-0.65 eV. ZnO nanocrystals grown on porous silicon substrates modify density of states in different energy ranges.

T.E. Talankova-Sereda   K.V. Liapina   E. A. Shkopinskij   A.I. Ustinov   A.V. Kovalyova   P.G. Dulnev   and N.I. Kucenko   

The aim of the given work was to investigate the influence of copper and cobalt nanoparticles on clonal microreproduction of Mentha longifolia plants received by method of isolated cells and tissues culture. Copper and cobalt nanoparticles were used in the form of colloidal solutions of high viscosity (gels). As object of research were Mentha longifoliа plants. During experiments the optimum concentration of copper (0,5 mg/l) and cobalt (0,8 mg/l) nanoparticles colloidal solutions have been defined. These solutions were added in Murasige and Skug nutrient medium and have led to increase of microplant height and growth index on 45-48,4 %, the quantity of internodes on 29,4-33,9 % and quantity of shoots on 55,6-66,2 %, reproduction coefficient on 30-40 %.

Vitalii Borblik   Andrey Korchevoi   Andrii Nikolenko   Viktor Strelchuk   Alexander Fonkich   Yurii Shwarts   and Marina Shwarts   

The technique of thermal vacuum deposition of Ge onto GaAs substrates has been used for obtaining nanocrystalline Ge films. Nanocrystalline character of the films is confirmed by atomic force microscopy of their surface and by the data of Raman light scattering. The most probable size of the nanocrystallites forming the films decreases monotonically with decreasing their thickness. And raise of the deposition temperature results in their enlargement. Electro conductivity of such films proves to be high enough (resistivity of 1-10 Ohm cm at room temperature) and has character of variable range hopping conduction of the Mott's type. The hops, presumably, take place through the localized states connected with the grain boundaries.

Bondarenko B.I.   Moraru V.N.   Sydorenko S.V.   Komysh D.V.   and Khovavko A.I.   

A major problem of modern science and industry is intensification of a heat transfer. One of the most promising ways for its solution is use of nanofluids as heat carrier and coolant that is capable to operate at high specific heat fluxes. In the course of nanofluids boiling porous sediments of nanoparticles are formed on the heating surfaces and provide a stable nucleate boiling mode. Whereas the specific heat fluxes grow up to 300-400% compared with water there is observed a significant increase of heat transfer coefficients, which is probably associated with the increase of porosity, roughness and wettability of heating surface. In order to clarify this question we studied the process of nanostructures formation in the course of different nanofluids boiling on the surface of Ni/Cr- heater. The morphology and topography of artificial coatings were studied and the results were compared with the values of the basic boiling parameters: specific heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. The conclusions based on experimental results are: maximum values of the specific heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient refer for nanofluids consisting of a mixture of nanoparticles with anisometric shape. While boiling process in on they are able to create nanostructures with the most developed surface roughness and porosity. Most likely, this is due to the highest density of nucleation sites and the area of heat transfer surface formed in these nanostructures.

N. Miyoshi   S. K. Kundu   T. Tuziuti   K. Yasui   I. Shimada   and Y. Ito   

Nanoparticles have been used for many functional materials in nano-sciences and photo-catalyzing surface chemistry. The titanium oxide nanoparticles will be useful for the treatment of tumor by laser and/or ultrasound as the sensitizers in nano-medicine. We have studied the combination therapy of photo- and sono-dynamic therapies in an animal tumor model. Oral-administration of two sensitizers titanium oxide, 0.2%-TiO₂ nanoparticles for sono-dynamic and 1 mM 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapies have resulted in the best combination therapeutic effects for the cancer treatment. Our light microscopic and Raman spectroscopic studies revealed that the titanium nanoparticles were distributed inside the blood vessel of the cancer tissue (1-3 μm sizes). Among these nanoparticles with a broad size distribution, only particular-sized particles could penetrate through the blood vessel of the cancer tissue, while other particles may only exhibit the side effects in the model mouse. Therefore, it may be necessary to separate the optimum size particles. For this purpose we have separated TiO₂ nanoparticles by countercurrent chromatography with a flat coiled column (1.6 mm ID) immersed in an ultrasonic bath (42 KHz). Separation was performed with a two-phase solvent system composed of 1-butanol-acetic acid-water at a volume ratio of 4:1:5 at a flow rate of 0.1 ml/min. Countercurrent chromatographic separation yielded fractions containing particle aggregates at 31 and 4400 nm in diameter.

Lawrence Amadi   Shaichi Sen Jenny   Asif Ahmed   Nikia Brown   Sunil Yadav   Destiny Brown   William Ghann   Alec Gayrama   Mintesinot Jiru   and Jamal Uddin   

This present study focused on improving the methodology of producing chlorophyll dye-sensitized solar cells by the process of amalgamation with anthocyanin dyes. This is done with the hope of maximizing cell efficiency and sustainable power production for mass manufacturing processes at the most economical cost. The construction of dye sensitized solar cells is a three-step process comprising: dye extraction, TiO₂ paste application, and solar cell structure. These three important factors contribute significantly to the efficiency maximization of a dye-sensitized solar cell. The research conducted specifically explored different ways of improving the current-voltage potential of the solar cells. The solar cell's performance in terms of efficiency and power output (voltage vs. current) was tested under an indoor room light, a halogen lamp and direct sunlight. The experimental results show that the dye extract from Green Cabbage produced the greatest photoelectric conversion efficiency (η) of up to 0.1%, an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 532 mV, and a short-circuit current density (J_sc) of 1.2 mA/cm².

Indra Vijay Singh   and M. S. Alam   

This paper presents the investigation of quantum effects of gate underlap 20nm Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) MOSFETs at 60 GHz. At optimized spacer s = 0.8LG with doping gradient d = 5nm/decade the device DC and AC performances have been investigated with and without quantum effects. After incorporation of quantum effects, at 60 GHz the device current gain, unilateral gain (ULG) and device intrinsic gain are found 50 dB, 70 dB and 36dB respectively at power consumption 0.6 mW. All these parameters have been extracted using 2D ATLAS device simulator. The average 50% performance of device has been increased after incorporating quantum effects model. Although simulated result for current gain nearly 25% higher than measured data (gate length L_G = 20nm) whereas for transit frequency f_T is differ (>13%). However, these comparisons with limited measured data suggest the possibility of use of this device technology in the design of key blocks like low noise amplifier (LNA) and Mixer for mm-w applications.

Yuri Latyshev   Anatoly Smolovich    Andrey Orlov   Aleksei Frolov   and Vyacheslav Vlasenko   

The regular structure of superconducting nanoislands of alloy W-Ga-C was fabricated on nanothin graphite using focused ion beam. The resistance vs temperature dependence down to 1.7K and the magnetoresistance in field up to 24T were measured both for the bridge containing nanoislands and for the reference bridge without islands. The difference between those measurements demonstrates the proximity effect on a regular structure of superconducting W-Ga-C nanoislands on nanothin graphite layer.

Navinchandra Shimpi   Ananda Mali   D. P. Hansora   and Satyendra Mishra   

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nCaCO₃) was synthesized using optimized process of ultrasound assisted precipitation technique. Due to ultra-sonication phenomena, reacting components of reaction mixture gets dispersed uniformly, and at the same time nCaCO₃ particles agglomerate with each other due to strong electrostatic force of attraction developed over their surface. The de-agglomeration and charge nullification were achieved using surface modification of CaCO₃ nanoparticles using triethoxy vinyl silane (TEVS) under ultrasound environment. The surface modification of nCaCO₃ particles was confirmed using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Size, shape and formation of nCaCO₃ particles at nanoscale were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size of unmodified and modified nCaCO₃ was found to be ≈50-80 and 50-90 nm, respectively, with square crystal structure morphology. Due to the surface modification by TEVS, thin layer was formed over the surface of nCaCO₃ particle, which was confirmed by TEM micrograph. The purpose behind carry out this reaction under ultrasound environment is to optimize synthesis procedure of nCaCO₃ particles, to provide effective ultrafine precipitation and give stable & uniform dispersion of inorganic particles with reactants. Moreover, the acoustic waves of ultrasound treatment are an effective controlling parameter to obtain uniform dispersion of inorganic nanoparticles in solution by producing non-linear effects in reaction mixture. In this ultrasound treatment, transient cavitation and acoustic stretching are the most dominant affecting parameters, which give homogeneous dispersion of nCaCO₃.

Sridevi Brundavanam   Gérrard Eddy Jai Poinern   and Derek Fawcett   

Nanoscale hydroxyapatite based ceramics are a relatively new form of materials that are currently being investigated for a number of potential biomedical applications. This study reports on a straightforward wet chemical method that uses calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid as precursors. After chemical synthesis a conventional thermal treatment was used to produce an ultrafine hydroxyapatite nanopowder. Varying ultrasonic power between zero and 400 W during the synthesis process produced crystallite sizes ranging from 15.4 nm down to 12.2 nm. The morphology of particles synthesized under the influence of ultrasonic irradiation was predominantly spherical and granular. Also present were a small number of irregular shaped plates. Energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed the samples had a Ca:P ratio of 1.66, which was very close to the ideal value of 1.67. FT-IR studies identified functional groups and confirmed the results of the X-ray diffraction data that the powders were indeed composed of nanoscale hydroxyapatite.

V.Srinivas   and CH V K N S N Moorthy   

This paper summarizes a recent work on anti-corrosive properties and enhanced heat transfer properties of carboxylated water based nanofluids. Water mixed with sebacic acid as carboxylate additive found to be resistant to corrosion and suitable for automotive environment. The carboxylated water is dispersed with very low mass concentration of carbon nanotubes at 0.025%, 0.05% & 0.1%. The stability of nanofluids in terms of zeta potential is found to be good with carboxylated water compared to normal water. The heat transfer performance of nanofluids is carried out on an air cooled heat exchanger similar to an automotive radiator with incoming air velocities across radiator at 5 m/s, 10m/s and 15m/s. The flow Reynolds number of water is in the range of 2500 to 6000 indicating developing flow regime. The corrosion resistance of nanofluids is found to be good indicating its suitability to automotive environment. There is a slight increase in viscosity and marginal decrease in the specific heat of nanofluids with addition of carboxylate as well as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Significant improvement is observed in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids dispersed with CNTs. During heat transfer experimentation, the inside heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient has also improved markedly. It is also found that the velocity of air and flow rate of coolant plays an important role in enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient.

Meijie Ren   Fritz H. Frimmel   and Gudrun Abbt-Braun   

A simplified model of environmental conditions was developed to evaluate the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) and metal ions on the Pt/TiO₂ photocatalytic degradation of diatrizoate and I^- formation in the presence of different dissolved oxygen (DO) level. The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation of diatrizoate was strongly influenced by the amount of DO present and by the presence of metal ions. The DO concentration and the presence of NOM severely affected the formation of I^-. The high R2 values of the model signify that the models obtained are able to give a reasonably good estimate of response for the system in the range studied.

Seung Hyun Lee   Myeong Hun Bae   Nam Lyon Kang   and Su Chak Ryu   

In this study, This study report the preparation of alumina matrix coated with hydroxyapatite and their evaluation as biomaterials. The first hydroxyapatite powder is made by Dry Method. And then hydroxyapatite sol is made by attrition mill due to decreasing the size of hydroxyapatite. the second prepared alumina was coated with HAp sol for 10–50 seconds. And then, the structures tested their mechanical and biological properties. First, Compressive strength and hardness evaluates as measuring the mechanical properties. According to adding the HAp, Compressive strength shows increased tendency and indicates up to a maximum value of 122 MPa in this study. However, hardness indicates low value which is that of Monolithic alumina, because this hardness value is measured HAp located on the surface of alumina. Second, measuring the biological properties is observed Calcium growth on the structure surface. When bathed in simulated body fluid (SBF), calcium growth was observed for both structures. Notably, MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells grew on disks made up the alumina matrix coated with HAp and cell proliferation enhancements were similar to pure hydroxyapatite. These results suggest that structure is potentially useful as an artificial bone material.

K.Usha   B.Mondal   D. Sengupta   P.Das   K. Mukherjee   and P. Kumbhakar   

Anatase phase containing nano-crystallite TiO₂ thin film is prepared by the peptization of modified Ti-isopropoxide sol using HNO₃ as peptizing agent. The resulting sol is concentrated in a rotary evaporator bath. TiO₂ film is deposited on ITO substrate by spin coating process. The compact film is annealed at 450℃ and 500℃ for optical studies. The subsequently it is modified as photo-anodes in dye sensitized solar cells. The prepared materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The colloidal particles are 6-8nm in average size while the grain growth of the particles are in the order of 13-20nm after annealing of the thin film. The obtained lattice constants of the TiO₂ nanocrystals are a=3.79Å and c=9.48Å from XRD data as compared to JCPDS data of a=3.79Å and c=9.52Å. The photo conversion efficiency of assembled dye sensitized solar cells comprising of ~5µm thickness of the film are determined to be of the order of 6.77%.

Abd El-Aziz A.Said   Mohamed M.Abd El-Wahab   Soliman A. Soliman   and Mohamed N. Goda   

A series of single and mixed oxides of nano CuO-NiO were prepared by thermal decomposition of the NiC₂O₄.2H₂O and/or CuC₂O₄ precursors which obtained via the reaction between alcoholic metal nitrates and oxalic acid solutions. Thermal behavior of the single and mixed salts has been studied using thermal analysis (TG and DTA). Thermal products were characterized using Fouier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Electron microscopy (SEM&TEM), Nitrogen adsorption at -196℃ and surface excess oxygen measurements. The results revealed that, pure NiC₂O₄.2H₂O and CuC₂O₄ decomposed at 355 and 325℃, respectively. Also, it was found that the addition of NiO to CuO brought a significant increase in the degree of crystallinity of the mixed oxides which is accompanying with an increase in their particle size and a decrease in the surface area. Moreover, addition of NiO to CuO, also reduces the amount of surface excess oxygen of CuO due to a synergistic effect.

A. Elfalaky   H.Hashem   and T. Mohamed   

Nanocomposite hydroxyl apatite phase of calcium phosphate powder has been successfully synthesized employing coprecipitation technique. Structural characterization utilizing X-Ray Diffraction, SEM and FTIR techniques was achieved. To confirm the thermal stability of the obtained powder TGA and DSC measurements over wide range of temperatures were carried out. Moreover the dielectric constants ε' and ε'' were measured over wide range of temperature and frequency of applied electric field. Besides, density estimation was achieved by means of CT (ROI) for the obtained powder and compared with that of natural human bone. Finally the effect of Gamma-Ray on the density of nano calcium phosphate was investigated as a simulation to human bone.

Dipankar Seth   Amit Sarkar   and Debalina Mitra   

This review examines, current knowledge, of the impact of the HIV-TB disease syndemic with an eye on its zoonotic impact and discusses the current knowledge and the potential of nanomedicine to improve intracellular disease therapy by offering properties such as targeting, sustained drug release, and drug delivery to the pathogen’s intracellular location. Besides the aim of this review is also to identify the gap between available medications and the need of the hour, drugs, to counter multi-drug resistance (mdr) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. This review is the first of its kind to take into consideration the multifaceted angles ranging from recent drugs to novel nano molecules, from human to avian tuberculosis and from ideal characteristics of TB drug to where we stand now. Vaccine against tuberculosis is beyond the scope of this review. Key messages: There exists a major gap between the present state of art of drugs available to combat tuberculosis and the present multifaceted complications of the disease like Drug resistance, adverse drug reactions, etc. Drugs for tuberculosis failed to address the basic inherent problems like intracellular drug delivery etc. Thus requires new technology intervention. Transmissions from non human sources have been often overlooked. Complete eradication of TB is not possible in a piecemeal approach. Nanoparticles find various applications in biomedical and material science research due to the tuning-ability of their physicochemical properties such as shape, size, charge, surface group, etc. Nanoparticles might provide a cutting edge to counter MDR/XDR TB and its co infection with HIV by novel mechanism of action.

Y. B. R. D. Rajesh   and R. S. Dubey   

Nanocrystalline spinel LiMn₂O₄ was synthesized by sol-gel method using aqueous solution of metal acetates (LiOAc•H₂O, Mn(CH₃COO)₂.4H₂O) and citric acid as chelating agent. X-ray diffraction measurement showed the peaks at 2θ values corresponding to (111), (311), (222), (400), (331) and (440) planes of cubic spinel LiMn₂O₄ nanoparticles with average size ~25 nm. FT IR shows all the characteristic peaks of the cubic spinel. TG/DTA measurement showed the weight loss between 100-250℃ and 300-500℃ which correspond the endothermic and exothermic processes. An exothermic peak observed at around 400℃ is due to the thermal decomposition of the ingredients to form LiMn₂O₄. FE-SEM measurement revealed the formation of small polycrystalline particles of almost spherical morphology with size between 20-30 nm.

Andrey L. Stepanov   Alexander A. Trifonov   Yury N. Osin   Valery F. Valeev   and Vladimir I. Nuzhdin   

A new nanotechnology approach to create a nanoporous silicon layers by low-energy high-dose metal-ion implantation is demonstrated. Ag-ion implantation into monocrystalline silicone substrate at energy 30 keV with doses from 7.5×10¹⁶ to 1.5×10¹⁷ ion/cm² was carried out. Surface nanoporous structures were studied by scanning electron microscope imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. For the first time it is shown that nanoporous silicon were formed by Ag-ion implantation. The average sizes of porous holes and thickness of walls between porous are about 110-130 and 30-60 nm, respectively. The formation of silver nanoparticles with average size of 5-10 nm inside porous silicon structures was detected. Thus, ion implantation is suggested to be used for a fabrication of naoporous layer structure, which could be easily combined with the silicon matrix for various applications.

K. W. Lem   J. R. Haw   S. Curran   S. E. Sund   C. Brumlik   G. S. Song   and D. S. Lee   

A systematic study was conducted on the effect of hard segment molecular weight (or length) on solution and bulk properties of ether based thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs). The purpose of this study is to provide a roadmap to deliver the desired end-use performance of a polyurethane product based on the optimal design of the starting materials. In this paper, we report our findings on the effects of hard segment molecular weight on properties of a dilute solution of TPUs in N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF). The molar feed was used to determine the molecular weight of the hard segment. Then, the weight fraction of the hard segment is determined by calculating the ratio of the molecular weight of the hard segment to the number average molecular weight of the TPU determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. It was found at low hard segment weight fraction there is a significant impact on the weight average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, intrinsic viscosity, critical concentration, hydrodynamic diameter, polymer-solvent interaction parameter and second virial coefficient. However, at high weight fractions at around 0.4, the impact is minimal. Furthermore, the weight fraction has a minimal impact on number average molecular weight, and the expansion parameter in the Flory-Huggins analysis.

V. D. Mote J. S. Dargad and B. N. Dole 

We report the crystal structure, morphology and optical properties of the Zn1-xMnxO nanoparticles with nominal composition (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 & 0.20) were synthesized by sol-gel route. The crystal structure analysis was carried out by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), morphology and particle size was investigated using Transition electron microscopy (TEM), Optical characterization was performed using UV-VIS technique. The XRD studies show that samples have wurtzite (hexagonal) crystal structure. In addition to this XRD results also indicate no extra impurity or secondary phases are observed. The lattice parameters a and c of Zn1-xMnxO nanoparticles increase with increasing Mn content which indicates that Mn²⁺ ions go to Zn²⁺ ions in the ZnO lattice. The atomic packing fraction (APF) increase of Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles with increasing Mn content. TEM microphotographs show that the pure and 10% Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles are in spherical shape and their average particle size of pure and 10% Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles are found in the range of 20-60 nm. The optical energy band gap decreases with increasing Mn concentration, it may be owing to Mn clustering.

E.L. Pankratov and E.A. Bulaeva 

In the present paper we introduce an approach to manufacture more compact bipolar heterotransistor in all directions: in the direction, which perpendicular to series of p-n-junctions in the heterotransistor, and into all another directions.

Salameh Azimi and MohammadReza Sadeghi Moghadam 

The silica supported palladium nano particle were synthesized by using the sol-gel method. The possibility of using palladium (II) nitrate dehydrates as Pd precursor and effect of metal precursor concentration on the final Pd nanoparticle size was investigated. A stable silica sol was prepared via hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a metal alchoxide and condensation reaction.Subsequently, Palladium (II) nitrate dehydrates was added to sol to form the Pd/silica sol. After drying and calcination of the sol, the Pd/SiO₂ nanocpmposite has been obtained. Crystallographic information and crystalline size of the synthesized Pd/SiO₂ were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Morphology of the nanoparticles and hydrogen-bonding interaction between silanol groups and amine ligands were characterized by SEM and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, respectively. Finally, the distribution and size of the palladium nanoparticles in the silica was evaluated.

Amal Nassar and Eman  Nassar 

In this paper we study the effect of NanoSiC particles on the mechanical properties for the polymer composite material. We using the epoxy resin (EPOBOND Epoxy) supplied from epobond for chemicals and electrical components in Egypt as matrix reinforced with silicon carbide nanoparticles with different weight percentage (5, 10, 15 and 20). The tensile tests were made by using LLOYD" Universal Tensile Testing Machine System at room temperature, the wear tests were made by Pin-on-Disc machine and A Charpy impact test machine was used for measuring the impact toughness during impact testing . It is found that the addition of NanoSiC particles on epoxy resin can improve the wear resistance however the strength decrease with further increase in weight percentage of reinforcement.

K. W. Lem J. R. Haw S. Curran S. E. Sund C. Brumlik G. S. Song and D. S. Lee 

A systematic study was conducted to investigate the effect of hard segment molecular weight on concentrated solution and bulk properties of thermoplastic ether based polyurethanes (TPUs). The molar feed was used to determine the molecular weight of the hard segment. Then the weight fraction of the hard segment is determined by calculating the ratio of the molecular weight of the hard segment to the number average molecular weight of the TPU determined by GPC. Similar to the study of dilution solution properties, it was found that thermal and mechanical properties in the bulk were significantly affected at low weight fractions of the hard segment. The critical weight fraction of the hard segment was found at about 0.4. above critical weight fraction of hard segment there is a diminishing effect on the thermal properties and dynamical/ mechanical properties in bulk.

E.A. Bulaeva and E.L. Pankratov 

In this paper we presented an approach to model and results of modeling of relaxation of mechanical stress in a heterostructure with porous epitaxial layer. We also presented an approach to model and result of modeling of modification of the porosity under influence of the mechanical stress. Due to the analysis of relaxation of mechanical stress and modification of porosity we obtain, that porosity of epitaxial layer leads to decreasing of value of mechanical stress in heterostructure. At the same time density of the epitaxial layer increases under influence of mechanical stress.

Yu.N. Parkhomenko A.I. Belogorokhov A.P. Bliev V.G. Sozanov and T.T. Magkoev 

The structural and optical properties of nanostructured silicon obtained by plasmachemical and electrolytic techniques are presented. For electrolytic etching of silicon electrolyte the chlorine acid was added to standard HF:C₂H₅OH electrolyte. It was found that adding of HCl to the electrolyte slows the process of electrochemical etching thus creating conditions for efficient etching and formation of Si-O and Si-H bonds on the formed nanosilicon surface. In the present study the nanosilicon samples were obtained in ultra-high frequency plasmochemical system by means of recondensation of ultradispersed silicon powder in nitrogen flux heated to mean temperature of 3500 K. Morphology of films was found to consist of quantum nanowires of a mean diameter of 2 nm. Results indicating stability of nanosized silicon (NanoSi) under intense laser irradiation are presented. It is demonstrated that substantial increase of NanoSi photoluminescence signal can be attributed to their specific structure, as well as to the SiO₂ thin film formed on the nanocrystalline surface.

Nicholas M. Ushakov Igor D. Kosobudsky Alexandr B. Zhimalov Pavel A. Muzalev Vitaly Ya. Podvigalkin Stanislav V. Eskin and Dmitry M. Kulbatsky 

The paper presents two types of broadband antireflection coatings (AR) for silica glass in the range of optical wavelengths from 400 nm to 1000 nm. Dense and porous AR coatings based on silica nanoparticles (NPs) of different structure were produced by sol-gel process. Thick film AR coating consisted of silver NPs in the matrix of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was obtained on the substrate by liquid-phase deposition method. Synthesis conditions of the coatings materials of specified structure are revealed. The linear refraction and the linear absorption of these media at the different wavelength depending on the technology of preparation of coatings are analyzed. An increase in optical transmittance of silica glass with the coatings was up to 8-10% in comparison with the uncoated substrate.

Azat Seitkhan 

This article presents the results of the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials: Nanoscale materials obtained by carbonization of waste agricultural products (apricot kernel, walnut, rice husk). The results of physico-chemical characteristics of the obtained nanomaterials. Physico-chemical parameters of the synthesis of carbonized sorbents based on plant raw material are investigated along with the properties of these sorbents. The data of FTIR, ESR spectroscopy & BET- method, as well as electron microscopy are reported. It is stated that carbonized sorbents possess high specific surface area and porosity. Carboxylic, carbonyl, hydroxyl groups are detected on the surface of the synthesized sorbents. It is assumed that high sorption ability with respect to Co, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu ions is connected with the formation of chelate complexes. It was shown that carbonized nanostructured sorbents are able to: adsorb cesium-137 (137Cs), strontium-90 (90Sr) & lead-210 (210Pb) successfully; reduce ions of gold (III) on the surface selectively; separate fusicoccine and similar biostimulators effectively; remove LPS-endotoxines from blood plasma selectively. They may be used as carriers to introduce probiotics into intestine thanks to formation of stable colonies on their developed surface. A method of preparation of honeycomb monoliths from carbonized rice husk with developed mesoporous structure via modification of the porous structure by silica leaching has been developed.

R. S. Dubey 

Porous Silicon (PS) has found its broad application for optoelectronics devices specially solar cells applications due to its efficient antireflection coating. This material has advantages such as broaden band gap, wide absorption spectrum and high optical transmission range from 700-1000nm. In this paper, the experimental study of electrochemically prepared porous silicon structures is presented. With an increase in etching time, the thickness and refractive index of porous silicon were found to be increased and decreased respectively. The XRD measurement has confirmed the crystallinity nature of porous silicon as that of bulk silicon. A broad peak of red emission has also confirmed by photoluminescence measurement and it has been attributed to SiHx groups which is confirmed by FTIR spectra. Pyramid like surface over the entire surface is confirmed by AFM measurement which is responsible for the reduction of reflection of photons and hence can enhance the conversion efficiency of solar cells.

Pavel Komarov Maxim Ovchinnikov Svetlana Khizhnyak Vladimir Alekseev Ivan Mikhailov and Pavel Pakhomov 

A method for preparing a supramolecular hydrogel composed of a mixture of L-cysteine, and silver nitrate is reported. The main features of the hydrogel are gelation at low content of the dispersed phase (~ 0.01%) induced by addition of various salts (sulfates, sulfites, chlorides, bromides, and others) and thixotropic behavior. On the basis of experimental data, the mechanism of gelation is suggested. It is assumed that filament-like aggregates in the system are formed from silver mercaptide zwitterions due to noncovalent bonding as a result of self-assembly processes, addition of a salt leads to physical cross-linking, and gel network formation. An atomistic computer model is developed to confirm the supposed mechanism of gelation. It is established that resulting molecular configurations are stabilized by the interactions of –NH₃⁺ and –C(O)O^– groups of silver mercaptide zwitterions comprising neighboring clusters. These assumptions are taken as a basis of a mesoscopic model to study the processes of nucleation and growth of filament-like aggregates on a large spatial scale.

Kuo-Chi Lin Daniel Lee Linan An and Young Hoon Joo 

Using conductive nanocomposites for bipolar plates in fuel cells can improve their performance. Percolation is the mechanism for nanocomposite conductivity. When the volume fraction of fillers in a composite material reaches a critical value, percolation starts to happen. If the composite material has an infinitesize, the probability of conductivity jumps from zero to 100% at the critical volume fraction. However, for finite-size composites, the probability would rise in a Gaussian-error-like smooth curve function. This research uses Monte Carlo simulations to study the percolation probability of finite-size nanocomposites cubes. The analyses show that there are two critical volume fractions. As the cube size approaches infinity, the two critical volume rates converge and should be equal to the theoretical value. Using the normal-cumulated-distribution function model, a power-law equation is obtained to estimate the critical volume fraction from the corresponding nanocomposite cube size. However, the Monte-Carlo simulations in this research have been based on a uniform distribution of nanotubes in the composite cube. In practical implementation, the CVF obtained from this research can be treated as the lower bound of possible real values.

E.L. Pankratov and E.A. Bulaeva 

In this paper we introduce an approach to manufacture p-i-n-diodes with higher compactness. The introduced approach based on implantation of ions of dopants in a semiconductor heterostructure and optimization of annealing.

O. Ould Fella  M. Tamine N. Randrianantoandro and J. M. Grenèche 

Nanostructured zinc ferrite ZnFe₂O₄ was milled at high energy during 12 hours and then the portions of the obtained powders were calcined at 400℃ and 600℃ during 24 hours. X-ray diffractogramms recorded for various samples show that compared to the grain size value of as-prepared sample the average grain size obtaining from the milling process decreases after 12 hours of milling duration and increases with increasing annealing temperature. Then, the inversion and lattice parameters increase with milling process and decrease with increasing annealing temperature. Magnetic behaviours analyzed by means of 57Fe Mössbauer spectra recorded at 300K and 77K indicate that only milled sample without annealing is magnetically ordered at room temperature. At 77K, spectrum of milled zinc ferrite displays a magnetic state confirming the existence of cationic distribution after milling duration whereas the spectra of annealed samples exhibit the presence of superparamagnetic state.