Khaled Al-Maitah   Batool Al-Khriesat   and Abdullah Al-Odienat   

The power transmission line is one of most critical components in electrical power system. In order to enhance the reliability of the large power systems, an advanced and efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) must be employed along power transmission line. However, time delay has emerged as one of the most critical issues in the design of WSN-based monitoring network of transmission lines. This paper proposes a new model for WSN for monitoring High Voltage Transmission Line (HVTL) which improves the needed time delay to transmit the measured quantity from transmission line towers to the control center. The proposed design considers the broadband power line communication (BPLC) technologies to transmit the collected data from group of towers to the nearest substation. To evaluate the performance of proposed model, the maximum time delay in data flow for the proposed model is determined in mathematical form and compared with other common models. The results of this paper demonstrate that the maximum time delay of proposed model less than the other common models, especially when advanced wireless communication, such as 4G and 5G, is used between the relay nodes. Based on the simulation results, the proposed WSN-based transmission line monitoring is efficient, powerful, reliable, and applicable to meet the smart grid requirements.

Godwin Chukwunonyelum Nworji   Peter Uchenna Okoye   and Uche V. Okpala   

The study designed and developed a system of generating electricity through the beats of human feet using piezoelectric materials. The system made use of mechanical deformation occasioned by the foot beats of dancers when stepped on a platform in which piezoelectric materials were installed at dance club centres to cause piezo films to generate electrical density that was stored in a rechargeable lead acid battery for future use. The study shows that human pressure due to human weight when applied in the system could be converted to electrical energy for later use. The study shows that it would require 1802 foot beats for a 50kg dancer to increase a unit voltage in a battery; foot beats for a 60 kg dancer; and 1194 foot beats for an 80kg dancer respectively. The system is suitable where there are high volumes of human traffic such as markets, worship centres, shopping malls, bus stations, and parks. It can also be used in powering small electrical appliances and electronic gadgets such as cell phones, radio stereo, television, fan, and street lights. Based on this, research into this kind of electricity generation should be expanded in large scale and sponsored by the government or corporate organisations. The system should be incorporated in the design and construction of building including new material development as a means of achieving sustainable construction and minimisation of conventional energy consumption in building use.

Ahmed Mohsin   Mohammed H. Alhamdo   and Basima Salman Khalaf   

Theoretical and experimental investigations have been adopted to collect and store solar energy in exterior-wall cladding by using metal foam which incorporated with a phase-change material (PCM). Copper square duct was used to heat the air flow inside the duct. Various improvements have been investigated inside and outside the duct to increase the efficiency of heating. Analysis software has been used to simulate all models under investigation. Results show that there is a good agreement between experimental and numerical results and this agreement increases as air velocity increases. The average percentage error for air inside the duct at a velocity of air 1 m/s, 3 m/s and 5 m/s is 8%, 16.5% and 5% respectively. A metal foam has been used to increase the thermal conductivity outside the duct. Also the results depict that the temperature gain for air velocity of 1, 3 and 5 m/s enhanced by about 8, 8.4 and 15.8 %, respectively. Metal foam has also been used outside the duct with both granular hollow sphere duct and vertical cylinders to increase the conduction effect. The enhancement in heat transfer for air velocity of 1, 3 and 5 m/s is found to be 29%, 34% and 35.7 % respectively for this case. Paraffin wax has been also used as a thermal storage media for enhancing the time of thermal discharge. The granular duct, with cylinders and foam, has been found as the best thermal response model (among all models under investigation). A new Nusselt number correlation equation has been developed for the best thermal response model that was found in this work.

Sampson Sampson Uko   Ozuomba Simeon   and Ikpe Joseph Daniel   

The main aim of this paper is to model the industrial power consumption in Nigeria with the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model and then forecast the industrial power consumed for the next five years beyond the available data. About 45 years (1970 to 2015) dataset was obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and other relevant organizations. The data includes population, rainfall, electricity connectivity and temperature which are the explanatory variables. Matlab was used along with the dataset to train and evaluate the ANFIS model which was then used to forecast the industrial power consumption in Nigeria for the years 2016 to 2020.The prediction performance of the ANFIS model was compared to those of Autoregressive Moving Average model and Moving Average model. From the result obtained, ANFIS gave R-square value of 0.9977 (99.77%), SSE value of 395.3674 and RMSE value of 2.9641. The regression coefficient of 99.77% shows that about 99.77% of the variations in the industrial power consumption in Nigeria for the years 1970 to 2015 are explained by the selected explanatory variables. The forecast result showed that the Nigerian industrial power consumption would be about 374.7 MW at the end of 2020 which is about 73.1% increase from the industrial power consumption in 2015. As such, based on the industrial power consumption in 2015, over 73% increment in power supply to the industrial sector will be required to satisfy the industrial sector's power demand in 2020.

Ariel Johnson   and Hongmei Wang   

Renewable energy, compared to non-renewable energy, is cleaner for the environment. Previous studies on the United States of America (USA) renewable energy mainly focused on assessment of renewable emerging resource potential in some areas in USA. Spatial distribution patterns of renewable energy are valuable to have better management of renewable energy exploration. The objective of this study is to complete spatial pattern analyses of the USA renewable energy with focus on wind and solar energy. Several GIS tools, including High/Low Clustering, Grouping Analysis and Hotspot Analysis, are applied to analyze the energy spatial patterns. The analysis results show that solar energy is clustered at the southwest USA while wind is highly variable and dependent on the local geographic environment. The study results will be helpful to possible growth in this industry.

Ruqqaya Safeer   and Dr Noor Fatima   

Energy being the lifeline for socio economic development has become the leading issue of 21st century. There is global increase in demand of energy and it will continue to increase due to immoderate energy consumption. Today there is global fear of energy crisis as world primary demand of energy is expected to rise about 1.7 percent annually in next twenty years. South Asia is expected to give largest share for increase in global energy demand. Pakistan being a developing state is facing acute energy crisis that has hampered the socio-economic development. The energy crisis of Pakistan and its spillover effects on efficiency of other sectors especially economic sector has created serious issues in Pakistan for the last two decades. The overreliance on imported energy resources to satisfy the demand and less emphasis on the development of domestic energy resources is deteriorating the socio-economic conditions of country. There are two major sources of energy being used in Pakistan, renewable and non-renewable sources. In Pakistan, there has been more focus on non-renewable sources of energy which are largely acquired through imports of oil to satisfy the increasing demand. The state Energy policy has somehow has not able to match with the increasing energy demand and therefore citizens angered by frequent power outages demonstrate to protests and riots. Thus, this article, accentuate on the need of the utilization of the indigenous resources of energy to fulfill the energy need and to eradicate the acute crisis of energy. this research will also assess the issues in Power policy and Power sector institutions of Pakistan.

Cemil KoyunoÄŸlu   and Ece Polat   

Biological remediation of coal is based on the principle that the coal is converted to water-soluble products of various molecular weights to neutral pH or alkaline conditions. There are many studies in the related literature on the process of conversion of the cargo into water-soluble molecules. In this study, Azdavay Coal which was a key energy raw material of Kardemir Demir Çelik Factory was examined using a novel biological treatment method. In the biological treatment of Azdavay Coal, coal was treated with Azdavay mining fluid, rumen liquid, and Formica rufa enzymes. In the results, an increase in the -OH group and a decrease in the fixed carbon value have occurred and the best efficient method was found as 2 days long Formica rufa treatment.

Aleisawee M. Alsseid   Abdulrahman A.A. Emhemed   and Mosa A. Abdesalam   

The application of high voltage (HVDC) transmission for integrating large scale and/or off-shore wind generation systems with the electric grid is attractive in comparison to extra high voltage AC transmission systems due to a variety of reasons. A suitable control system is required for a VSC-HVDC system that provides good performance across a range of operating conditions. Two strategies are studied for their potential to enhance system robustness. The d-axis current control and DC power control are implemented in the outer-loop control at the receiving end of VSC-HVDC system. Small-signal analytical model is used to perform eigenvalues analysis and to design controllers. Both control techniques are investigated and the results are compared. An additional DC voltage droop control is added for both schemes. Its advantages were investigated. The droop gain and the cut off frequency of the DC voltage feedback filter are selected by analyzing the root locus of the analytical model to select the optimum values. It is established that d-axis current control with DC voltage droop control shows better performance practically for very weak AC system at both ends as well as with very long DC cable. The simulation results performed on PSCAD/EMTDC verify the feasibility of the control strategies effectively under different scenarios in order to confirm the obtained conclusions from analytical investigations.

Peter Uchenna Okoye   John Ugochukwu Ezeokonkwo   and Nworji, Godwin Chukwunonyelum   

This study assessed the sustainability of different alternative renewable sources of energy for rural communities in Anambra State. Through literature review a number of sustainability criteria were established and used in assessing the identified alternative sources of renewable energy in the state. A systematic SWOT analysis was further performed to synthesise the characteristics of individual renewable energy resource. 42 experts were engaged and given a structured questionnaire where they were expected to score each of the renewable energy sources on a 5-point scale based on the selected sustainability criteria. A scale of 1-5 was used to examine and rate the sustainability of each of the identified renewable energy options based on environmental social and economic criteria. Based on their individual scores, the total average score for each of the energy sources was computed and used in rating their level sustainability. The study found that among the six alternative renewable energy options considered, biomass was ranked the most sustainable renewable energy source for electricity provision in rural communities in the state with a sustainability score of 35.0. Solar and hydro energy resources were ranked 2^nd and 3^rd with scores of 31.2 and 31.0 respectively, while geothermal (24.5) energy was ranked the least. This implies that harnessing and investing in biomass, solar and hydro energy technologies in Anambra State could lead to sustainable energy provision in the rural Communities in Anambra State. The study further avers that genuine commitment through government investments in biomass, solar and hydro energy technologies with strong policy framework could minimise the electricity challenges of the rural communities in the state, and at the same time reduce pressure on urban infrastructure due to rural-urban migration.

Miftakh F. Hanifan   Gunawan Nugroho   Ridho Hantoro   and Sarwono   

A good performance of the heat exchanger will support energy efficiency and economic sustainability. One way to improve heat transfer coefficient is to increase turbulent flow by using vortex generators. The addition of vortex generators on heat exchanger will pose wake on the flow field which then reduce the stability of thermal boundary layer and enhance heat transfer coefficient. The effect of winglet vortex generators with the variations of angle of attack (AoA) is studied in this research. Each variation is applied in a single row and three rows of inline configurations. The results show that the addition of vortex generators with 160^o angle of attack and three rows of inline configuration improve heat transfer coefficient as 59% higher than conventional configurations.

Rashed Al Amin   M. F. Pervez   M. N. H. Mia   M. Khalid Hossain   S. M. Rana   N. A. Khan   M. A. S. Haque   H. K. Ghosh   and M. Hoq   

This paper presents comparison of thermal evaporation method based passivation and BSF formation with different materials (Au, Al, and Cu). Silicon solar cells with different rear surface contact using these materials were fabricated. A comprehensive comparison of the samples have been carried out to find better back surface contact regarding the efficiency by investigating I-V characteristics, fill factor, external quantum efficiency and carrier diffusion length and lifetime, etc. Experimental data revealed that Cu based back surface contact has maximum output efficiency of about 13.73%, whereas Au shows maximum external quantum efficiency of about 86%. Moreover, use of Al shows the maximum carrier diffusion length 97.2μm and highest carrier lifetime of 3.5μs with overall cell efficiency of 12.90% indicating that Al is a promising material for back contact for n⁺-p-p⁺ back surface field silicon solar cell.

M.J. Escudero   and A. Fuerte   

In this study, a samarium cerium electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was assembled with Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ (SDC) electrolyte, La_0.58Sr_0.4Fe_0.8Co_0.2O_3-δ (LSCF) as cathode and WNi-Ce as anode. A porous layer of SDC between anode and electrolyte was used to improve adhesion of the anode ink. The cell performance was investigated with hydrogen and three simulated biogas mixtures (CH₄ /CO₂ /H₂ 70/25/5, 60/35/5 and 50/45/5) on the anode and static air on the cathode at 750℃. In addition, the effect of H₂S (10ppm) incorporation in the biogas on the cell performance has been examined. The electrochemical behavior of the cell has been evaluated using IV curves, impedance spectroscopy and load demands. The results revealed that the best performance was obtained with the biogas composition richer in CH₄ due to probably the higher catalytic activity of WNi-Ce in this operation condition. Furthermore, the addition of H₂S in biogas causes an important decrease on the cell performance owing to the sulphuration reactions of anodic material. However, the stability tests under load demands revealed that the cell does not suffer degradation under any studied operation conditions (biogas composition and H₂S in the fuel). This suggests that WNi-Ce could be a suitable anode material for ceria-electrolyte SOFC direct feeding of biogas.

S.V. Eremin   N.V. Tikhonov   and A.Yu. Yuzhakov   

The Russian operating organization Concern Rosenergoatom established a program for knowledge management (KM) implementation in the organization, as part of ROSATOM State Corporation KM activities [1]. The plan includes activities both in the framework of classic knowledge management cycle: detection, preservation, retention, sharing and transfer, as well as creation of new knowledge such as training programs for new build nuclear power plants. The approach embraces key techniques overviewed in IAEA documents on KM and ROSATOM strategical focus on the commercial use of R&D results and corporate knowledge and, thus, contributes to safe, reliable and efficient operation of NPPs.

Takeo Oku   Yuji Ando   Masashi Yasuda   Yasuhiro Shirahata   Kazufumi Ushijima   and Mikio Murozono   

A power storage system using spherical Si solar cells, lithium-ion battery and a direct current-alternating current (DC-AC) converter was constructed. A small and light inverter system was developed by combining a maximum power point tracking charge controller, direct current-direct current (DC-DC) converter, and DC-AC converter. Performance evaluation of the inverter system with SiC field-effect transistors (FET) and Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) was carried out, and the DC-AC conversion efficiencies and their stability of the inverter were improved compared with those of the ordinary Si-FET/SBD based inverter.

Taïb Marfak   and Houda Krafes   

Operated by CNESTEN, the Maamora Nuclear Research Center MNRC includes a 2 MW nuclear reactor and a dozen of specialized nuclear techniques laboratories dedicated to earth sciences, human health, industry, safety and security, radioactive waste management, etc. According to the CNESTEN overall vision and its strategic objectives, modern human resources tools were established such as: competencies repository, systematic approach for training SAT, multi-annual training program, evaluation system, etc. This paper presents all the HR projects identified and developed targeting the CNESTEN scientific and technical staff. The objective is to sustain the CNESTEN activities by qualifying its human resources, developing knowledge and expertise at both the individual and collective levels [1].

Joko Kusnandi   Harnoko Stephanus   and Sasongko Pramono Hadi   

Optimization techniques are very well-known to improve the performance of Three-phase induction motor (TIM). Inverter and SVPWM method can be used for setting voltage and frequency appropriating with loads requirements. This study deals with the tuning of PID controller parameters to be used TIM. Genetic algorithm is used to tune each parameters of PID speed controller to improve the speed response performance of the TIM. PID-GA aims to minimize the error signal speed of TIM, reduce overshoot, and tune parameters of PID controller. The error signal speed of TIM has objective function from integrated error signal (ISE). Parameters of PID controller from optimization are used to the model of the closed-loop speed control of three-phase induction motor using PID. PID-GA has the best speed response. On the model of the closed-loop speed control of three-phase induction motor using PID, various load torque can result in decreasing flux stator and rotor, increasing current stator and rotor, and decreasing speed of the induction motor.

D. K. Sambariya   

This article presents an improved maiden power system stabilizer (PSS) for enhancement of small signal stability of a power system. The free coefficients of proposed PSS are determined using optimization technique with the cuckoo search algorithms (CS-PSS). The performance of the CS-PSS is validated on single-machine infinite-bus power and extended to a multi-machine power system. These results are compared to the newly introduced maiden PSS structure and found superior in terms of settling time and performance indices.

Prabhukhot Prachi R.   Wagh Mahesh M.   and Gangal Aneesh C.   

Hydrogen fuel provided via green method is renewable and environmentally friendly. However, the lack of practical storage methods has restricted its use to such an extent that hydrogen storage is currently a crucial obstacle in the development of a hydrogen economy. For mobile applications hydrogen storage system needs to be lightweight and compact. Current technologies such as compressed gas or liquefied hydrogen have severe disadvantages especially in volumetric terms compared to fossil fuels and the storage of hydrogen in light weight solids could be the solution to further enhances the energy density of hydrogen tanks. This paper reveals overview of novel solid hydrogen storage materials, highlighting their main advantages and drawbacks.

Hemn M. Salh   Diyaree O. Kakil   Hawbash H.Karim   Ari M. Hamad   and Halgurd Q. Othman   

Mass attenuation coefficient of various soil samples (density ranges between 2.22 and 2.3gcm^-3) collected from three sites distributed in Kurdistan Region of Iraq land have been determined for gamma energy 0.662MeV using gamma spectrometry. The average mass attenuation coefficients for the studied samples were found to be 0.0487, 0.0492 and 0.0493cm²g^-1. The results have shown that Fe content of the samples has a strong effect on the mass attenuation coefficient. In general, mass attenuation coefficients determined in this study can be used for determination of gamma emitters in any soil samples.

D. K. Sambariya   and D. Paliwal   

In this article, a new proportional, integral, derivative, and acceleration (PIDA) controller for an automatic voltage regulator power system is presented. The controller parameters are designed by considering as an optimization with minimization of square error using bat algorithm. The response of the bat algorithm optimized PIDA (BA-PIDA) controller are observed and compared to the controllers in the literature. The superiority is validated in terms of performance indices (ITAE, IAE and ISE).

Syed Rizwan Ali   Laime Mahjdoubi   and Azmat Khan   

The use of building lighting simulation has increased in recent years, due to the growing demands of economic consequences from energy consumed by electricity in buildings. The building energy efficiency is of high priority in many countries of the world. This research investigates the important underlying issues affecting the effective use of one of the most powerful computational lighting simulation software, ECOTECT, to assist in the daylighting design of an actual building. The validation studies, which were carried out in the UWE in Bristol, U.K. revealed that ECOTECT can be used to predict the internal illuminance with a high degree of accuracy under overcast sky conditions. This is of particular concern for commercial and institutional buildings.

Syed Rizwan Ali   Laime Mahjdoubi   and Azmat Khan   

For the past 50 years, wide varieties of lighting simulation software or tools have been developed to enhance use throughout the building energy lighting community to achieve the efficiency goals through daylighting. Architects and building designers require effective simulation design tools for analysis and understanding the complex behavior of building design. The government officials and the experienced lighting modelers are even also confused sometimes by a wide range of day lighting simulation software and feel uncertain about the validity and accuracy of the light energy calculation. These lighting simulation software or tools are used by the 3D architectural simulation tools. This research has been conducted into UWE Bristol, UK to reveal ECOTECT is more reliable and accurate daylighting simulation software and presenting study was a sub part. Its main aim is to discuss the important use of lighting simulation software for efficiency in building design. And to compare the most widely use lighting simulation tools that are claiming to predict accuracy for enhancing the daylighting performance in building design.

Stanislas Sanfo   and Abdoulaye Ouedraogo   

In this investigation the aim is to broaden the space of optics for Low Concentrating Photovoltaic applications. The main target is to achieve the concentration of sunlight uniformly over a large photovoltaic receiver. To solve this problem we implemented a Monte-Carlo method and defined a new parameter in order to facilitate the analysis of irradiance distributions. The geometric parameters to consider in order to reach the optimization goals have been established by dichotomous search. Utilizing this numeric method, we analyzed the influence of several geometrical parameters on the behavior of hypothetical optics. With this procedure we obtained a probative configuration made of simple geometries, leading to an uniform irradiation distribution.

Krishnam Nair   and Rishal Amar Singh   

The fuelwood characteristics of ten different tree species have been investigated. The species investigated were Mango (Mangifera Indica) ,Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica), Raintree (Samanea Saman),Javaplum/ Jamun (Syzygium Jambolanum),Margosa / Neem (Azadirachta Indica ),Lemon tree (Citrus Limonia),Pine tree (Pinus Caribaea)Black Mangrove / Tiri-tiri (Bruguieria Gymnohiza),Guava (Psidium Guajava),and Australian Pine / Jhau (Casuarinaceae Casuarina Equisetifolia L.). The properties examined were their moisture content and how it varied over a period of 'drying time', calorific value and its dependency on the moisture content, and their emissions and efficiency when burnt in a miniature rocket stove.

M. G. Hemeida   H. R. Hussien   and M. A. Abdel Wahab   

Wind energy is a cost competitive and environmentally clean renewable energy sources. Wind farm capacity connected to power system increasing rapidly worldwide. During transient conditions wind farm drive a large reactive power which in turn causes voltage instability. In this paper, Static VAR Compensator (SVC) based fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) has been implemented to improve transient stability and damping power oscillations of a wind farm connected to power system. Different fault types and different fault durations were considered for the study to investigate the effect of the SVC based FLC on system stability. The suggested fault types are, single line to ground fault, double line fault, and three line to ground faults. The different duration faults are 50ms, 80ms and 100ms. Different locations are considered for the SVC at the studied system. The proposed controller provides the wind farm system with damping effect during transient condition and provides much smoother and quicker response in the post-fault conditions. The proportional plus integral (PI) controller is used for the comparative study. The studied system consists of wind farm represented by double fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to utility grid.

Mohammad Shariful Islam   

Solar 51ÊÓƵ System comprise with Solar PV, battery, and solar charge controller. Solar panels convert sunlight energy into electric energy by an electro-chemical process called photovoltaic process. Battery store electrical energy throws chemical reaction between acid and electrode. During discharge, stored chemical energy convert into electrical energy is then use for illumination lamp and running others electrical appliances. Most of cases solar energy consumer use solar energy at evening hours, but it is available in day time. So, it is required to store solar energy into battery. Each battery has certain limit of capacity. Battery lifetime reduces due to overcharging and deep discharging. As battery is very expensive component of solar home system. So, it is essential to protect from over charging and deep discharging. In this case charge controller plays a vital role to protect this battery. A solar charge controller, or charge regulator is similar to the voltage regulator. It regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels and going to the battery. Most of batteries are fully charged at 14 to 14.5 volts. On the other hand batteries life time drastically reduces due to discharge over the level of 70 – 80% DOD; at this discharge level the battery voltage normally goes down to 11.5±0.2 volts. The aim of this work is to study design and implementation a thin film solar charge controller for commercialization the thin film solar system. In Bangladesh, all supplier has involved with mono-crystalline solar and poly-crystalline solar, but no one deal with thin film solar system; due to lack of appropriate solar charge controller for solar home system (SHS). Thin film solar system is cheapest than other solar system and its installation accessories are obtainable in the local market to purchase in easy approach.

QasimSaleh Mahdi   Sahar A. Fattah Abbood   and Firas A. Abbas   

In the present paper an experimental investigations is carried out to evaluate the enhancement of heat transfer from U-longitudinal finned tube heat exchanger with nanofluids. Laboratory experimental test rig was designed and built up to carried out the experiments. Four U-longitudinal fins are manufactured from 1mm copper sheet with 100cm long and 3.8cm height. Fins are welded with straight copper tube of 100cm length, 2.2cm inner diameter, and 2.39cm outer diameter. The straight tube with fins is fixed inside an insulated galvanized tube with 15cm inner diameter. Two types of nanoparticles (Al₂O₃ and TiO₂) having (<80nm and 10 to 25nm) diameter respectively. Nanoparticles mixing in de-ionized water with (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%) volume concentration. The flow through finned tube was studied at Reynolds number ranging from (270 to 1900). Air with turbulent flow is used as a cooling medium passes through the annuli. Results show that the thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient are affected more when using alumina-nanofluid. There is an optimum concentration for nanofluids in which more enhancements available. The optimum concentration is 0.6%.The comparison between present results and references showed good agreement.

Hawbash Hamadamin Karim   Jahfer M. Smail   and Hemn M. Salh   

This paper studies a number of reasons that effect on the overall output electrical energy of a solar cell, to find the best angle at morning, noon and afternoon times in installing a solar cell system in Koya. The study was conducted for three (3) months in Koya City- Kurdistan region of Iraq in 2014. It was found that the best Azimuth angle is between (330^o-340^o) whereas the best incident angles are 27^o at the mornings, 60^o at the noon and 25^o at the afternoons in the Koya City. Moreover, the output electrical power that were produced from the solar cell was affected by weather, temperature, and raining as well.

S. Ramkumar   and V. Kirubakaran   

The increase in global warming, pollution due to the combustion of fossil fuels and its uneven distribution leads for the search of alternative energy source. Only few of them have done research with direct admitting of vegetable oil in C.I engine and this is due to reason of very high viscosity, lower heating value, low volatility and higher freezing point of vegetable oil. While in direct admitting of vegetable oil in C.I engines most of the authors says that the performance and emission characteristics depend on the viscosity, flash point, fire point, calorific value, density, cetane number. This paper reviews the characteristics of various non-edible vegetable oils, its performance and emission characteristics in C.I engines during direct admitting of vegetable oil. The yield of oil from a plant is an important factor in reliability of the fuel so some of the non-edible oil yielding plants, its yield and soil preference are also reviewed. From the review it can be concluded that non-edible oil could be a good alternative fuel which have a good reliability of oil production but direct admitting of vegetable oil for long term may reduce the engine life.

T. Mariprasath   and V. Kirubakaran   

Distribution Transformers are one of the imperative equipment in power system. The insulation design has an important role because it continuously energizes in a day. Due to electro mechanical stresses the operating temperature of distribution transformer will be increased which maintains with in limit using liquid dielectrics. Traditional mineral oil is used as liquid dielectrics in Distribution Transformer. Due to lack of fossil fuels and lesser biodegradability characteristics of mineral oil, the alternating liquid dielectrics are important. In this research work viscosity of pongamia pinnata oil is measured using PLINT TE 62 Bench Viscometer as per ASTM D445 standard .Water content analysis of the oil sample has to be measured by weight balance method and Breakdown strength of oil sample was measured by Nutronics oil test set as per IEC 60156. From the experimental analysis, the viscosity of pongamia pinnata oil is low as compared to RBDPO, Soyabean oil, Coconut oil and Sunflower oil. The moisture content of pongamia pinnata oil is significantly reduced during aging period and the average breakdown strength of pongamia pinnata oil is higher than that of conventionally used mineral oil.

H.M. Salh   

Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) convert the decay energy of a radioisotope (²³⁸Pu) into heat then into electricity. RTGs have been used to power space exploration missions. This review paper studies several crucial features of past and present Static RTGs, for instance the advantages of Static RTGs. In addition it reviews Static RTGs limitations such as the shortage in the amount of ²³⁸Pu in (U.S.A). Furthermore it compares the future Dynamic RTGs with Static RTGs. It indicates the future Dynamic RTGs, which include a thermodynamic cycle, use 2-4 times less amount of ²³⁸Pu. In spite of that, their efficiency is almost 4 times greater than past and present RTGs.

J. Venetis   

In this paper, the author investigates a generic type of the two dimensional incompressible viscous boundary layer flows near the inflection point of a smooth curve. In particular, an approximate evaluation of velocity distribution in an "adjacent" region of the inflection point of this curve is derived. Here, it is a priory assumed that this point is unique. Besides, the flow field is supposed to be steady throughout and Prandtl's simplified assumptions for two dimensional boundary layer flows are also taken into consideration. Besides, if the cross – section of a structure can be simulated by such a curve one should denote that its inflection point is from technical aspect a very suitable place for emplacing a wind generator compared with the top of a curve, which is a stationary point, because if a wind generator was located on the top of a curve, it could be exhibited in unexpected strong blasts.

Bilal Abdullah Nasir   

The micro-hydro-electric power plant is a renewable energy plant which has many advantages over the same size of wind and solar renewable energy plants. It has a high efficiency (up to 90% s), high capacity factor (up to 60%) and slow rate of change (due to the water flow varies gradually from time to time). This paper deals with a suitable selection of the micro-hydro-electric power plant components such as the turbine type, which is the main part in the plant and generator size and capacity, which is the second main part component in the power station. Also a procedure is developed for calculation of transmission line voltage drop during the transmission of power to the load site, and to specify the transformer size and its protection facilities.

Faridoon Shabaninia   Milad Molazemhosseini   and Seyed Hamidreza Abbasi   

In this article a fuzzy logic controller is proposed to control the output voltage of a photovoltaic (PV) system while tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of the system. The PV system usually consists of: a PV array that converts solar energy to electrical energy, a DC/DC converter that converters low dc voltages produced by the PV array to a high dc voltage. General design of the buck-boost converter-load system is presented with Matlab/Simulink. In the FLC, different fuzzy membership functions are used and the results are compared with each other. The effects of the different fuzzy membership functions and the PV module parameters on the controller are also compared. Results are compared with typical hill-climbing methods.

Armaghan Ahmad   Zohaib Elahi   and Muhammad Babar   

About 1% to 2% of the energy coming from the sun is converted into wind energy. The technology of extracting energy from the wind has evolved dramatically over the last few decades because of the fact that the energy crises that we are facing worldwide. This paper presents design of 5kW Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine using CAD and CAE software for modeling and analysis in order to get rid of conventional methods of analysis, which will be productive for the industry. In this paper, theoretical calculations for the design of 5kW horizontal axis wind turbine is also presented. It also discusses the modeling of blade and its analysis using high-tech software. Lastly it concludes with the comparison of theoretical and computer based design and analysis.

L.O. Olimov   and B.M. Abdurakhmanov   

A model of a p-n junction in the area of the grain boundaries in polycrystalline p-n structures is proposed. Shown mechanism of formation of impurity thermal-voltaic and impurity thermal-photovoltaic effects in IGB.A concept of creating highly effective comparatively inexpensive solar energy converters will be justified by the results we obtained during the study of the ITPV and ITV effects. Proposed theoretical model and experimentally obtained results can be useful in study of poly-Si n+-p structures, for example during external treatment. They allow explaining why in certain temperature ranges, an additional local heating, or applied potential, or a local illumination of pre-heated surface of poly-Si n+-p structure containing deep level impurities, can dramatically change the flow of current. In other words, such external treatment become trigger mechanism for discharge of charges accumulated in IGB due to impurity related thermal voltaic or thermal and photo-voltaic effects.

E.L. Pankratov   and E.A. Bulaeva   

In this paper we introduce an approach to decrease energy costs during growth an epitaxial layers from gas phase by minimization velocity of flow of composition of gases (gas-carrier and materials in gas phase, which are used for formation epitaxial layer) after leaving epitaxial growth from gas phase system. As a result of minimization of the velocity one can obtain minimization of pressure of compressor and decreasing of energy cost of the epitaxial growth.

M. Kaddour T. El Bardouni Y. Boulaich O. Allaoui B. El Bakkari C. El Younoussi M. Azahra H. Boukhal S. EL Ouahdani and E. Chakir 

The main objective of this study is to estimate nuclear data uncertainties on the effective multiplication factor (Keff) related to elastic, inelastic, capture and fission cross sections and the correlations between them. Different rapid and thermal cases of the different IHECSBE benchmarks have been studied by using nuclear data evaluation ENDF/B-VII.0 to calculate the sensitivity vectors for 1H, 16O, 235U and 238U isotopes and four cases used to validate our sensitivity vectors. These sensitivity vectors are calculated by using the adjoint-weighted perturbation method based on the Kpert card of the Monte Carlo code MCNP6. Thus, the uncertainties induced by nuclear data have been calculated by combining the sensitivity vectors with the covariance matrices that are generated by the ERRORJ module of the recently updated of the nuclear data processing system NJOY99. In this study, we found several cross sections and covariance matrices lack the adjustment: the four cross sections (elastic, inelastic, capture and fission) of the 235U and their covariance matrices Lack the adjustement especially in the rapid energies; the elastic cross section of the 16O, the elastic and capture cross sections of the 1H and their covariance matrices lack the adjustement especially in the thermal energies.

I. Zamora J.I. San Martin P. Eguía V. Aperribay J.J. San Martin O. Oñederra F.J. Asensio and J. García-Villalobos 

Two of the primary energy demands of residential customers are electricity and fuel for road transport. The ideal solution would be to address those necessities using renewable resources. To accomplish this goal, various green technologies have already been developed to supply electricity. From the point of view of road transport, hydrogen is a clean energy source that is more efficient than other fossil fuels used to date. However, its use in this field is still limited, not only because of technical and economic limitations of the vehicle itself but also due to the need for large hydrogen refuelling stations. For that reason, the primary objective of this paper is to present the design and performance of a residential hydrogen fuelling station based on water electrolysis. To obtain more complete and efficient performance, the design has been developed to take into consideration the power consumption of the residence itself. In addition, also the power surplus will be sold to the electrical grid to help recover the investment. The option selected for producing the required power and hydrogen is wind energy, due to the favourable characteristics of efficiency, reliability, cost and safety of this resource. Moreover, an analysis of the performance of the designed installation has been evaluated through a simulation with Matlab/Sim Power System. An estimation of the costs has also been developed.

Arash Hatami and Hamed Shakouri Ganjavi 

Distributed generation is an approach to power generation by low capacity systems. In this paper small wind turbines are investigated as distributed generation systems used to satisfy household/commercial and agricultural sectors demand. This paper explains a decision-making process during which consumers can easily define appropriate Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), considering economical accordance by the amount of power consumption and climate condition of installation place. Rotor diameter and turbine hub height are distinguished as two main parameters affecting WECS, referring to consumption rate and climate circumstances of the place. Mathematical relation between Cost Per Unit (CPU) of generated power and these two, is determined with high correlation coefficient which will be applied during the process to easily nominate different WECSs. Having the amount of costs paid by a family per 1 kWh of electricity consumption, WECS characteristics can be conveniently specified using this relation. To examine the influence of each of the above parameters and increasing the validity of the results, turbines with different rated powers and hub heights, are used in four regions with various geographical circumstances.